Abstract
Phytohormones are a naturally occurring group of organic substances that at low concentration control several stages of plant growth and development such as cell elongation, cell division, tissue differentiation, and apical dominance (Costacurta and Vanderleyden 1995) and occur in all major groups of flowering plants and gymnosperms. Five major groups of phytohormones regulate plant growth and development (Table 1), and all have been found in microorganisms. Both indole-3acetic acid (Thimann 1936) and the gibberellins (Kurosawa 1926) were found very early in the study of plant growth regulators, long before their recovery in flowering plants. Abscisic acid is produced in large amounts by fungi of the genera Cercospora and Botrytis (Assante et al. 1977) and ethylene also by some fungal groups (Arshad and Frankenberger 1988). Cytokinins have been isolated from the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae, the causal organism of olive knot, and from some fungi as well (Mandahar and Suri 1983; Gulati and Mandahar 1986).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams DO, Yang SF (1979) Ethylene biosynthesis: identification of 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 176: 170–174
Aldridge DC, Galt S, Giles D, Turner WB (1971) Metabolites of Lasiodiplodia theobromae. J Chem Soc (C) 1623–1627
Angra R, Mandahar WB (1985) Pathogenesis of maize leaves by Helminthosporium spp.: Production and possible significance of “green islands”. Res Bull Panjab Univ 36: 239–243
Arai K, Shimizu S, Miyajima H, Yamamoto Y (1989) Castaneiolide, abscisic acid and monorden, phytotoxic compounds isolated from fungi (Macrophoma castaneicola and Didymosporium radicicola) cause black root rot disease in chestnut trees. Chem Pharm Bull 37 (10): 2870–2872
Arshad M, Frankenberger WT Jr (1988) Influence of ethylene produced by soil microorganisms on etiolated pea seedlings. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 2728–2732
Arshad M, Frankenberger WT Jr (1989) Biosynthesis of ethylene by Acremonium falciforme. Soil Biol Biochem 21: 633–638
Arshad M, Frankenberger WT Jr (1991) Microbial production of plant hormones. In: Kleister DL, Cregan PB (eds) The rhizosphere and plant growth. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Assante WB, Merlini L, Nahini G (1977) (+) Abscisic acid, a metabolite of the fungus Cercospora rosicola. Experientia 33: 1556–1557
Bailiss KW, Wilson IM (1967) Growth hormones and the creeping thistle rust. Ann Bot 31: 195–211
Ballio A (1978) Fusicoccin the vivotoxin of Fusicoccum amygdali Del., chemical properties and biological activity. Ann Phytopathol 10 (2): 145–156
Barea JM, Azcon-Aguilar C (1982) Production of plant growth-regualting substances by the vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Appl Environ Microbiol 43: 810–814
Barthe P (1971) Recherche de substances de type cytokinine synthetisées par. Nectria galigena Bres. var. major Wr., en culture pure. C R Acad Sci Ser D 272: 2881–2883
Bearder JR (1983) In vivo diterpenoid biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi: the pathway after ent-kaurene. In: Crozier A (ed) The biochemistry and physiology of gibberellins, vol 1. Praeger, New York, p 251
Bergamin-Strotz LM (1988) Floristische und ökophysiologische Aspekte im Zusammenleben von Tabakpflanzen und endophytischen Pilzen. Dissertation. ETH Nr 8520, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
Beyrle H, Penningsfeld F, Hock B (1991) The role of nitrogen concentration in determining the outcome of the interaction between Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soo and Rhizoctonia. New Phytol 117: 665–672
Bottalico A, Graniti A, Lerario P (1978) Further investigation on the biological activity of some fusicoccins and cotylenins. Phytopathol Mediterr 17 (2): 127–134
Brian PW, Elson GW, Hemming HG, Radley M (1954) The plant growth promoting properties of gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. J Sci Food Agric 5: 602–609
Chalutz E, Strahmann MA (1969) Induction of pisatin by ethylene. Paytopathology 59: 19–72
Coolbaugh RC, Al-Nimri LF, Nester JE (1985) Evidence for gibberellins in culture filtrates of Cercospora rosico-la. 12th Int conf Plant Growth Substances, Heidelberg, Abstr 12
Costacurta A, Vanderleyden J (1995) Synthesis of phytohormones by plant associated bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 21: 1–18
Crafts CB, Miller CO (1974) Detection and identification of cytokinins produced by mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol 54: 586–588
Crocoll C, Kettner J, Doerffling K (1991) Abscisic acid in saprophytic and parasitic species of fungi. Phytochemistry 30: 1059–1060
Dahiya JS, Tewari JP (1991) Plant growth factors produced by the fungus Alternaria brassicae. Phytochemistry 30: 2825–2828
Demole E, Ledrer E, Mercier D (1962) Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant charactéristique de l’essence de jasmin. Heiv Chim Acta 45: 675–685
Doerffling K, Petersen W (1984) Abscisic acid in phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Botrytis, Ceratocystis, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia. Z Naturforsch 39c: 683–684
Durand N, Debaud JC, Casselton LA, Gay G (1992) Isolation and preliminary characterization of 5-fluoroindoleresistant and IAA-overproducer mutants of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi. New Phytol 121: 545–553
Edwards HH (1983) Effect of kinetin, abscisic acid and cations on host-parasite relations of barley inoculated with Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. Phytopathol Z 107: 22–30
El-Sharouny HM (1984) Screening of ethylene-producing fungi in Egyptian soil. Mycopathologia 85: 13–15
Fukuda H, Ogawa T, Tanase S (1993) Ethylene production by microorganisms. Adv Microb Physiol 35: 275–306
Gillissen B, Bergemann J, Sandmann C, Schroeer B, Bölker M, Kahmann R (1992) A two-component regulatory system for self non-self recognition in Ustilago maydis. Cell 86: 647–657
Graebe JE (1987) Gibberellin biosynthesis and control. Annu Rev Physiol 38: 419–465
Graniti A (1964) Qualche dato di tossicita della fusicoccina A, una tossina prodotta in vitro da Fusicoccum amygdali Del. Phytopathol Mediterr 3: 125–128
Greene EM (1980) Cytokinin production in microorganisms. Bot Rev 46: 25–74
Gruen H (1959) Auxin and fungi. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 10: 405–440
Grundlach H, Müller MJ, Kutchan TM, Zenk MH (1992) Jasmonic acid is a signal transducer in elicitor-induced plant cell cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2389–2393
Gulati A, Mandahar CL (1984) Pathogenesis of rice leaves by Helminthosporium oryzae: secretion of cytokinins in vitro by the fungus. Res Bull Panjab Univ 35: 115–121
Gulati A, Mandahar CL (1986) Host-parasite relationship in Helminithosporium turcicumzea mays complex: involvement of cytokinin-like substances in pathogenesis. Ind J Exp Biol 24: 309–314
Hadwiger LA, Hess SL, Von Broembsen S (1970) Stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and phytoalexin production. Phytopathology 60: 332–336
Hasan HA (1994a) Action of carbamate biocides on sterols, gibberellin and aflatoxin formation. J Basic Microbiol 34: 225–230
Hasan HA (1994b) Production of hormones by fungi. Acta Microbiol Pol 43: 327–333
Henfling JWDM, Bostock R, Kuc J (1979) Effect of abscisic acid on rishitin and lubimin accumulation and resistance to Phytophthora infestans and Cladosporium cucumerinum in potato tuber tissue slices. Phytopathology 70: 1074–1078
Ho I (1987) Enzyme activity and phytohormone production of a mycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria laccata. Can J For Res 17: 855–858
Hori S (1898) Some observations on “bakanae” disease of the rice plant. Man Agric Res Sta Tokyo 12: 110
Isaac S (1992) Fungal-plant interactions. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 252–265
Jochmann H-Th, Fehrmann H (1989) Effects of phyllosphere microorganisms on the senescence of wheat leaves. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz 96: 124–133
Johnston JC, Trione EJ (1974) Cytokinin production by the fungi Taphrina cerasi and Taphrina deformans. Can J Bot 52: 1583–1589
Joost RE (1995) Acremonium in fescue and ryegrass: boon or bane: a review. J Anim Sci 73:881–888
Kawaide H, Sassa T (1993) Accumulation of gibberellin A, and the metabolism of gibberellin Ag to gibberellin A, in a Phaeosphaeria sp. L487 culture. Biosci Biotech Biochem 57: 1403–1405
Kawanak Y, Yamane H, Murayama T, Takahashi N, Teruka N (1983) Identification of Gibberellin A3 in mycelia of Neurospora crassa. Agric Biol Chem 47: 1693–1698
Kern H, Naef-Roth (1975) Zur Bildung von Auxinen and Cytokininen durch Taphrina-Arten. Phytopathol Z 83: 193–222
Kettner J, Doerffling K (1995) Biosynthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid in tomato leaves infected with Botrytis cinerea. Planta 196: 627–634
Kimura Y, Nakjima H, Hamasaki T (1990) Sescandelin. a new root promoting substance produced by the fungus, Sesquicillium candelabrum. Agric Biol Chem 54: 2477–2479
Kimura Y, Mizuno T, Nakajima H, Hamasaki T (1992a) Altechromones A and B, new plant growth regulators produced by the fungus Alternaria sp. Biosci Biotech Biochem 56: 1664–1665
Kimura Y, Shiojima K, Nakajima H, Hamasaki T (1992b) Structure and biological activity of plant growth regulators produced by Penicillium sp. No 31. Biosci Biotech Biochem 56 (7): 1138–1139
Kitagawa Y, Yamamoto H, Oritani T (1995) Biosynthesis of abscisic acid in the fungus Cercospora cruenta; stimulation of biosynthesis by water stress and isolation of a transgenic mutant with reduced biosynthetic capacity. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 557–564
Kolattukudy PE, Rogers LM, Hwang CS, Flaishman MA (1995) Surface signaling in pathogenesis. Proc Natl Sci USA 92: 4080–4087
Kronstad JW, Leong SA (1989) Isolation of two alleles of the b locus of Ustilago maydis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 978–982
Kurosawa E (1926) Experimental studies on the nature of the substance excreted by the bakanae fungus. Trans Nat Hist Soc Formosa 16: 213–216
Leopold AC, Kriedemann PE (1975) Plant growth and development. McGraw-Hill, New York
Leslie JF, Plattner RD, Desjardins AE, Klittich CJR (1992) Fumonisin B1 production by strains from different mating populations of Gibberella fujikuroi (Fusarium section Liseola). Phytopathology 82: 341–345
Li A, Heath MC (1990) Effect of plant growth regulators on the interactions between bean plants and rust fungi non-pathogenic on beans. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37: 245–254
Lockhart CL, Foryth FR, Eaves CA (1968) Effect of ethylene on development of Gloeosporium album in apple and on growth of the fungus culture. Can J Plant Sci 48: 557–559
Lonsane BK, Kumar PKR (1992) Fungal plant growth regulators. In: Arora DK, Elander RP, Mukerji KG (eds) Handbook of applied mycology, vol 4. Fungal biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 565–602
MacMillan J, Suter PJ (1958) The occurence of gibberellin A, in higher plants: isolation from the seed of runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus). Naturwissenschaften 45: 46–51
Mandahar CL, Angra R (1987) Involvement of cytokinins in fungal pathogenesis. Res Bull Panjab Univ 38: 35–49
Mandahar CL, Suri RA (1983) Secretion of cytokinins in vivo and in vitro by Alternaria brassicae and their role in pathogenesis. Trop Plant Sci Res 1 (4): 285–288
Marumo S, Katayama M, Komori E, Ozaki Y, Natsume M, Kondo S (1982) Microbial production of abscisic acid by Botrytis cinerea. Agric Biol Chem 46: 1967–1968
Matheussen A-M, Morgan PW, Frederiksen RA (1991) Implication of gibberellins in head smut (Sorosporium reilianum) of Sorghum bicolor. Plant Physiol 96: 537544
Michniewicz M, Rozej B (1987) Further studies on the role of ethylene in the growth and development of Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc Bull Pol Acad Sci Biol Sci 35:10–12
Michniewicz M, Rozej B (1987) Further studies on the role of ethylene in the growth and development of Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc Bull Pol Acad Sci Biol Sci 35: 323–328
Michniewicz M, Rozej B (1988a) Is gibberellin the limiting factor for the growth and development of Fusarium culmorum ( W.G.Sm.) Sacc?. Acta Physiol Plant 10: 227–236
Michniewicz M, Rozej B (1988b) Further studies on the role of auxin on the growth and development of Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. Acta Physiol Plant 9 (4): 219–227
Michniewicz M, Michalski L, Rozej B (1987) Control of growth and development of Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. by abscisic acid under unfavorable pH values of the media and temperature. Bull Pol Acad Sci Biol Sci 35:4–6, 143–151
Miersch O, Schneider G, Sembdner G (1991) Hydroxylated jasmonic acid and related compounds from Botryodiplodia theobromae. Phytochemistry 30: 4049–4051
Miersch O, Bruckner B, Schneider G, Sembdner G (1992) Cyclopentane fatty acids from Gibberella fujikuroi. Phytochemistry 31: 3875–3877
Miersch O, Günther Th, Fritsche W, Sembdner G (1993) Jasmonates from different fungal species. Nat Prod Lett 2: 293–299
Milborrow BV (1978) Abscisic acid. In: Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: a comprehensive treatise, vol 1, Elsevier/ North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp 295–347
Miller CO (1967) Zeatin and zeatin-riboside from a mycorrhizal fungus. Science 157: 1055–1056
Mills LJ, Van Staden J (1978) Cytokinins from soils. Physiol Plant Pathol 13: 73–80
Nakamura T, Kawanabe Y, Takiyama E, Takahaschi N, Murayama T (1978) Effects of auxin and gibberellin on conidial germination in Neurospora crassa. Plant Cell Physiol 19 (4): 705–709
Nickell LG (1982) Plant growth regulators. Agricultural Uses. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Nieto KF, Frankenberger WT Jr (1990) Microbial production of cytokinins In• Bollag J-M, Stotzky G (eds) Soil Biochemistry, vol 6. Marcel Dekker, New York
Norman S, Poling SM, Maier VP, Orme ED (1983) Inhibition of abscisic acid biosynthesis in Cercospora rosicola by inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis and plant growth retardants. Plant Physiol 71: 15–18
Oritani T, Ichimura M, Yamashita K (1982) The metabolism of analogs of abscisic acid in Cercospora cruenta. Agric Biol Chem 46: 1959–1960
Pegg GF (1976) The response of ethylene-treated tomato plants to infection by Verticillium albo-atrum. Physiol Plant Pathol 9: 215–226
Pegg GF (1981) The involvement of growth regulators in the diseased plant. In: Ayres PG (ed) Effects of disease on the physiology of the growing plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 149–177
Pegg GF (1984) The role of growth regulators in plant disease. In: Wood RKS, Jellis GJ (eds) Plant diseases: infection, damage and loss. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 29–48
Petrini O (1991) Physiology of endophytes, In: Andrews JH, Hirano SS (eds) Microbial ecology of leaves. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Poszar BI, Kirali Z (9164) Cytokinin-like effect of rust infection in the regulation of phloem transport and senescence. Symp on host-parasite relations in plant pathology, Budapest, 1964, 199 pp
Prema P, Thakur MS, Prapulla SG, Ramakrishna SV, Lonsane BK (1988) Gibberellin preparation using Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium moniliforme or Botryodiplodia theobromae. Indian J Microbiol 28: 78–86
Redemacher W, Graebe JE (1979) Gibberellin A, produced by Sphaceloma manihoticola, the cause of super-elongation disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 91: 35–42
Radice M, Sacchi A, Pesci P, Beffagna N, Marré MT (1981) Comparative analysis of the effects of fusicoccin (FC) and of its derivative dideacetylfusicoccin ( DAF) on maize leaves and roots. Physiol Plant 51: 215–221
Reihhardt D, Wiemaken A, Booller Th (1991) Induction of ethylene biosynthesis in compatible and incompatible interactions of soybean roots with Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea and its relation to phytoalexin accumulation. J Plant Physiol 138: 394–399
Rudawska M, Bernillon J, Gay G (1992) Indole compounds released by the ectendomycorrhizal fungal strain Mrg X isolated from a pine nursery. Mycorrhiza 2: 17–23
Rudnicki R, Borecka H, Pieniazek J (1969) Abscisic acid in Penicillium italicum. Planta 86: 195–196
Salt SD, Tuzun S, Kuc J (1986) Effect of b-ionone and abscisic acid on the growth of tobacco and resistance of blue mold. Mimicry of effects of stem infection by Peronospora tabacina Adam. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 28: 287–297
Sassa T, Suzuki K, Haruki E (1989) Isolation and identification of gibberellins A, and A, from a fungus Phaeosphaeria sp. Agric Biol Chem 53: 303–304
Saville BJ, Leong SA (1992) Phytohormone production by Ustilago maydis. In: Setlow JK (ed) Genetic engineering principles and methods, vol 14. Plenum Press, New York
Schröder M, Schulz S, Weiles EW (1990) The growth promoting fungal toxin fusicoccin does not act through an ester-hydrolysis mechanism in plants. Naturwissenschaften 77: 82–83
Schulz B, Banuett F, Dahl M, Schlessinger R, Schafer W, Martin T, Herskowitz I, Kahmann R (1990) The b alleles of Ustilago maydis, whose combination program pathogenic development, code for polypeptides containing a homeodomain-related motif. Cell 60: 295–306
Scott IM (1992) Fusicoccin-induced changes in the translatable RNAs of etiolated pea stem tissue. J Exp Bot 43: 255, 1361–1365
Searle LM, Chamberlain K, Rausch T, Butcher DN (1982) Conversion of 3-indolemethylglucosinolate to 3indolylacetonitrile by myrosinase, and its relevance to the clubroot disease of the Cruciferae. J Exp Bot 33: 935–842
Sembdner G, Dathe W, Kefeli VI, Kutacek M (1980) Ab184 B. Tudzynski: Fungal Phytohormones scisic acid and other naturally occurring plant growth inhibitors. In: Skoog F (ed) Plant growth substances. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 254–261
Striver K, Mundy J (1990) Gene expression in response to abscisic acid and osmotic stress. Plant Cell 2: 503–512
Sugawara F, Hallock YF, Bunkers GD, Kenfield DS, Strobel G, Yoshida Sh (1993) Phytoactive eremophilanes produced by the weed pathogen Drechslera gigantea. Biosci Biotech Biochem 57: 236–239
Sziraki I, Balazs E, Kiraly Z (1975) Increased levels of cytokinin and indolacetic acid in peach leaves infected with Taphrina deformans. Physiol Plant Pathol 5: 45–50
Takagi M, Okabayashi M, Yokota T, Takahashi N, Shimura I, Umeya K (1975) Biochemical studies of chestnut gall tissue. National Meet of the Agric Chem Society of Japan, Sapporo, 1975, Abstr of papers, 349 pp
Takayama T, Yoshida H, Araki K, Nakayama K (1983) Microbial production of abscisic acid with Cercospora rosicola. I. Stimulation of abscisic acid accumulation by plant extracts. Biotechnol Lett 5: 55–58
Takenaka M, Hayashi K, Ogawa T, Kimura S, Tanaka T (1992) Lowered virulence to rice plants and decreased biosynthesis of gibberellins in mutants of Gibberella fujikuroi selected with perfurazoate. J Pestic Sci 213–220
Talieva MN, Filimonova MV (1992) On parasitic specialization of the Botrytis species in the light of new experimental data. J Gen Biol (Moscow) 53: 225–231
Talieva MN, Filimonova MV, Andreev LN (1991) Compounds with cytokinine activity in Erysiphe cichoracearum phlox mildew causative agent. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Ser Biol 2: 194–200
Thimann KV (1936) On the physiology of the formation of module of legume roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 22: 511–514
Thimann KV (1974) Fifty years of plant hormone research. Plant Physiol 54: 450–453
Tomita K, Murayama T, Nakamura T (1984) Effects of auxin and gibberellin on elongation of young hyphae in Neurospora crassa. Plant Cell Physiol 25 (2): 355–358
Turian G, Hamilton RH (1960) Chemical detection of 3indolyacetic acid in Ustilago zeae tumors. Biochem Biophys Acta 148–150
Tzeng DD, Devay JE (1984) Ethylene production and toxigenicity of methionine and its derivatives with riboflavin in cultures of Verticillium, Fusarium and Colletotrichum spp. exposed to light. Physiol Plant 62: 545–552
Voigt K, Schleier S, Bruckner B (1995) Genetic variability in Gibberella fujikuroi and some related species of the genus Fusarium based on random amplification of polymorphic DNA ( RAPD ). Curr Genet 27: 528–535
Ward EWB, Cahill DM, Bhattacharyya MK (1989) Abscisic acid suppression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and m-RNA, and resistance of soybeans to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Plant Physiol 91: 23–27
Weidhase RA, Lehmann J, Kramell H, Sembdner G, Parthier B (1987) Degradation of ribulose-1,5biphosphate carboxylase and chlorophyll in senescing barley ester, and counteraction by cytokinin. Physiol Plant 69: 161–166
West CA, Phinney BO (1956) Properties of gibberellin-like factors from extracts of higher plants. Plant Physiol 31 Supp1: 20–26
Williamson CE (1950) Ethylene, a metabolic product of diseased or injured plants. Phytopathology 40: 205–208
Wolf FT (1952) The production of indoleacetic acid by Ustilago zeae and its possible significance in tumor formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 5: 38, 106
Yoshida N, Sassa T (1990) Synthesis of acremoauxin A, a new plant growth regulator produced by Acremonium roseum 14267. Agric Biol Chem 54: 2681–2687
Zeigler RS, Powell LE, Thurston HD (1980) Gibberellin A, production by Sphaceloma manihoticola, causal agent of cassava superelongation disease. Phytopthology 70: 589–596.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tudzynski, B. (1997). Fungal Phytohormones in Pathogenic and Mutualistic Associations. In: Carroll, G.C., Tudzynski, P. (eds) Plant Relationships. The Mycota, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10370-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10370-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-10372-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-10370-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive