Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 234))

Abstract

While various treatment approaches for cancer include reversal of the transformed phenotype, stimulation of immune responses, inhibition of metastatic spread and deprivation of key nutrients, the goal of immunotoxin treatment is the direct killing of malignant cells. Because they are enzymatic proteins that act catalytically to kill cells, bacterial and plant toxins are often employed as the cell-killing component of immunotoxins. Here we provide background information into the structure-function relationships of toxins and discuss how they can be combined with cell-binding antibodies or other ligands to generate immunotoxins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allured VS, Collier RJ, Carroll SF, McKay DB (1986) Structure of exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 30 Angstrom. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1320–1324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baenziger JU, Fiete D (1979) Structural determinants of Ricinus communis agglutinin and toxin specificity for oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 254: 9795–9799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MJ, Eisenberg D (1994) Refined structure of monomeric diphtheria toxin at 23 A resolution. Protein Sci 3: 1464–1475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird RE, Hardman KD, Jacobson JW, Johnson S, Kaufman BM, Lee SM, Lee T, Pope SH, Riordan GS, Whitlow M (1988) Single-chain antigen-binding proteins [published erratum appears in Science 1989 Apr 28;244(4903):409]. Science 242: 423–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchner J, Pastan I, Brinkmann U (1992) A method for increasing the yield of properly folded recombinant fusion proteins: single-chain immunotoxins from renaturation of bacterial inclusion bodies. Anal Biochem 205: 263–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro U, Soria MR (1995) Targeting plant toxins to the urokinase and alpha 2-macroglobulin receptors. Semin Cancer Biol 6: 269–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro U, Nykjaer A, Nielsen M, Soria MR (1995) Alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor mediates binding and cytotoxicity of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins. Eur J Biochem 232: 165–171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary VK, Jinno Y, FitzGerald D, Pastan I (1990a) Pseudomonas exotoxin contains a specific sequence at the carboxyl terminus that is required for cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 308–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary VK, Jinno Y, Gallo MG, FitzGerald D, Pastan I (1990b) Mutagenesis of Pseudomonas exotoxin in identification of sequences responsible for the animal toxicity. J Biol Chem 265: 16306–16310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SY, Yang AG, Chen JD, Kute T, King CR, Collier J, Cong Y, Yao C, Huang XF (1997) Potent antitmrrour activity of a new class of tumour-specific killer cells. Nature 385: 78–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiron MF, Fryling CM, FitzGerald DJ (1994) Cleavage of pseudomonas exotoxin and diphtheria toxin by a furin-like protease prepared from beef liver. J Biol Chem 269: 18167–18176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choe S, Bennett MJ, Fujii G, Kantardjieff KA, Collier RJ, Eisenberg D (1992) The crystal structure of diphtheria toxin. Nature 357: 216–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collier RJ (1988) Structure-activity relationships in diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Cancer Treat Res 37: 25–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo Y, Mitsui K, Motizuki M, Tsurugi K (1987) Mechanism of action of ricin and related toxic lectins on eukaryotic ribosomes: the site and characteristics of the modification in 28S rRNA caused by the toxins. J Biol Chem 262: 5908–5912

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FitzGerald DJ, Fryling CM, Zdanovsky A, Saelinger CB, Kounnas M. Winkles JA, Strickland D, Leppla S (1995) Pseudomonas exotoxin-mediated selection yields cells with altered expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1995 Aug;130(4):1015]. J Cell Biol 129: 1533–1541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel AE, Burbage C, Fu T, Tagge E, Chandler J, Willingham MC (1996) Ricin toxin contains at least three galactose-binding sites located in B chain subdomains 1 alpha, I beta, and 2 gamma. Biochemistry 35: 14749–14756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel AE, Fu T, Burbage C, Chandler J, Willingham MC, Tagge EP (1997)1L2 fused to lectin-deficient ricin is toxic to human leukemia cells expressing the IL2 receptor. Leukemia 11: 22–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray GL, Smith DH, Baldridge JS, Harkins RN, Vasil ML, Chen EY, Heyneker HL (1984) Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in E. coli of the exotoxin a structural gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2645–2649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield L, Bjorn MJ, Horn G, Fong D, Buck GA, Collier RJ, Kaplan DA (1983) Nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for diphtheria toxin carried by corynebacteriophage beta. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 80: 6853–6857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield L, Johnson VG, Youle RJ (1987) Mutations in diphtheria toxin separate binding from entry and amplify immunotoxin selectivity. Science 238: 536–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley SM, Lord JM (1985) In vitro endoproteolytic cleavage of castor bean lectin precursors. Plant Sci 41: 111–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huston JS, Levinson D, Mudgett HM, Tai MS, Novotny J, Margolies MN, Ridge RJ, Bruccoleri RE, Haber E, Crea R et al (1988) Protein engineering of antibody binding sites: recovery of specific activity in an anti-digoxin single-chain Fv analogue produced in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5879–5883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzin BJ, Collins EJ, Robertus JD (1991) Structure of ricin A-chain at 25A resolution. Prot Struct Funct Genet 10: 251–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaul P, Silverman J, Shen WH, Blanke SR, Huynh PD, Finkelstein A, Collier RJ (1996) Roles of Glu 349 and Asp 352 in membrane insertion and translocation by diphtheria toxin. Prot Sci 5: 687–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kounnas MZ, Morris RE, Thompson MR, FitzGerald DJ, Strickland DK, Saelinger CB (1992) The alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein binds and internalizes pseudomonas exotoxin A. J Biol Chem 267: 12420–12423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb FI, Roberts LM, Lord JM (1985) Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA coding for preproricin. Eur J Biochem 148: 265–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert JM, McIntyre G, Gauthier N, Zullo D, Rao V, Steeves RM, Goldmacher VS, Blattler WA (1991) The galactose-binding sites of the cytotoxic lectin ricin can be chemically blocked in high yields with reactive ligands prepared by chemical modification of glycopeptides containing triantennary N-linked oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 30: 3234–3247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemichez E, Bomsel M, Devilliers G, vanderSpek J, Murphy JR, Lukianov EV, Olsnes S, Boquet P (1997) Membrane translocation of diphtheria toxin fragment A exploits early to late endosome trafficking machinery. Mol Microbiol 23: 445–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis MS, Youle RJ (1986) Ricin subunit association Thermodynamics and the role of the disulfide bond in toxicity. J Biol Chem 261: 11571–11577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Dyda F, Benhar I, Pastan I, Davies DR (1995) The crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin domain III with nicotinamide and AMP: conformational differences with the intact exotoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 9308–9312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Dyda F, Benhar I, Pastan I, Davies DR (1996) Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A complexed with a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analog: implications for the activation process and for ADP ribosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 6902–6906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel R, Ryser HJ, Ghani F, Wu M, Peak D (1993) Inhibition of a reductive function of the plasma membrane by bacitracin and antibodies against protein disulfide-isomerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 4112–4116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moehring JM, Inocencio NM, Robertson BJ, Moehring TJ (1993) Expression of mouse furin in a Chinese hamster cell resistant to Pseudomonas exotoxin A and viruses complements the genetic lesion. J Biol Chem 268: 2590–2594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montfort W, Villafranca JE, Monzingo AF, Ernst SR, Katzin B, Rutenber E, Xuong NH, Hamlin R, Robertus JD (1987) The three-dimensional structure of ricin at 28A. J Biol Chem 262: 5398–5403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JR, vanderSpek JC (1995) Targeting diphtheria toxin to growth factor receptors. Semin Cancer Biol 6: 259–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naglich JG, Metherall JE, Russell DW, Eidels L (1992a) Expression cloning of a diphtheria toxin receptor: identity with a heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor. Cell 69: 1051–1061

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naglich JG, Rolf JM, Eidels L (1992b) Expression of functional diphtheria toxin receptors on highly toxin-sensitive mouse cells that specifically bind radioiodinated toxin. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 89: 2170–2174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata M, Chaudhary VK, Pastan I, FitzGerald DJ (1990) Processing of Pseudomonas exotoxin by a cellular protease results in the generation of a 37,000-Da toxin fragment that is translocated to the cytosol. J Biol Chem 265: 20678–20685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsnes S, Fernandez-Puentes C, Carrasco L, Vazquez D (1975) Ribosome inactivation by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin Kinetics of the enzymic activity of the toxin A-chains. Eur J Biochem 60: 281–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pastan IH, Pai LH, Brinkmann U, Fitzgerald DJ (1995) Recombinant toxins: new therapeutic agents for cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 758: 345–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham HRB, Roberts LM, Lord JM (1992) Toxin entry: how reversible is the secretory pathway? Trends Cell Biol 2: 183–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter Y, Brinkmann U, Kreitman RI, Jung SH, Lee B, Pastan I (1994a) Stabilization of the Fv fragments in recombinant immunotoxins by disulfide bonds engineered into conserved framework regions. Biochemistry 33: 5451–5459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter Y, Brinkmann U, Webber KO, Jung SH, Lee B, Pastan I (1994b) Engineering interchain disulfide bonds into conserved framework regions of Fv fragments: improved biochemical characteristics of recombinant immunotoxins containing disulfide-stabilized Fv. Protein Eng 7: 697–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutenber E, Robertus JD (1991) Structure of ricin B-chain at 25A resolution. Prot Struct Funct Genet 10: 260–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryser HJ, Mandel R, Ghani F (1991) Cell surface sulthydryls are required for the cytotoxicity of diphtheria toxin but not of ricin in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 266:1 843 9–1 8442

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandvig K, Ryd M, Garred O, Schweda E, Holm PK, van Deurs B (1994) Retrograde transport from the Golgi complex to the ER of both Shiga toxin and the nontoxic Shiga B-fragment is regulated by butyric acid and cAMP. J Cell Biol 126: 53–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegall CB, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I (1990) Cytotoxicity of IL6–PE40 and derivatives on tumor cells expressing a range of interleukin 6 receptor levels. J Biol Chem 265: 16318–16323

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Studier FW, Moffatt BA (1986) Use of bacteriophage T7 polymerase to direct selective expression of cloned gene. J Mol Biol 189: 113–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wales R, Roberts LM, Lord JM (1993) Addition of an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval sequence to ricin A chain significantly increases its cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 268: 23986–23990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss MS, Blanke SR, Collier RJ, Eisenberg D (1995) Structure of the isolated catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin. Biochemistry 34: 773–781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DP, Wen Z, Watson RS, Boyd J, Strom TB, Murphy JR (1990) Cellular processing of the interleukin-2 fusion toxin DAB486-IL-2 and efficient delivery of diphtheria fragment A to the cytosol of target cells requires Arg194. J Biol Chem 265: 20673–20677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zentz C, Frenoy JP, Bourrillon R (1978) Binding of galactose and lactose to ricin Equilibrium studies. Biochim Biophys Acta 536: 18–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

FitzGerald, I., Pastan, I., Robertus, J. (1998). Introduction. In: Frankel, A.E. (eds) Clinical Applications of Immunotoxins. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 234. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72153-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72153-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-72155-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72153-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics