Skip to main content

Uptake and Reduction of Nitrate: Bacteria and Higher Plants

  • Chapter
Inorganic Plant Nutrition

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology ((PLANT,volume 15))

Abstract

Although the primary role of plants in converting C02 into organic formsof carbon for use by heterotrophic forms of life is recognized, the equally important capacity of plants to convert inorganic nitrogen into organic forms is frequently overlooked. While all animals normally utilize organic nitrogen to satisfy their nutritional needs the non-ruminant animals must be supplied with the pre-fabricated essential amino acids, thus the capability of plants to utilize inorganic nitrate nitrogen or ammonium nitrogen and convert it to organic forms is of great importance. The currently accepted pathway for the assimilation of nitrate and ammonia into organic form by green leaves is as follows.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aparicio PJ, Knaff DB, Malkin R (1975) Role of an iron–sulfur center and siroheme in spinach nitrite reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 169: 102–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnon DI (1937) Ammonium and nitrate nutrition of barley at different seasons in relation to hydrogen–ion concentration, manganese, copper and oxygen supply. Soil Sci 44: 91–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslam M, Oaks A (1976) Comparative studies on the induction and inactivation of nitrate reductase in corn roots and leaves. Plant Physiol 57: 572–576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslam M, Huffaker RC, Travis LC (1973) The interaction of respiration and photosynthesis in induction of nitrate reductase activity. Plant Physiol 52: 137–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslam M, Huffaker RC, Rains DW, Rao KP (1979) Influence of light and ambient carbon dioxide concentration on nitrate assimilation by intact barley seedlings. Plant Physiol 63: 1205–1209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley JM, King J, Gamborg OL (1972) The effect of the source of inorganic nitrogen on growth and enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in soybean and wheat cells in suspension cultures. Planta 105: 15–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beevers L, Hageman RH (1965) The role of light and nitrate in the induction of nitrate reductase in radish cotyledons and maize seedlings. Plant Physiol 40: 691–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beevers L, Hageman RH (1980) Nitrate and nitrite reduction in the biochemistry of plants. In: Miflin BJ (ed) A comprehensive treatise, vol V. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Beevers L, Schrader LE, Flesher D, Hageman RH (1965) The role of light and nitrate in induction of nitrate reductase in radish cotyledons and maize seedlings. Plant Physiol 40: 691–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Zioni A, Vaadia Y, Lips SH (1971) Nitrate uptake by roots as regulated by nitrate reduction products of the shoot. Physiol Plant 24: 288–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blevins DG, Hiatt AJ, Lowe RH (1974) The influence of nitrate and chloride uptake on expressed sap pH, organic acid synthesis, and potassium accumulation in higher plants. Plant Physiol 54: 82–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bollard EG (1966) A comparative study of the ability of organic nitrogen compounds to serve as sole sources of nitrogen for the growth of plants. Plant Soil 25: 153–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunetti N, Hageman RH (1976) Comparison of in vivo and in vitro assays of nitrate reductase in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol 58: 583–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke KA, Lascelles J (1979) Partial purification and some properties of the Staphylococcus aureus cytoplasmic nitrate reductase. J Bacteriol 139: 120–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butt VS, Beevers H (1961) The regulation of pathways of glucose catabolism in maize roots. Biochem J 80: 21–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butz RG, Jackson WA (1977) A mechanism for nitrate transport and reduction. Phytochemistry 16: 409–417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell WH (1976) Separation of soybean leaf nitrate reductases by affinity chromatography. Plant Sci Lett 7: 234–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell WH (1978) Isolation of NAD(P)H: nitrate reductase from the scutellum of maize. Z Pflanzenphysiol 88: 357–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell WH, Smarelli J (1978) Purification and kinetics of higher plant NADH: nitrate reductase. Plant Physiol 61: 611–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell WH, Smarelli J (1979) Observations on the physical state of NADH: nitrate reductase. Plant Physiol 63 (Suppl) 249

    Google Scholar 

  • Chantarotwong W, Huffaker RC, Miller BL, Granstedt RC (1976) In vivo nitrate reduction in relation to nitrate uptake, nitrate content and in vitro nitrate reductase activity in intact barley seedlings. Plant Physiol 57: 519–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coddington A (1976) Biochemical studies on the Nit mutants of Neurospora crassa. Mol Gen Genet 145: 195–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman KJ, Cornish–Bowden A, Cole JA (1978) Purification and properties of nitrite reductase from Escherichia coli K12. Biochem J 175: 483–493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cove DJ (1970) Control of gene action in Aspergillus nidulans. Proc R Soc London

    Google Scholar 

  • Cove DJ, Pateman JA (1969) Autoregulation of the synthesis of nitrate reductase in Aspergillus nidulans. J Bacteriol 97: 1374–1378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox GB, Payne WJ (1973) Separation of soluble denitrifying enzymes and cytochromes from Pseudomonas perfectomarinus. Can J Microbiol 19: 861–872

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox WJ, Reisenauer HM (1973) Growth and ion uptake by wheat supplied nitrogen as nitrate, or ammonium or both. Plant Soil 38: 363–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalling M J, Tolbert NE, Hageman RH ( 1972 a) Intracellular location of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase I. Spinach and tobacco leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta 283: 505–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalling M J, Tolbert NE, Hageman RH ( 1972 b) Intracellular location of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase II. Wheat roots. Biochim Biophys Acta 283: 513–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalling M J, Hucklesby DP, Hageman RH (1973) A comparison of nitrite reductase enzymes from green leaves, scutella and roots of corn (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiol 51: 481–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniel RM, Gray J (1976) Nitrate reductase from anaerobically grown Rhizobium japonicum. J Gen Microbiol 96: 247–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dantzig AH, Zurowsk WK, Ball TM, Nason A (1978) Induction and repression of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 133: 671–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies DD (1973) Control of and by pH. In: D.D. Davies: Rate control of biological processes. SEB Symp 27: 513–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijkshoorn W (1962) Metabolic regulation of the alkaline effect of nitrate utilization of plants. Nature 194: 165–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doddema H, Telkamp GP (1979) Uptake of nitrate by mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana disturbed in uptake or reduction of nitrate II. Kinetics. Physiol Plant 45: 332–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Doddema H, Hoffstra J J, Feenstra WJ (1978) Uptake of nitrate by mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana disturbed in uptake and reduction of nitrate I. Effect of nitrogen source during growth on uptake of nitrate and chlorate. Physiol Plant 43: 343–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Driesche van den R (1978) Response of Douglas fir seedlings to nitrate and ammonium nitrogen sources at different levels of pH and iron supply. Plant Soil 49: 607–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaglesham AR, Hewitt EJ (1975) Inhibition of nitrate reductase from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) leaf by adenosine nucleotides. Plant Cell Physiol 16: 1137–1149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emes M J, Fowler MW (1979) The intracellular location of the enzymes of nitrate assimilation in the apices of seedling pea roots. Planta 144: 249–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emes MJ, Ashihara H, Fowler MW (1979) The influence of NO3 on particulate 6–phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity in pea roots. FEBS Lett 105: 370–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enoch HG, Lester RL (1972) Effects of molybdate, tungstate, and selenium compounds on formate dehydrogenase and other enzyme systems in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 110: 1032–1040

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein E (1953) Absorption of nitrate affected by bromide. Nature 171: 83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein E (1972) In: Mineral nutrition of plants, principles, and perspectives. Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans HJ, Nason A (1953) Pyridine nucleotide nitrate reductase from extracts of higher plants. Plant Physiol 28: 233–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AR (1969) Nitrogen metabolism of Spirodela oligorrhiza. II. Control of the enzymes of nitrate assimilation. Planta 88: 353–363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AR (1970) Nitrogen metabolism of Spirodela oligorrhiza. III. Amino acids and the utilization of nitrate. Planta 90: 365–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AR, Bollard EG (1969) Nitrogen metabolism of Spirodela oligorrhiza I. Utilization of ammonium nitrate and nitrite. Planta 88: 344–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AR, Knypl JS (1974) Specificity of induction of nitrate reductase in plants. Proc 7th Int Colloq, Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith GJT (1972) Effect of ammonium nutrition on the activity of nitrate reductase in roots of apple seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 13: 1085–1090

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero MG, Vega JM, Leadbetter E, Losada M (1973) Preparation and characterization of a soluble nitrate reductase from Azotobacter chroococcum. Arch Mikrobiol 91: 287–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero MG, Jetschman K, Volker W (1977) The stereospecificity of nitrate reductase for hydrogen removal from reduced pyridine nucleotides. Biochim Biophys Acta 482: 19–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero MG, Vega JM, Losada M (1981) The assimilatory nitrate–reducing system and its regulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 32: 169–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hageman RH (1979) Integration of nitrogen assimilation in relation to yield. In: Hewitt EJ, Cutting CV (eds) Nitrate assimilation of plants. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hageman RH, Hucklesby DP (1971) In: San Pietro A (ed) Methods of enzymology, vol 23. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hageman RH, Reed AJ, Femmer RA, Sherrard JE, Dalling M J (1980) Some new aspects of the in vivo assay for nitrate reductase in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. I. Réévaluation of nitrate pool size. Plant Physiol 65: 27–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Harel C, Lea PJ, Miflin BJ (1977) The localization of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in maize leaves and their activities during greening. Planta 134: 195–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes RJ, Goh KM (1978) Ammonium and nitrate nutrition of plants. Biol Rev 53: 465–510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heimer YM, Filner P (1970) Regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway of cultured tobacco cells II. Properties of a variant cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta 215: 152–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimer YM, Filner P (1971) Regulation of the nitrate assimilation pathway in cultured tobacco cells III. The nitrate uptake system. Biochim Biophys Acta 230: 362–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt EJ (1974) MTP Int Rev Sei Biochem Serl 11: 194–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt EJ (1975) Assimilatory nitrate–nitrite reduction. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 26: 73–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt EJ, Cutting CV (1979) In: Nitrogen assimilation of plants. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt EJ, Hucklesby DP, Notton BA (1976) In: Bonner J, Varner JE (eds) Plant biochemistry. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschberg K, Hubner G, Borriss H (1972) Cytokinin–induzierte de novo Synthese der Nitratreductase in Embryonen von Agrostemma githago. Planta 108: 333–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honert van den TH, Hooymans JJ (1955) On the absorption of nitrate by maize in water culture. Acta Bot Neerl 4: 376–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber VM, Warren HC, Nelson DW, Tsai CY (1977) Nitrification inhibitors–New tools for food production. Bioscience 27: 523–529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hucklesby DP, Dalling M J, Hageman RH (1972) Some properties of two forms of nitrite reductase from corn (Zea mays L.) seutellum. Planta 104: 220–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hucklesby DP, James DM, Ban well M J, Hewitt EJ (1976) Properties of nitrite reductase from Cucurbita pepo. Phytochemistry 15: 599–603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hucklesby DP, Cammack R, Hewitt EJ (1979) Properties and mechanisms of nitrite reductase. In: Hewitt EJ, Cutting CV (eds) Nitrogen assimilation in plants. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson GL, Millington RJ, Peters DB (1972) Atmospheric ammonia: Absorption by plants. Science 175: 771–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Ida S (1977) Purification to homogeneity of spinach nitrite reductase by ferredoxin–Sepharose affinity chromatography. J Biochem (Tokyo) 82: 915–918

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingle J, Joy KW, Hageman RH (1966) The regulation of activity of the enzymes involved in the assimilation of nitrate by higher plants. Biochem J 100: 577–588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israel DW, Jackson WA (1982) Ion balance, uptake and transport processes in N2–fixing and nitrate and urea–dependent soybean plants. Plant Physiol 69: 171–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson WA, Williams DC (1968) Nitrate–stimulated uptake and transport of strontium and other cations. Soil Sei Soc Am Proc 32: 689–704

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson WA, Flesher D, Hageman RH (1973) Nitrate uptake by dark–grown corn seedlings: Some characteristics of apparent induction. Plant Physiol 51: 120–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob F, Monod J (1961) Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J Mol Biol 3: 318–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson SL (1971) In: McClaren AP, Skujinis J (eds) Soil biochemistry, vol I I. Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson CB (1976) Rapid activation by phytochrome of nitrate reductase in the cotyledon of Sinapis alba. Planta 128: 127–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly SO, Tolbert NE (1978) NADH–Nitrate reductase inhibitor from soybean leaves. Plant Physiol 62: 197–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly SO, Campbell WH, Tolbert NE (1976) NADPH and NADH nitrate reductases from soybean leaves. Arch Biochem Biophys 174: 431–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RW, Sheard RW (1975) Phytochrome, nitrate movement and induction of nitrate reductase in etiolated pea terminal buds. Plant Physiol 55: 954–959

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joy KW (1969) Nitrogen metabolism of Lemna minor II. Enzymes of nitrate assimilation and some aspects of their regulation. Plant Physiol 44: 849–853

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan D, Mayer AJ, Lips SH (1978) Nitrite activation of nitrate reductase in higher plants. Planta 138: 205–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kende H, Shen TC (1972) Nitrate reductase in Agrostemma githago comparison of the inductive effects of nitrate and cytokinin. Biochim Biophys Acta 286: 118–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler E (1976) Metabolism of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Proc Bot 38: 108–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby EA, Hughes AD (1979) In: Kirkby EA (ed) Nitrogen nutrition of the plant. Waver ley Press, Leeds

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkby EA, Knight AH (1977) Influence of the level of nitrate nutrition on ion uptake and assimilation, organic acid accumulation and cation–anion balance in whole tomato plants. Plant Physiol 60: 349–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klepper LA, Flesher D, Hageman RH (1971) Generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for nitrate reduction in green leaves. Plant Physiol 48: 580–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knypl JS (1973) Synergistic induction of nitrate reductase activity by nitrate and benzylamino purine in detached cucumber cotyledons. Z Pflanzenphysiol 70: 1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo T, Kleinhoff A, Warner RL (1980) Purification and partial characterization of nitrate reductase from barley leaves. Plant Sci Lett 17: 371–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster JR, Vega JM, Kamin H, Orme-Johnson NR, Orme-Johnson WH, Krueger RJ, Siegel LM (1979) Identification of the iron–sulfur center of spinach ferredoxin nitrite reductase as a tetra nuclear center and preliminary EPR studies of mechanisms. J Biol Chem 254: 1268–1272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KY, Pan SS, Erikson R, Nason A (1974) Involvement of molybdenum and iron in the in vitro assembly of assimilatory nitrate reductase utilizing Neurospora mutant nit–1. J Biol Chem 249: 3941–3952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RB (1979) The release of nitrite from barley roots in response to metabolic inhibitors uncoupling agents and anoxia. J Exp Bot 30: 119–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losada M, Guerrero MG (1979) The photosynthetic reduction of nitrate and its regulation. In: Barker J (ed) Photosynthesis in relation to model systems. Elsevier/North–Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Losada M, Guerrero MG, Vega JM (1981) The assimilatory reduction of nitrate. In: Bothe H, Trebst A (eds) Biology of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lycklama JC (1963) The absorption of ammonium and nitrate by perennial ryegrass. Acta Bot Neerl 12: 361–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes AC, Neyra CA, Hageman RH (1974) Nitrite assimilation and amino nitrogen synthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 58: 411–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann AF, Hucklesby DP, Hewitt EJ (1978) Sources of reducing power for nitrate reduction in spinach leaves. Planta 140: 261–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendel RR, Muller AJ (1978) Reconstitution of NADH–nitrate reductase in vitro from nitrate reductase deficient Nicotiana tabacum mutants. Mol Gen Genet 161: 77–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miflin BJ (1967) Distribution of nitrate and nitrite reductase in barley. Nature 214: 1133–1134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miflin BJ (1974) Nitrite reduction in leaves; studies on isolated chloroplasts. Planta 116: 187–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miflin BJ, Lea PJ (1976) The pathway of nitrogen assimilation in plants. Phytochemistry 15: 873–885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minotti PL, Williams DC, Jackson WA (1968) Nitrate uptake and reduction as affected by calcium and potassium. Soil Sci Am Proc 32: 692–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty B (1979) Effects of ammonium on the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in mung bean hypocotyls. Plant Physiol Suppl 63: 253

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan ty B, Fletcher JS (1976) Ammonium influence on the growth and nitrate reductase activity of Paul’s scarlet rose suspension cultures. Plant Physiol 58: 152–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty B, Fletcher JS (1980) Ammonium influence on nitrogen–assimilating enzymes and protein accumulation in suspension cultures of Paul’s scarlet rose. Physiol. Plant 48: 453–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulder EG, Boxma R, van Veen WL (1959) The effect of molybdenum and nitrogen deficiencies on nitrate reduction in plant tissues. Plant Soil 10: 335–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy M J, Siegel LM, Tove SR, Kamin H (1974) Siroheme: A new prosthetic group participating in six electron reduction reactions catalyzed by both sulfite and nitrite reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 71: 612–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Neyra CA, Hageman RH (1974) Dependence of nitrite reduction on electron transport in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 54: 480–483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neyra CA, Hageman RH (1975) Nitrate uptake and induction of nitrate reductase in excised corn roots. Plant Physiol 56: 692–695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neyra CA, Hageman RH (1976) Relationship between carbon dioxide, malate and nitrate accumulation and reduction in corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol 58: 726–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notton BA, Hewitt EJ (1979) Structure and properties of higher plant nitrate reductase especially Spinacia oleracea L. In: Hewitt EJ, Cutting CV (eds) Nitrogen assimilation of plants. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Notton BA, Graf L, Hewitt EJ, Pover RC (1974) The role of molybdenum in the synthesis of nitrate reductase in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var Botrytis) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.). Biochim Biophys Acta 364: 45–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notton BA, Fido RJ, Hewitt EJ (1977) The presence of functional haem in a higher plant nitrate reductase. Plant Sei Lett 8: 165–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notton BA, Fido RJ, Watson EF, Hewitt EJ (1979) Presence of haem in the tungsten analogue of nitrate reductase and its relationship to dehydrogenase function. Plant Sei Lett 14: 85–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oaks A, Aslam M, Boesel I (1977) Ammonium and amino acids as regulators of nitrate reductase in corn roots. Plant Physiol 59: 391–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oaks A, Stulen I, Boesel IL (1979) Influence of amino acids and ammonium on nitrate reduction in corn seedlings. Can J Bot 57: 1824–1828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oostindier–Braaksma FJ, Feenstra WJ (1973) Isolation and characterization of chlorate resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutat Res 19: 175–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orebamjo TO, Stewart GR (1974) Some characteristics of nitrate reductase induction in Lemna minor L. Planta 117: 1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pate JS (1973) Uptake, assimilation and transport of nitrogen compounds in plants. Soil Biol Biochem 5: 109–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne WJ (1973) Reduction of nitrogenous oxides by microorganisms. Bacteriol Rev 37: 409–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne WJ, Riley PS, Cox CD (1971) Separate nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxidereducing fractions from Pseudomonas perfectomarinus. J Bacteriol 106: 356–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichinoty F (1970) Les nitrate–reductases bactériennes IV. Régulation de la biosynthèse et de l’activité de l’enzyme B. Arch Mikrobiol 71: 116–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichinoty F, Piechaud M (1968) Detection and characterization of bacterial nitrate reductases A and B. Ann Inst Pasteur 114: 77–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R, Rajale GB, Lakkhdive BA (1971) Nitrification retarders. Adv Agron 23: 337–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radin JW (1975) Differential regulation of nitrate reductase induction in roots and shoots of cotton plants. Plant Physiol 55: 178–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao KP, Rains DW (1976a) Nitrate absorption by barley. I. Kinetics and energetics. Plant Physiol 57: 55–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao KP, Rains DW ( 1976 b) Nitrate absorption by barley II. Influence of nitrate reductase activity. Plant Physiol 57: 59–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven JA, Smith FA (1976) Nitrogen assimilation and transport in vascular plants in relation to intracellular pH regulation. New Phytol 76: 415–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redinbaugh MG, Campbell WH (1981) Purification and characterization of NAD(P)H: nitrate reductase and NADH: nitrate reductase from corn roots. Plant Physiol 68: 115–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riet Vant J, Wientjes FB, van Doorn J, Planta RJ (1979) Purification and characterization of the respiratory nitrate reductase of Bacillus licheniformis. Biochim Biophys Acta 576: 347–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucklidge G, Notton BA, Hewitt EJ (1976) Reconstitution in vitro of nitrate reductase from apoprotein of molybdenum–deficient spinach. Biochem Soc Trans 4: 77–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rufty TW, Volk RJ, McClure PR, Israel DW, Raper CD (1982) Relative content of NO 3 and reduced N in xylem exudate as an indicator of root reduction of concurrently absorbed 15NO~ Plant Physiol 69: 166–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawhney SK, Naik MS (1972) Role of light in the synthesis of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in rice seedlings. Biochem J 130: 475–485

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawhney SK, Naik MS, Nicholas DJD (1978) Regulation of NADH supply for nitrate reduction in green plants via photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 81: 1209–1217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schräder LE, Ritenour GL, Eilrich GL, Hageman RH (1968) Some characteristics of nitrate reductase in higher plants. Plant Physiol 43: 930–940

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schräder LE, Domska D, Jung PE, Peterson LA (1972) Uptake and assimilation of ammonium–N and nitrate–N and their influence on the growth of corn (Zea mays L.). Agron J 64: 690–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaner DL, Boyer JS (1976) Nitrate reductase activity in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. I. Regulation by nitrate flux. Plant Physiol 58: 499–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen TC (1969) The induction of nitrate reductase and the preferential assimilation of ammonium in germinating rice seedlings. Plant Physiol 44: 1650–1655

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen TC (1972) Nitrate reductase of rice seedlings and its induction by organic–nitro compounds. Plant Physiol 49: 546–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen TC, Funkhouser EA, Guerrero MG (1976) NADH– and NAD(P)H–nitrate reductases in rice seedlings. Plant Physiol 58: 292–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sims AP, Folkes AP (1964) A kinetic study of the assimilation of 15N ammonia and the synthesis of amino acids in an exponentially growing culture of Candida utilis. Proc R Soc London Ser B 159: 479–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sluiters-Scholten CMT (1975) Photosynthesis and the induction of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in bean leaves. Planta 123: 175–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith FW, Thompson JF (1971) Regulation of nitrate reductase in excised barley roots. Plant Physiol 48: 219–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomonson LP, Lorimer GH, Hall RL, Borchers R, Bailey JL (1975) Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–nitrate reductase of Chlorella vulgaris. Purification, prosthetic groups and molecular properties. J Biol Chem 250: 4120–4127

    Google Scholar 

  • Sosa FM, Ortega T, Bara JL (1978) Mutants from Chlamydomonas reinhardii affected in their nitrate assimilation capability. Plant Sei Lett 11: 51–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GR, Orebamjo TO (1979) Some unusual characteristics of nitrate reduction in Erythrina senegalensis D.C. New Phytol 83: 311–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GR, Rhodes D (1978) Control of enzyme levels in the regulation of nitrogen assimilation. In: Smith H (ed) Regulation of enzyme synthesis and activity. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Street HE, Sheat DEG (1958) The absorption and availability of nitrate and ammonia. In: Ruhland W (ed) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, vol VIII. Springer, Berlin Gottingen Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Stouthamer A J (1976) Biochemistry and genetics of nitrate reductase in bacteria. Adv Microbiol Physiol 14: 315–375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stouthamer AH (1977) In: Haddock BA, Hamilton EA (eds) Microbial energetics. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Tempest DW, Meers JL, Brown CM (1973) In: Prusiner S, Stadtman ER (eds) The enzymes of glutamine metabolism. Academic Press, London New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Thauer RK, Jungerman K, Decker K (1977) Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 41: 100–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokarev BI, Shumnyi VK (1977) Clarification of barley mutants with lowered nitrate reductase activity after treatment of the grain with ethylmethanesulfonate. Genetika (Moscow) 13: 2097–2103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis RL, Key JL (1971) Correlation between polyribosome level and the ability to induce nitrate reductase in dark grown corn seedlings. Plant Physiol 48: 617–620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vega JM, Kamin H (1977) Spinach nitrite reductase. Purification and properties of a siroheme–containing iron–sulfur enzyme. J Biol Chem 252: 896–909

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega JM, Herrera J, Aparicio PJ, Paneque A, Losada M (1971) Role of molybdenum in nitrate reduction in Chlorella. Plant Physiol 48: 294–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vennesland B, Guerrero MG (1980) Reduction of nitrate and nitrite. In: Gibbs M, Latzko E (eds) Photosynthesis II. Encyclopedia of plant physiology, new ser vol 6. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vila R, Barcena JA, Llobell A, Paneque A (1977) Characterization of a membrane–bound nitrate reductase from Azotobacter chroococcum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 75: 682–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent SP, Bray RC (1978) Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli K12. Biochem J 171: 639–647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace W (1974) Purification and properties of a nitrate reductase–inactivating enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta 341: 267–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace W (1975) Effects of a nitrate reductase inactivating enzyme and NAD(P)H on the nitrate reductase from higher plants and Neurospora. Biochim Biophys Acta 377: 239–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace W, Johnson CB (1978) Nitrate reductase and soluble cytochrome c reductase(s) in higher plants. Plant Physiol 61: 748–752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warburg O, Negelein E (1920) The reduction of nitrate in green cells. Biochem Z 110: 66–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warncke DE, Barber SA (1973) Ammonium and nitrate uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen concentration and NH4 /NO3* ratio. Agron J 65: 950–953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner RL, Hageman RH, Dudley JW, Lambert RJ (1969) Inheritance of nitrate reductase activity in Zea mays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 62: 785–792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner RL, Lin CJ, Kleinhofs A (1977) Nitrate reductase–deflcient mutants in barley. Nature 269: 406–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman GS (1964) Effect of ammonium and nitrate nutrition on protein level and exudate composition. Plant Physiol 39: 947–952

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo KC, Jukinen M, Canvin DT (1980) Reduction of nitrate via a dicarboxylate shuttle in a reconstituted system of supernantant and mitochondria from spinach leaves. Plant Physiol 56: 433–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood PM (1978) Periplasmic location of the terminal reductase in nitrite respiration. FEBS Lett 92: 214–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wray JL, Filner P (1970) Structural and functional relationships of enzyme activities induced by nitrate in barley. Biochem J 119: 715–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zielke HR, Filner P (1971) Synthesis and turnover of nitrate reductase induced by nitrate in cultured tobacco cells. J Biol Chem 246: 1772–1779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zumft WG (1976) Anorganische Biochemie des Stickstoffs; die Mechanismen der Stickstoffassimilation. Naturwissenschaften 63: 457–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beevers, L., Hageman, R.H. (1983). Uptake and Reduction of Nitrate: Bacteria and Higher Plants. In: Läuchli, A., Bieleski, R.L. (eds) Inorganic Plant Nutrition. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68885-0_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68885-0_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68887-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68885-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics