Abstract
The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA; formerly the Defense Mapping Agency or DMA) and The Ohio State University have collaborated to produce EGM96, an improved degree 360 spherical harmonic model representing the Earth’s gravitational potential. This model was developed using: (1) satellite tracking data from more than 20 satellites, including new data from GPS and TDRSS, as well as altimeter data from TOPEX, GEOSAT and ERS-1. (2) 30’ x 30’ terrestrial gravity data from NIMA’s comprehensive archives, including new measurements from areas such as the former Soviet Union, South America, Africa, Greenland, and elsewhere. (3) 30’ x 30’ gravity anomalies derived from the GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimeter data, as well as altimeter derived anomalies derived from ERS-1 by KMS (Kort and Matrikelstyrelsen, Denmark) in regions outside the GEOSAT coverage. The high degree solutions were developed using two different model estimation techniques: quadrature, and block diagonal. The final model is a composite solution consisting a combination solution to degree 70, a block diagonal solution to degree 359, and the quadrature model at degree 360. This new model will be used to define an undulation model that will be the basis for an update of the WGS-84 geoid. In addition, the model will contribute to oceanographic studies by improving the modeling of the ocean geoid and to geodetic positioning using the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderle, R. J., Doppler satellite measurements and their interpretation, in Space Geodesy and Geodynamics, editors, A. J. Anderson and A. Cazenave, Academic Press, New York, 1986.
Bilitza, D., C. Koblinsky, B. Beckley, S.Zia, and R. Williamson, Using IRI for the computation of ionospheric corrections for altimeter data analysis, Adv. Space Res., 15, 2, 113–119, 1995.
Lerch, F. J., Optimum data weighting and error calibration for estimation of gravitational parameters, Bull. Geod., 65, 44–52, 1991.
Marsh, J. G. et al., The GEM-T2 gravitational model, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 220432 2070, 1990.
Marshall, J. A., et al., The temporal and spatial characteristics of TOPEX/POSEIDON radial orbit error, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25331–25352, 1995.
Marshall, J. A., et al., An assessment of TDRSS for precision orbit determination, J. Astro. Sci, 44,1, Jan-March, 1996.
McCarthy J., SOLVE Program: Guide to user input, Hughes/STX Corporation, 1996. Milbert, D., Improvement of a high resolution geoid height model in the United States by
GPS height on NAVD88 benchmarks, in New Geoid in the World, Bulletin d’ Information 7, IGeS Bulletin, N. 4, 1995.
Nerem, R. S. et al., Gravity model Development for TOPEX/POSEIDON: Joint Gravity Models 1 and 2, J. Geophys. Res., 99, C12, 24421–24447, 1994.
Olson, T. R., Ph.D. Thesis, The Univ. of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 1996. Pavlis D. E., et al., GEODYN Operations Manual, 5 Volumes, Hughes/STX Corporation, Greenbelt, Maryland, 1996.
Rapp, R. H., Y. M. Wang, and N. K. Pavlis, The Ohio State 1991 geopotential and sea surface topography harmonic coefficient models, Dept. of Geod. Sci. and Surv. Rep. 410, The Ohio State University, Columbus 1991.
Rapp, R. H., personal communications, 1996a.
Rapp, R. H., Use of potential coefficient models for geoid undulation determinations using a spehrical harmonic representation of the height anomaly/geoid undulation difference, submitted to the Journal of Geodesy, 1996b.
Rapp R. H., C. Mang, and Y. Yi, Analysis of dynamic ocean topography using TOPEX data and orthonormal functions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22583–22598, 1996.
Schoene, T., The gravity field in the Weddell sea, Antarctica, by Radar altimetry from ERS-1 and GEOSAT, Reports on Polar Research 220/96, Alfred Wegner Institute, Bremerhaven, 1996.
Schrama, E. J. O. and R. Ray, A preliminary tidal analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 99, C12, 24799–24808, 1994.
Stammer, D., et al., How well does a 1/4° global circulation model simulate large-scale oceanic circulation? J. Geophys. Res., 101, C11, 25779–25812, 1996.
Tapley, B., et al., The JGM3 gravity model, J. Geophys. Res., 101 (B12), 28029–28049, 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lemoine, F.G. et al. (1997). The Development of the NASA GSFC and NIMA Joint Geopotential Model. In: Segawa, J., Fujimoto, H., Okubo, S. (eds) Gravity, Geoid and Marine Geodesy. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, vol 117. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03482-8_62
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03482-8_62
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08328-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03482-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive