Skip to main content

The Cost of Reproduction in Birds: Evaluating the Evidence from Manipulative and Non-Manipulative Studies

  • Conference paper
Population Biology of Passerine Birds

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIG,volume 24))

Abstract

The cost of reproduction plays a pivotal role in theories of life history strategies (Cody 1966, Williams 1966, Charnov and Krebs 1974, Schaffer 1974, Stearns 1976, Ricklefs 1983). Four years ago, at the Conference of Causal and Evolutionary Aspects of the Determination of Bird Numbers, held in Wageningen, the Netherlands, I reviewed the evidence for the cost of reproduction in birds (Nur 1988a). Since then, empirical studies of the cost of reproduction have proliferated and debate concerning the significance of the cost of reproduction for the evolution of avian life history strategies has continued. For this reason, I think it worthwhile to review the current state of the empirical literature, emphasizing difficulties in evaluating the evidence for, or against, the cost of reproduction. In addition, I reanalyze data presented in Nur (1988b) concerning the cost of reproduction in the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alatalo RV and Lundberg A (1989) Clutch size of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca — an experiment. Ornis Fennica 66: 15–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Alatalo RV and Lundberg A (in press) Polygyny and nesting success of Pied Flycatchers breeding in natural cavities. In: J Blondel, A Gosler, JD Lebreton and R McCleery (Eds), this volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Alerstam T and Hogstedt G (1984) How important is clutch size dependent adult mortality? Oikos 43: 253–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Askenmo C (1979) Reproductive effort and return rate of male pied flycatchers. American Naturalist 114: 748–753

    Google Scholar 

  • den Boer-Hazewinkel J (1987) On the costs of reproduction: parental survival and production of second clutches of the great tit Parus major. Ardea 75: 99–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce M and Perrins CM (1987) Optimizing great tit clutch size in a fluctuating environment. Ecology 68: 142–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breitwisch R (1989) Mortality patterns, sex ratios, and parental investment in monogamous birds. Current Ornithology 6: 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant DM (1979) Reproductive costs in the house martin (Delichon urbica). Journal of Animal Ecology 48: 655–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL and Krebs JR (1974) On clutch size and fitness. Ibis 116: 217–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Clobert J, Bouchau V, Dhont A and Vansteenwegen C (1987a) Survival of breeding female Starlings in relation to brood size. Acta Oecologia, Oecologia generalis 8: 427–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Clobert J, Lebreton JD and Allaine D (1987b) A general approach to survival rate estimation by recaptures or resightings of marked birds. Ardea 75: 133–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Cody ML (1966) A general theory of clutch size. Evolution 20: 174–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox DR (1970) The analysis of binary data. Methuen, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Daan S, Dijkstra C, Drent R and Meijer T (1988) Food supply and the annual timing of avian reproduction. Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa, Canada, p 392–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra C, Bult A, Bijlsma S, Daan S, Meijer T, and Zijlstra M (1990) Brood size manipulations in the kestrel Falco tinnunculus: effects on offspring and parental survival. Journal of Animal Ecology 59: 269–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dow H and Fredga S (1984) Factors affecting reproductive output of the goldeneye duck Bucephala clangula. Journal of Animal Ecology 53: 679–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman J and Askenmo C (1986) Reproductive cost, age-specific survival and a comparison of the reproductive strategy in two European tits (Genus Parus). Evolution 40: 159–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson L and Sutherland WJ (1988) The costs of reproduction in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Nature 335: 813–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegner RE and Wingfield JC (1987) Effects of brood-size manipulations on parental investment, breeding success, and reproductive endocrinology of house sparrows. Auk 104: 470–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt G (1980) Evolution of clutch size in birds: adaptive variation in relation to territory quality. Science 210: 1148–1150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogstedt G (1981) Should there be a positive or negative correlation between survival of adults in a bird population and their clutch size? American Naturalist 118: 568–571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluyver HN (1963) The determination of reproductive rates in Paridae. Proceedings XIIIth International Ornithological Congress, p 706–716

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluyver HN (1971) Regulation of numbers in populations of great tits (Parus m. major). p 507–523 in: PJ de Boer and CR Gradwell (Eds) Dynamics of Populations. Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Korpimaki E (1988) Costs of reproduction and success of manipulated broods under varying food conditions in Tengmalm’s owl. Journal of Animal Ecology 57: 1027–1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotz S and Johnson NL (1985) Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences vol 5, Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lack D (1966) Population Studies of Birds. Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessells CM (1986) Brood size in Canadian geese: A manipulation experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 669–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linden M (1988) Reproductive trade-off between first and second clutches in the great tit Parus major; an experimental study. Oikos 51: 285–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linden M and Møller AP (1989) Cost of reproduction and covariation of life history traits in birds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 367–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCleery RH and Perrins CM (1988) Lifetime reproductive success of the Great Tit, Parus major, p 136–153 in: TH Clutton-Brock (Ed) Reproductive Success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • McGillivray WB (1983) Intraseasonal reproductive costs for the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). Auk 100:25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Møller AP (1989) Parasites, predators and nest boxes: facts and artefacts in nest box studies of birds? Oikos 56: 421–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno J and Carlson A (1989) Clutch size and the costs of incubation in the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Ornis Scandinavica 20: 123–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy EC and Haukioja E (1986) Clutch size in nidicolous birds. p 141–180 in: Johnston RP (Ed): Current Ornithology, vol 4, Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton I (1988) Age and reproduction in the Sparrowhawk. p 201–219 in: TH Clutton-Brock (Ed) Reproductive Success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton I (1989) (Ed) Lifetime reproduction in birds. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Noordwijk AJ, van Balen JH and Scharloo W (1981) Genetic and environmental variation in clutch size of the great tit (Parus major). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 31: 342–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noordwijk AJ van and JH van Balen (1988) The great tit, Parus major, p 119–135 in: TH Clutton-Brock (Ed) Reproductive Success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Noordwijk AJ van and Jong G de (1986) Acquisition and allocation of resources: their influence on variation in life history tactics, American Naturalist 128: 137–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nur N (1984a) The consequences of brood size for breeding blue tits. I Adult survival, weight change and the cost of reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology 53: 479–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nur N (1984b) Feeding frequencies of nestling blue tits (Parus caeruleus): Costs, benefits, and a model of optimal feeding frequency. Oecologia 65: 125–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nur N (1986) Is clutch size variation in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus) adaptive? An experimental study. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 983–999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nur N (1988a) The cost of reproduction in birds: An examination of the evidence. Ardea 76: 155–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Nur N (1988b) The consequences of brood size for breeding blue tits. III. Measuring the cost of reproduction: Survival, future fecundity, and differential dispersal. Evolution 42: 351–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nur N and Clobert J (1988) Measuring Darwinin fitness in birds: A field guide. Proceedings XIX International Ornithological Congress, p 2121–2130

    Google Scholar 

  • Nur N, Geupel GR and De Santé D (1989) Variability in the reproductive strategy of the wrentit, Chamaea fasciata: A model and its application to a coastal scrub population. Paper presented at 59th Annual Meeting, Cooper Ornithological Society, Moscow, Idaho

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollason JC and Dunnet GM (1988) Variation in breeding success in Fulmars, p 263–278 in: TH Clutton-Brock (Ed) Reproductive Success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Orell M (in press) Brood size manipulations and reproductive success in the Willow Tit. In: J Blondel, A Gosler, JD Lebreton and R McCleery (Eds), this volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Orell M and Koivula K (1988) Cost of reproduction: parental survival and production of recruits in the Willow Tit Parus montanus. Oecologia 77: 423–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Partridge L (1989) Lifetime reproductive success and life-history evolution. p 421–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Partridge L and Harvey PH (1985) Costs of reproduction. Nature 316: 20–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrins CM and Moss D (1975) Reproductive rates in the great tit. Journal of Animal Ecology 44: 695–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor RA, Perrins CM and McCleery RH (1988) Individual optimization of clutch size in great tits. Nature 336: 160–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugesek B (1987) Age-specific survivorship in relation to clutch size and fledging success in California gulls. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 21: 217–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid WV (1987) The cost of reproduction in the glaucous-winged gull. Oecologia 74: 458–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reznick D (1985) Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44: 257–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reznick DN, Perry E and Travis J (1986) Measuring the cost of reproduction: a comment on papers by Bell. Evolution 40: 1338–1344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs R (1983) Avian demography. Current Ornithology 1: 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockwell RF, Findlay CS and Cooke F (1987) Is there an optimal clutch size in lesser snow geese. American Naturalist 130: 839–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Røskaft E (1985) The effect of enlarged brood size on the future reproductive potential of the rook. Journal of Animal Ecology 54: 255–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safriel UN, Harris MP, Brooke M de L and Britton CK (1984) Survival of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Journal of Animal Ecology 53: 867–877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer WM (1974) Selection for optimal life histories: the effects of age structure. Ecology 55: 291–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold T (1984) Clutch size variation in birds in relation to nest predation: on the costs of reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology 53: 945–953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold T (in press) Site fidelity in Pied Flycatchers: Do the males always return to their previous breeding area? in: J Blondel, A Gosler, JD Lebreton, R McCleery (Eds), this volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith HG (1988) Reproductive costs and offspring quality: the evolution of clutch size in tits (Parus). PhD Dissertation Lund University, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith HG (1989) Larger clutches take longer to incubate. Ornis Scandinavica 20: 156–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith HG, Källander H and Nilsson J-Ã… (1987) Effect of experimentally altered brood size on frequency and timing of second clutches in the Great Tit. Auk 104: 700–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JNM (1981) Does high fecundity reduce survival in song sparrows? Evolution 35: 1142–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns SC (1976) Life history tactics: a review of the ideas. Quarterly Review of Biology 51: 3–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns SC (1989) Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Functional Ecology 3: 259–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steven D de (1980) Clutch size, breeding success, and parental survival in the tree swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). Evolution 34: 278–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas CS and Coulson JC (1988) Reproductive success of Kittiwake Gulls, Rissa tridactyla. p 251–262 in: TH Clutton-Brock (Ed) Reproductive Success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen JM (1987) Costs of reproduction in the great tit: intraseasonal costs associated with brood size. Ardea 75: 111–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen JM, Balen JH van and Eck HM van (1985) Density dependent survival in an isolated Great Tit population: Kluyver’s data reanalyzed. Ardea 73: 38–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams GC (1966) Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack’s principle. American Naturalist 100: 687–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Nur, N. (1990). The Cost of Reproduction in Birds: Evaluating the Evidence from Manipulative and Non-Manipulative Studies. In: Blondel, J., Gosler, A., Lebreton, JD., McCleery, R. (eds) Population Biology of Passerine Birds. NATO ASI Series, vol 24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75110-3_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75110-3_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51759-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75110-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics