Zusammenfassung
Im Leistungssport wird sportliche Leistung unter sogenannten „Druckbedingungen“ verlangt – im Wettkampf „geht es um etwas“, für einen selber oder für andere, oftmals sind Zuschauer anwesend und eine schlechte Leistung, ein Fehler kann nicht so einfach korrigiert werden. Die in diesen Situationen erlebbare Emotion der Angst, genauer Wettkampfangst, steht im Mittelpunkt dieses Kapitels, und es wird der Frage nach dem Zusammenhang dieser Emotion mit der Leistung in sportlichen Aufgaben nachgegangen. Dazu werden zunächst knapp Facetten der Angst unterschieden, die neben einer physiologischen Reaktion (Aktivierung) und der Verhaltenskomponente vor allem das subjektive Erleben umfasst. Die Forschung zum Angst-Leistungs-Zusammenhang bezieht sich überwiegend auf diese subjektive Facette und betrachtet den Zusammenhang aus drei Perspektiven: eine State-Perspektive, in der intra- und interindividuelle Unterschiede im Angsterleben mit Leistung in Verbindung gebracht werden, eine allgemeinpsychologische Perspektive, in der nach allgemeingültigen Mechanismen, vor allem der Aufmerksamkeit, gesucht wird, und eine Trait-Perspektive, in der nach stabilen Ursachen und Moderatoren des Angst-Leistungs-Zusammenhangs gesucht wird. Die vielfältigen Modelle innerhalb der State-Perspektive zeigen keinen einfachen Zusammenhang und deuten zum einen auf eine sinnvolle Trennung von kognitiven und eher emotionalen Facetten hin, zum anderen rücken neuere Modelle neben unterschiedlichen Facetten auch die Frage der Funktionalität für die Leistungserbringung in den Vordergrund. Für die beiden in der allgemeinpsychologischen Perspektive aktuell überwiegend diskutierten Ansätze gibt es jeweils empirische Befunde – „Versagen unter Druck“ als Zeichen von Ablenkung oder als Zeichen von erhöht aufmerksamer Bewegungsausführung – und auch hier zeigt sich, dass unter funktionaler Perspektive eine Integration der Ansätze diskutiert werden sollte. Aus einer Trait-Perspektive wird schließlich deutlich, dass stabile Merkmale von Person und Situation, ggf. in Interaktion, einen Einfluss auf die Entstehung von Angst und auf den Angst-Leistungs-Zusammenhang haben, dass dieser aber gerade in der allgemeinpsychologischen Perspektive oft übersehen wird. Entsprechend wird gefordert, diese Perspektiven in der Zukunft stärker und konsequenter zu integrieren.
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Ehrlenspiel, F., Geukes, K., Beckmann, J. (2018). Stress, Angst und Leistung im Leistungssport. In: Fuchs, R., Gerber, M. (eds) Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. Springer Reference Psychologie . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49322-9_19
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