Skip to main content

Pathogenesis of Secondary Brain Hemorrhage After Ischemia: Lessons from Animal Models … and a few from man: too!

  • Conference paper
Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke II

Abstract

Both open label and controlled clinical trials of thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke are careful to define and distinguish between hemorrhagic infarctions and intracerebral hematomas in addressing possible complications of treatment. Since the major and potentially unacceptable risk of this type of treatment is brain hemorrhage [16, 17] and because certain types of stroke are apt to produce some hemorrhagic complications as part of the untreated natural history [22, 23], it has become very important to stratify and quantitate secondary brain hemorrhages at least into two strata, acceptable and unacceptable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Brierly JB, Graham DI (1984) Hypoxia and vascular disorders of the central nervous system. In: Adams HJ, Corsellis JAN, Duchen LW (eds) Greenfield’s neuropathology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 125

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cerebral Embolism Study Group (1983) Immediate anticoagulation of embolic stroke: A randomized trial. Stroke 14:668–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cerebral Embolism Study Group (1984) Immediate anticoagulation of embolic stroke: Brain hemorrhage and management options. Stroke 15:779–789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. del Zoppo GJ, Copeland BR, Anderchek K, Hacke W, Koziol JA (1990) Hemorrhagic transformation following tissue plasminogen activator in experimental cerebral infarction. Stroke 21:596–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. del Zoppo GJ, Zeumer H, Harker LA (1986) Thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke: Possibilities and hazards. Stroke 17:595–607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fisher CM, Adams RD (1951) Observations on brain embolism with special reference to the mechanism of hemorrhagic infarction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 10:92–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fisher CM, Adams RD (1987) Observations on brain embolism with special reference to hemorrhage infarction. In: Furlan AJ (ed) The heart and stroke. Exploring mutual cerebrovascular and cardiovascular issues. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  8. Garcia JH, Lowry SL, Briggs L, et al (1983) Brain capillaries expand and rupture in areas of ischemia and reperfusion. In: Reivich M, Hurtig HI (eds) Cerebrovascular diseases. Raven Press, New York, p 169

    Google Scholar 

  9. Garcia JH, Mitchem HL, Briggs L, et al (1983) Transient focal ischemia in subhuman primates: Neuronal injury as a function of local cerebral blood flow. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42:44–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gillilan LA (1968) The arterial and venous blood supplies to the forebrain (including the internal capsule of primates). Neurology 18:653–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Globus JH, Epstein JA (1953) Massive cerebral hemorrhage: spontaneous and experimentally induced. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 12:107–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Globus JH, Epstein JA, Green MA, Marics M (1949) Focal cerebral hemorrhage experimentally induced. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 8:653–670

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hain RF, Westhaysen PU, Swank RL (1952) Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction by arterial occlusion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 11:34–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Harper AM, Deshmukh VD, Rowan JO, et al (1972) The influence of sympathetic nervous activity on cerebral blood flow. Arch Neurol 27:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hornig CR, Dorndorf W, Agnoli AL (1986) Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction: A prospective study. Stroke 17:179–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kase CS (1991) Intracranial hemorrhage after coronary thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. In: Hacke W, del Zoppo GJ, Hirschberg M (eds) Thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 75

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kase CS, O’Neal AM, Fisher M, Girgis GN, Ordia JI (1990) Intracranial hemorrhage after use of tissue plasminogen activator for coronary thrombolysis. Ann Intern Med 112:17–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Laurent JP, Molinari GF, Oakley JC (1976) Experimental model of intracerebral hematoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 35:560–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McCormick WF, Schochet SS, Jr. (1976) Infarcts: Morphological determination of age of infarcts. In: Atlas of cerebrovascular disease. WB Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto, p 148

    Google Scholar 

  20. Millikan CH, McDowell F, Easton JD (1987) Pathology of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PIH). In: Stroke. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p 53

    Google Scholar 

  21. Molinari GF (1986) Experimental models of ischemic stroke. In: Barnett HJ, Morh JP, Stein BM, Yatsu FM (eds) Stroke: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. Churchill Livingstone, New York, p 57

    Google Scholar 

  22. Okada Y, Yamaguchi T, Minematsu K, et al (1989) Hemorrhagic transformation in cerebral embolism. Stroke 20:598–603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ott BR, Zamani A, Kleefield J, Funkenstein HH (1986) The clinical spectrum of hemorrhagic infarction. Stroke 17:630–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Papadopoulos SM, Chandler WF, Salamat MS, Topol EJ, Sackellares JC (1987) Recombinant human tissuetype plasminogen activator therapy in acute thromboembolic stroke. J Neurosurg 67:394–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pessin MS (1991) Hemorrhagic transformation in the natural history of acute embolic stroke. In: Hacke W, del Zoppo GJ, Hirschberg M (eds) Thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 67

    Google Scholar 

  26. Purves MJ (1972) Some aspects of the anatomy of the cerebral blood vessels. In: The physiology of the cerebral circulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shields RW, Laureno R, Lachman T, Victor M (1984) Anticoagulantrelated hemorrhage in acute cerebral embolism. Stroke 15:426–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Weiler RO (1984) Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. In: Adams HJ, Corsellis JAN, Duchen LW (eds) Greenfield’s neuropathology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 125

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yashida Y, Dereski MO, Garcia JH, Hetzel FW, Chopp M (1992) Photoactivated photofrin II: Astrocytic swelling precedes endothelial injury in rat brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51:91–100.111

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Molinari, G.F. (1993). Pathogenesis of Secondary Brain Hemorrhage After Ischemia: Lessons from Animal Models … and a few from man: too!. In: del Zoppo, G.J., Mori, E., Hacke, W. (eds) Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke II. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78061-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78061-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-56442-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-78061-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics