Abstract
The sequence of events during which small lymphocytes undergo morphologic and metabolic changes culminating in the expression of differentiated functions and in cellular proliferation in response to various stimuli has been the subject of intensive research by investigators during the past fifteen years. This process, called lymphocyte transformation, mitogenesis, blastogenesis, lymphocyte activation, or lymphocyte stimulation, has served as a model for the study of controlled cellular proliferation, of the expression of differentiated immunologic functions, for biochemical studies of normal lymphoid cells, and for the in vitro study of immune functions and interactions between various cell types involved in the immune response.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Monem, M.M., Newton, N.E., Weeks, C.E.: Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. 3. (±)-5-amino-2-hydrazino-2-methylpentanoic acid, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. J. Med. Chem. 18, 94 5–948 (1975)
Adler, W.H., Osunkoya, B.O., Takiguchi, T., Smith, R.T.: The interactions of mitogens with lymphoid cells and the effect of neuraminidase on the cells’ responsiveness to stimulation. Cell. Immunol. 3, 590–605 (1972)
Adler, W.H., Takiguchi, T., Marsh, B., Smith, R.T.: Cellular recognition by mouse lymphocytes in vitro. I. Definition of a new technique and results of stimulation by phytohemagglutinin and specific antigens. J. Exp. Med. 131, 1049–1078 (1970)
Agarwal, S.S., Loeb, L.A.: Studies on the induction of DNA polymerase during transformation of human lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 32, 107–113 (1972)
Ahern, T., Kay, J.E.: The control of protein synthesis during the stimulation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. II. Studies with cell-free systems. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 331, 91–101 (1973)
Ahern, T., Sampson, J., Kay, J.E.: Initiation of protein synthesis during lymphocyte stimulation. Nature (London) 248, 519–521 (1974)
Ahmann, G.B., Sage, H.J.: Stimulation of guinea pig lymphocytes by Lenz culinavis lectin -A. Stimulation by insolubilized LcL-A and effect of erythrocytes and peritoneal macrophages on stimulation by soluble LcL-A. Presence of a lymphokine in culture fluids of LcL-A-stimulated cells. Cell. Immunol. 10, 183–195 (1974)
Alford, R.H.: Metal cation requirements for phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 104, 698–703 (1970)
Allan, D., Auger, J., Crumpton, M.J.: Interaction of phytohemagglutinin with plasma membranes of pig lymphocytes and thymus cells. Exp. Cell Res. 66, 362–368 (1971)
Allan, D., Auger, J., Crumpton, M.J.: Glycoprotein receptors for Con-canavalin A isolated from pig lymphocyte plasma membrane by affinity chromatography in sodium deoxycholate. Nature (New Biol.) 236, 23–25 (1972)
Allan, D., Crumpton, M.J.: Phytohemagglutinin-lymphocyte interaction. Characterization of binding sites on pig lymphocytes for 125I-labeled photohemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 78, 271–278 (1973)
Allwood, G., Asherson, G.L., Davey, M.J., Goodford, P.J.: The early uptake of radioactive calcium by human lymphocytes treated with phytohaemagglutinin. Immunology 21, 509–516 (1971)
Andersson, J., Edelman, G.M., Möller, G., Sjöberg, O.: Activation of B lymphocytes by locally concentrated concanavalin A. Eur. J. Immunol, 2, 233–235 (1972)
Andersson, J., Möller, G., Sjöberg, O.: Selective induction of DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 4, 381–393 (1972a)
Andersson, J., Möller, G., Sjöberg, O.: B lymphocytes can be stimulated by concanavalin A in the presence of humoral factors released by T cells. Europ. J. Immunol. 2, 99–101 (1972b)
Andersson, J., Sjöberg, O., Möller, G.: Mitogens as probes for immuno-cyte activation and cellular cooperation. Transplant. Rev. 11, 131–177 (1972c)
Arend, P., Malchow, H., Cappeller, D.: Possibility of enzymatic interaction between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and autologous lymphocytes in the mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Z. Immunitätsforsch. 144, 366–371 (1972)
Auer, G.: Cytochemical properties of nuclear chromatin as demonstrated by the colloidal iron binding technique. Exp. Cell Res. 75, 237–233 (1972)
Auer, G., Zetterberg, A., Killander, D.: Changes in binding between DNA and arginine residues in histone induced by cell crowding. Exp. Cell Res. 62, 32–38 (1970)
Averdunk, R.: Über die Wirkung von Phytohamagglutinin und antilympho-zytenserum auf den Kalium-, Glucose- und Aminosäure-Transport bei menschlichen Lymphozyten. Hoppe Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 353, 79–87 (1972)
Averdunk, R., Lauf, P.K.: Effects of mitogens on sodium-potassium transport, 3H-ouabain binding and adenosine triphosphatase activity in lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 93, 331–342 (1975)
Bain, B., Vas, M.R., Lowens-tein, L.: The development of large immature mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Blood 23, 108–116 (1964)
Barnett, R.E., Scott, R.E., Furcht, L.T., Kersey, J.H.: Evidence that mitogenic lectins induce changes in lymphocyte membrane fluidity. Nature (London) 249, 465–466 (1974)
Berger, N.A., Skinner, A.M.: Characterization of lymphocyte transformation induced by zinc ions. J. Cell Biol. 61, 45–55 (1974)
Berger, S.L., Cooper, H.L.: Very short-lived and stable mRNAs from resting human lymphocytes. Proc. Nat, Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3873–3899 (1975)
Berke, G., Sarid, S., Feldman, M.: Studies on the nature of messenger RNA in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated rat lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 254, 440–446 (1971)
Berlin, R.D., Ukena, T.E.: Effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the agglutination of polymorphonuclear leucocytes by concanavalin A. Nature (New Biol.) 238, 120–122 (1972)
Bertazzoni, U., Stefanini, M., Pedrali Noy, G., Giulotto, E., Nuzzo, F., Falaschi, A., Spadari, S.: Variations of DNA polymerases α and β during prolonged stimulation of human lymphocytes. Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 785–789 (1976)
Bessler, W., Resch, K., Ferber, E.: Valency-dependent stimulating effects of lima bean lectins on lymphocytes of different species. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 69, 578–585 (1976)
Betel, I., Martijnse, J.: Drugs that disrupt microtubuli do not inhibit lymphocyte activation. Nature (London) 261, 318–319 (1976)
Betel, I., Van den Berg, K.J.: Interaction of Concanavalin A with rat lymphocytes. Europ. J. Biochem. 30, 571–578 (1972)
Biniaminov, M., Ramot, B., Novogrodsky, A.: Effect of macrophages on periodate-induced transformation of normal and chronic lymphatic leukaemia lymphocytes. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 16, 23 5–242 (1974)
Black, M.M., Ansley, H.R.: Antigen-induced changes in lymphoid cell histones. III. In vitro and in extract. J. Cell Biol. 35, 619–625 (1967)
Blomgren, H., Svedmyr, E.: Evidence for thymic dependence of PHA-reac-tive cells in spleen and lymph nodes and independence in bone marrow. J. Immunol. 106, 835–841 (1971)
Boldt, D.H., MacDermott, R.P., Jorolan, E.P.: Interaction of plant lectins with purified human lymphocyte populations: binding characteristics and kinetics of proliferation. J. Immunol. 114, 1532–1536 (1975)
Bolund, L., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Ringertz, N.R.: Cell concentration and the staining properties of nuclear deoxyribonucleoprotein. Exp. Cell Res. 62, 76–89 (1970)
Bona, C., Anteunis, A., Robineaux, R., Halpern, B.: Structure of the lymphocyte membrane. III. Chemical nature of the guinea-pig lymphocyte membrane macromolecules reacting with heterologous ALS. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 12, 377–390 (1972)
Borberg, H., Yesner, I., Gesner, B., Silber R.: The effect of N acetyl D-galactosamine and other sugars on the mitogenic activity and attachment of PHA to tonsil cells. Blood 31, 747–757 (1968)
Bretscher, M.S., Raff, M.C.: Mammalian plasma membranes. Nature (London) 258, 43–49 (1975)
Bullock, W.W., Möller, E.: ‘Spontaneous’ B cell activation due to loss of normal mouse serum suppressor. Eur. J. Immunol. 2, 514–517 (1972)
Burleson, D.G., Sage, H.J.: Effect of lectins on the levels of cAMP and cGMP in guinea pig lymphocytes: early responses of lymph node cells to mitogenic and non-mitogenic lectins. J. Immunol. 116, 696–703 (1976)
Burton, D.W.: Initial changes in the deoxyribonucleoprotein complexes of kangaroo lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 49, 300–304 (1968)
Cantor, H., Boyse, E.A.: Functional subclasses of T lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. I. The generation of functionally distinct T-cell subclasses is a differentiative process independent of antigen. J. Exp. Med. 141, 1376–1389 (1975a)
Cantor, H., Boyse, E.A.: Functional subclasses of T lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. II. Cooperation between subclasses of Ly+ cells in the generation of killer activity. J. Exp. Med, 141, 1390–1399 (1975b)
Caron, G.A.: Duration of exposure of lymphocytes to antigen in vitro needed to induce blast transformation Inern. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 32, 98–103 (1967)
Caron, G.A., Poutala, S., Provost, T.T.: Lymphocyte transformation induced by inorganic and organic mercury. Intern. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 37, 76–87 (1970)
Chessin, L.N., Börjeson, J., Welsh, P.D., Douglas, S.D., Cooper, H.L.: Studies on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. II. Morphological and biochemical studies on the transformation of lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen. J. Exp. Med. 124, 873–884 (1966)
Chesters, J.K.: The role of zinc ions in the transformation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. Biochem. J. 130, 133–139 (1972)
Chesters, J.K.: Comparison of the effects of zinc deprivation and ac-tinomycin D on ribonucleic acid synthesis by stimulated lymphocytes. Biochem. J. 150, 211–218 (1975)
Choi, Y.S., Jenson, J.C.: Concanavalin A binding proteins of lymphoid cell surface. J. Exp. Med. 140, 597–602 (1974)
Christen, Y., Sasportes, M., Mawas, C., Dausset, J., Kaplan, J.G.: The mixed lymphocyte reaction: Selective activation and inactivation of the stimulating cells. Cell. Immunol. 19, 137–142 (1975)
Coleman, M.S., Hutton, J.J., Bollum, F.J.: Terminal riboadenylate transferase in human lymphocytes. Nature (London) 248, 407–409 (1974)
Conard, R.A.: Autoradiography of leucocytes cultured with tritiated bean extract. Nature (London) 214, 709–710 (1967)
Cooke, A., Brown, M.: Stimulation of the activities of solubilized pig lymphocyte RNA polymerases by phytohaemagglutinin. Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 51, 1042–1047 (1973)
Cooke, A., Kay, J.E.: Effect of phytohaemagglutinin on the nuclear RNA polymerase activity of human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 79, 179–185 (1973)
Cooper, E.H., Barkhan, P., Hale, A.J.: Observations on the proliferation of human leucocytes cultured with phytohaemagglutinin. Brit. J. Haematol. 9, 101–111 (1963)
Cooper, H.L.: Ribonucleic acid metabolism in lymphocytes stimulated by phytomemagglutinin. II. Rapidly synthesized RNA and the production of ribosomal RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 243, 34–43 (1968)
Cooper, H.L.: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid wastage in resting and growing lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 244, 5590–5596 (1969)
Cooper, H.L.: Control of synthesis and wastage of ribosomal RNA in lymphocytes. Nature (London) 227, 1105–1107 (1970)
Cooper, H.L.: Studies on RNA metabolism during lymphocyte activation. Transplant. Rev. 11, 3–38 (1972)
Cooper, H.L.: Studies of poly(A)-bearing RNA in resting and growing human lymphocytes. In: Control of Proliferation in Animal Cells (eds. B. Clarkson, R. Baserga), pp. 769–783. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories 1974
Cooper, H.L.: Ribosome utilization and regulation of protein synthesis during lymphocyte activation. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 94–113. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Con., Tucson, Arizona, 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Cooper, H.L., Berger, S.L., Braverman, R.: Free ribosomes in physiologically nondividing cells. Human peripheral lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4891–4900 (1976)
Cooper, H.L., Rubin, A.D.: RNA metabolism in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin: Initial responses to phytohemagglutinin. Blood 25, 1014–1027 (1965)
Coulson, A.S., Cohn, R.: Lymphocyte culture in solid medium. I. Phyto-haemagglutinin stimulation of human blood lymphocytes in chicken plasma clot cultures. Immunology 25, 307–316 (1973)
Coulson, A.S., Turk, A., Glade, P.R., Chessin, L.N.: Lymphocyte culture in agar. Lancet 1, 89–90 (1968)
Coutinho, A., Möller, G.: Thymus-independent B-cell induction and paralysis. Advan. Immunol. 21, 113–236 (1975)
Coutinho, A., Möller, G., Andersson, J., Bullock, W.W.: In vitro activation of mouse lymphocytes in serum-free medium: Effect of T and B cell mitogens on proliferation and antibody synthesis. Europ. J. Immunol. 3, 299–306 (1973)
Craig, S.W., Cuatrecasas, P.: Mobility of cholera toxin receptors on rat lymphocyte membranes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3844–3848 (1975)
Cross, M.E., Ord, M.G.: Changes in the phosphorylation and thiol content of histones in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. Biochem. J. 118, 191–193 (1970)
Cross, M.E., Ord, M.G.: Changes in histone phosphorylation and associated early metabolic events in pig lymphocyte cultures transformed by phytohaemagglutinin or 6-N,2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate. Biochem. J. 124, 241–248 (1971)
Crumpton, M.J., Auger, J., Green, N.M., Maino, V.C.: Surface membrane events following activation by lectins and calcium ionophore. In: Mitogens in Immunobiology (eds, J.J. Oppenheim, D.L. Rosenstreich), pp. 85–101. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1976
Daguillard, F., Prochazkova, E.: Separation of lymphocytes responsive to phytohemagglutinin and anti-immunoglobulin serum. In: Proc. 6th Leucocyte Culture Conf. (ed. M.R. Schwarz), pp. 105–119. New York: Academic Press 1972
Darżynkiewicz, Z., Bolund, L., Ringertz, N.R.: Actinomycin binding of normal and phytohaemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 55, 120–123 (1969a)
Darżynkiewicz, Z., Bolund, L., Ringertz, N.R.: Nucleoprotein changes and initiation of RNA synthesis in PHA stimulated lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 56, 418–424 (1969b)
Darżynkiewicz, Z., Dokov, V.K., Pienkowski, M.: Dry mass of lymphocytes during transformation after stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin. Nature (London) 214, 1265–1266 (1967)
Dean, J.H., Wallen, W.C., Lucas, D.O.: Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid activation of mouse spleen cells in vitro. Nature (New Biol.) 237, 218–219 (1972)
Delamette, F., Hardt, N., Panijel, J.: In vitro induction of IgM synthesis and secretion in rabbit spleen cells by soluble concanavalin A. Cell Immunol. 18, 41–48 (1975)
Delespesse, G., Duchateau, J., Gausset, P., Govaerts, A.: In vitro response of subpopulations of human tonsil lymphocytes. I. Cellular collaboration in the proliferative response to PHA and Con A. J. Immunol. 116, 437–445 (1976)
De Petris, S., Raff, M.C.: Distribution of immunoglobulin on the surface of mouse lymphoid cells as determined by immunoferritin electron microscopy. Antibody-induced, temperature-dependent redistribution and its implications for membrane structure. Europ. J. Immunol. 2, 523–535 (1972)
De Petris, S., Raff, M.C.: Normal distribution, patching and capping of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin studied by electron microscopy. Nature (New Biol.) 241, 257–259 (1973)
De Petris, S., Raff, M.C.: Ultrastructural distribution and redistribution of alloantigens and concanavalin A receptors on the surface of mouse lymphocytes. Europ. J. Immunol. 4, 130–137 (1974)
De Petris, S., Raff, M.C., Mallucci, L.: Ligand-induced redistribution of concanavalin A receptors on normal, trypsinized and transformed fibroblasts. Nature (New Biol.) 244, 275–278 (1973)
De Rubertis, F.R., Zenser, T.: Activation of murine lymphocytes by cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate:. Specificity and role in mitogen action. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 428, 91–103 (1976)
Diamantsein, T., Ulmer, A.: The antagonistic action of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP on proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Immunology 28, 113–119 (1975a)
Di Oliveira-Castro, G.M., Barcinski, M.A., Gaziri, I.F.: Lymphocyte junctions: Permeability and structure. In: Proc. 9th Leucocyte Culture Conf. Immune Recognition (ed. A.S. Rosenthal), pp. 491–503; New York: Academic Press 1975
Dixon, J.F.P., O’Brien, R.L., Parker, J.W.: Periodate-induced lymphocyte transformation, V. Inhibition of periodate-induced transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes with aldehyde-blocking agents. Exp. Cell Res. 96, 383–387 (1975)
Dixon, J.F.P., Parker, J.W., O’Brien, R.L.: Prevention of periodate-induced human lymphocyte transformation with aldehyde blocking agents. Federation Proc. 33, 650 (1974)
Dixon, J.F.P., Parker, J.W., O’Brien, R.L.: Transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes by galactose oxidase. J. Immunol, 116, 575–578 (1976)
Doria, G., Agarossi, G., Di Pietro, S.: Enhancing activity of thymocyte culture cell-free medium on the in vitro immune response of spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized mice to sheep RBC. J. Immunol. 108, 268–270 (1972)
Dutton, R.W.: Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of concanavalin A on the response of mouse spleen cell suspensions to antigen. I. Characterization of the inhibitory cell activity. J. Exp. Med. 136, 1445–1460 (1972)
Dutton, R.W.: Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of concanavalin A on the response of mouse spleen cell suspensions to antigens, II, Evidence for separate stimulatory and inhibitory cells. J. Exp. Med. 138, 1496–1505 (1973)
Dutton, R.W.: Suppressor T cells. Transplant. Rev. 26, 39–55 (1975)
Dutton, R.W., Falkoff, R.J., Hirst, J.A., Hoffmann, M., Kappler, J.W., Ketiman, J.R., Lesley, J.F., Vann, D.: In: Progress in Immunobiology (ed. B. Amos), p. 355; New York: Academic Press 1971
Edelman, G.M., Cunningham, B.A., Reeke, G.N., Becker, J.W., Waxdal, M.J., Wang, J.L.: The covalent and three-dimensional structure of Concanavalin A. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2580–2584
Edelman, G.M., Yahara, I., Wang, J.L.: Receptor mobility and receptor-cytoplasmic interactions in lymphocytes. Proc, Nat. Acad, Sci. USA 70, 1442–1446 (1973)
Elfenbein, G.J., Harrison, M.R., Green, I.: Demonstration of proliferation by bone marrow-derived lymphocytes of guinea pigs, mice and rabbits in response to mitogen stimulation in vitro. J. Immunol. 110, 1334–1339 (1973a)
Elfenbein, G.J., Harrison, M.R., Mage, R.G.: Demonstration of proliferation by guinea pig and rabbit bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in vitro in response to stimulation by anti-immunoglobulin antisera. J. Immunol. 110, 1340–1344 (1973b)
Elfenbein, G.J., Shevach, E.M., Green, I.: Proliferation by bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation in vitro. J. Immunol. 109, 870–874 (1972)
Elson, C.J., Singh, J., Taylor, R.B.: The effect of capping by anti-immunoglobulin antibodies on the expression of cell surface immunoglobulin and on lymphocyte activation. Scand. J. Immunol. 2, 143–14 9 (1973)
Fanger, M.W., Hart, D.A., Wells, J.V., Nisonoff, A.: Requirement for cross-linkage in the stimulation of transformation of rabbit peripheral lymphocytes by antiglobulin reagents. J. Immunol. 105, 1484–1492 (1970)
Farnes, P., Barker, B.E., Brownhill, L.E., Fanger, H.: Mitogenic activity in Phytolacca americana (pokeweed). Lancet 2, 1100–1101 (1964)
Feldmann, M., Basten, A.: Cell interactions in the immune response in vitro. III. Specific collaboration across a cell impermeable membrane. J. Exp. Med. 136, 49–67 (1972a)
Feldmann, M., Basten, A.: Cell interactions in the immune response in vitro. IV. Comparison of the effects of antigen-specific and allogeneic thymus-derived cell factors. J. Exp. Med. 136, 722–736 (1972b)
Feldmann, M., Cone, R.E., Marchalonis, J.J.: Cell interactions in the immune response in vitro. VI. Mediation by T cell surface monomeric IgM. Cell Immunol. 9, 1–11 (1973)
Ferber, R., Reilly, C.E., De Paswuale, G., Resch, K.: Lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens: increase in membrane fluidity caused by changes of fatty acid moieties of phospholipids. In: Lymphocyte Recognition and Effector Mechanisms (eds. K. Lindahl-Kiessling, D. Osoba), pp. 529–534; Proc. 8th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Uppsala 1973. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1974
Fillingame, R.H., Morris, D.R.: Polyamine accumulation during lymphocyte transformation and its relation to the synthesis, processing, and accumulation of ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 12, 4479–4487 (1973)
Fisher, D.B., Mueller, G.C.: The stepwise acceleration of phosphatidylcholine syntheses in PHA-treated lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Ac. 176, 316–323 (1969)
Forsdyke, D.R.: Quantitative nucleic acid changes during phytohaemag-glutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Biochem. J. 105, 679–684 (1967)
Forsdyke, D.R.: Impaired activation of thymus lymphocytes by phytohe-magglutinin. J. Immunol. 103, 818–823 (1969)
Fraser, A.R., Hemperly, J.J., Wang, J.L., Edelman, G.M.: Monovalent derivatives of concanavalin A. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 790–794 (1976)
Gershon, R.K.: T cell suppression. Contemp. Top. Immunobio. 3, 1–40 (1974)
Gery, I., Gershon, R.K., Waksman, B.H.: Potentiation of the T-lympho-cyte response to mitogens. I. The responding cell. J. Exp. Med. 136, 128–142 (1972)
Gery, I., Krüger, J., Spiesel, S.Z.: Stimulation of B-lymphocytes by endotoxin. Reactions of thymus-deprived mice and karyotypic analysis of dividing cells in mice bearing T6 T6 thymus grafts. J. Immunol. 108, 1088–1091 (1972)
Gery, I., Waksman, B.H.: Potentiation of the T-lymphocyte response to mitogens. II. The cellular source of potentiating mediator(s). J. Exp. Med. 136, 143–155 (1972)
Giddings, S.J., Young, D.A.: Differences in the subcellular localization of the stimulatory effects of glucose and pyruvate on protein synthesis in rat thymus cells in vitro. J. Cell Physiol. 83, 409–418 (1974)
Goldschneider, I., Cogen, R.B.: Immunoglobulin molecules on he surface of activated T lymphocytes in the rat. J. Exp. Med. 138, 163–175 (1973)
Gormus, B.J., Shands, J.W., Jr.: Endotoxin-stimulated spleen cells: Characterization of the responding cells. J. Immunol. 115, 118–123 (1975)
Gräsbeck, R., Nordman, C.T., de la Chapelle, A.: The leucocyte-mito-genic effect of serum from rabbits immunized with human leucocytes. Acta Med. Scand. 175: Suppl. 412, 39–47 (1964)
Greaves, M.F., Bauminger, S.: Activation of T and B lymphocytes by insoluble phytomitogens. Nature (New Biol.) 235, 67–70 (1972)
Greaves, M.F., Bauminger, S., Janossy, G.: Lymphocyte activation. III. Binding sites for phytomitogens on lymphocytesubpopulations. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 10, 537–554 (1972)
Greaves, M.F., Janossy, G.: Elicitation of selective T and B lymphocyte responses by cell surface binding ligands. Transplant. Rev. 11, 87–130 (1972)
Greaves, M.F., Janossy, G., Doenhoff, M.: Selective triggering of human T and B lymphocytes in vitro by polyclonal mitogens. J. Exp, Med. 140, 1–18 (1974)
Greene, W.C., Parker, C.W.: A role for cytochalasin-sensitive proteins in the regulation of calcium transport in activated human lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 65, 456–463 (1975)
Greineder, D.K., Rosenthal, A.S.: The requirement for macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in T lymphocyte proliferation induced by generation of aldehydes on cell membranes. J. Immunol. 115, 932–938 (1975)
Grossi, C.E., Moretta, L., Webb, S.R., Mingari, A., Moretta, Lydyard, P.M., Zicca, A., Cooper, M.D.: Analysis of surface properties, fine structure and organ distribution of two distinct human T-cell sub-populations Tμ and Tγ. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 509–511. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona, 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Gunther, G.R., Wang, J.L., Edelman, G.M.: The kinetics of cellular commitment during stimulation of lymphocytes by lectins. J. Cell Biol. 62, 366–377 (1974)
Gunther, G.R., Wang, J.L., Yahara, I., Cunningham, B., Edelman, G.M.: Concanavalin A derivatives with altered biological activities. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1012–1016
Hadden, J.W., Hadden, E.M., Haddox, M.K., Goldberg, N.D.: Guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate: A possible intracellular mediator of mitogenic influences in lymphocytes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 3024–3027 (1972)
Hadden, J.W., Hadden, E.M., Sadlik, J.R., Coffey, R.G.: Effects on concanavalin A and a succinylated derivative on lymphocyte proliferation and cyclic nucleotide levels. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 1717–1721 (1976)
Hadden, J.W., Johnson, E.M., Hadden, E.M., Coffey, R.G., Johnson, L.D.: Cyclic GMP and lymphocyte activation. In: Immune Recognition (ed. A.S. Rosenthal), pp. 359–389; Proc. 9th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Williamsburg, Virginia 1974. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1975
Haddox, M.K., Furcht, L.T., Gentry, S.R., Moser, M.E., Stephenson, J.H., Goldberg, N.D.: Periodate-induced increase in cyclic GMP in mouse and guinea pig splenic cells in association with mitogenesis. Nature (London) 262, 146–148 (1976)
Handmaker, S.D., Graef, J.W.: The effect of phytohemagglutiriin oh the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of nuclei isolated from human lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 199, 95–102 (1970)
Hausen, P., Stein, H.: On the synthesis of RNA in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. I. Induction of uridine-kinase and the conversion of uridine to UTP. Europ. J. Biochem. 4, 401–406 (1968)
Hausen, P., Stein, H., Peters, H.: On the synthesis of RNA in lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. The activity of deoxyribo-nucleoprotein-bound and soluble RNA polymerase. Europ, J. Biochem. 9, 542–549 (1969)
Heatley, S.A., Gordon, I.L., O’Brien, R.L., Parker, J.W.: Lymphocyte transformation induced by insoluble galactose oxidase. Federation Proc. 35, 819 (1976)
Hedeskov, C.J.: Early effects of phytohaemagglutinin on glucose metabolism of normal human lymphocytes. Biochem. J. 110, 373–380 (1968)
Hellström, U., Dillner, M.L., Hammarström, S., Perlmann, P.: The interaction of nonmitogenic and mitogenic lectins with T lymphocytes: Association of cellular receptor sites. Scand. J. Immunol. 5, 45–54 (1976)
Helmreich, E., Eisen, H.N.: The distribution and utilization of glucose in isolated lymph node cells. J. Biol. Chem. 234, 1958–1965 (1959)
Henkart, P.A., Fisher, R.I.: Characterization of the lymphocyte surface receptors, for Con A and PHA. J. Immunol. 114, 710–714 (1975)
Hersh, E.M., Harris, J.E.: Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in the antigen-induced blastogenic response of human perpheral blood leukocytes. J. Immunol. 100, 1184–1194 (1968)
Hirschhorn, R., Grossman, J., Weissmann, G.: Effect of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate and theophylline on lymphocyte transformation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 133, 1361–1365 (1970)
Hirschhorn, R., Troll, W., Brittinger, G., Weissmann, G.: Template activity of nuclei from stimulated lymphocytes. Nature (London) 222, 1247–1250 (1969)
Hirst, J.A., Dutton, R.W.: Cell components in the immune response. III. Neonatal thymectomy: Restoration in culture. Cell Immunol. 1, 190–195 (1970)
Holmgren, J., Lönnroth, I., Mänsson, J.E., Svennerholm, L.: Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GMl ganglioside of small intestine. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 2520–2524 (1975)
Hovi, T., Allison, A.C., Williams, S.C.: Proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by A23187, a streptomyces antibiotic. Exp. Cell Res. 97, 92–100 (1976)
Hovi, T., Williams, S.C., Allison, A.C.: Divalent cation ionophore A23187 forms lipid soluble complexes with leucine and other amino acids. Nature (London) 256, 70–72 (1975)
Huber, B., Devinsky, O., Gershon, R.K., Cantor, H.: Cell-mediated immunity: Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic responses are mediated by different T-cell subclasses. J. Exp. Med. 143, 1534–1539 (1976)
Hülser, D.F., Peters, J.H.: Intercellular communication in phytohemag-glutinin-induced lymphocyte agglutinates. Europ. J. Immunol. 1, 494–495 (1971)
Hülser, D.F., Peters, J.H.: Contact cooperation in stimulated lymphocytes. II. Electrophysiological investigations on intercellular communication. Exp. Cell Res. 74, 319–326 (1972)
Hungerford, D.A., Donnelly, A.J., Nowell, P.C., Beck, S.: The chromosome constitution of a human phenotypic intersex. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 11, 215–236 (1959)
Inbar, M., Ben-Bassat, H., Sachs, L.: Temperature-sensitive activity on the surface membrane in the activation of lymphocytes by lectins. Exp. Cell Res. 76, 143–151 (1973)
Inbar, M., Shinitzky, M.: Increase of cholesterol level in the surface membrane of lymphoma cells and its inhibitory effect on ascites tumor development. Proc. Nat. Acad, Sci. USA 71, 2128–2130 (1974a)
Inbar, M., Shinitzky, M.: Cholesterol as a bioregulator in the development and inhibition of leukemia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4229–4231 (1974b)
Inbar, M., Shinitzky, M.: Decrease in microviscosity of lymphocyte surface membrane associated with stimulation induced by concanavalin A. Europ. J. Immunol. 5, 166–170 (1975)
Inbar, M., Shinitzky, M., Sachs, L.: Microviscosity in the surface membrane lipid layer of intact normal lymphocytes and leukemic cells. FEBS Lett. 38, 268–270 (1974)
Jacobson, E.B., Herzenberg, L.A.: Active suppression of immunoglobulin allotype synthesis. I. Chronic suppression after perinatal exposure to maternal antibody to paternal allotype in (SJL x Balb/c) F1 mice. J. Exp. Med. 135, 1151–1162 (1972)
Janis, M., Bach, F.H.: Potentiation of in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. Nature (London) 225, 238–239 (1970)
Janossy, G., Greaves, M.F.: Lymphocyte activation. II. Discriminating stimulation of lymphocyte subpopulations by phytomitogens and heterologous antilymphocyte sera. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 10, 525–536 (1972)
Jasinska, J., Steffen, J.A., Michalowski, A.: Studies on in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in cultures synchronized by the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Kinetics of the initiation of the proliferative response. Exp. Cell Res. 61, 333–341 (1970)
Johnson, R.A., Smith, T.K., Kirkpatrick, C.H.: Augmentation of phyto-hemagglutinin mitogenic activity by erythrocyte membranes. Cell Immunol. 3, 186–197 (1972)
Jones, G.: Lymphocyte activation. II. Kinetics and specificity of the activation process with phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 12, 403–417 (1972)
Jones, G.: Lymphocyte activation. III. The prolonged requirement for mitogen in phytoha magglutinin and concanvalin A-stimulated cultures. J. Immunol. 110, 1262–1267 (1973a)
Jones, G.: Release of surface receptors from lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 110, 1526–1531 (1973b)
Kaplan, J.G.: The role of cation flux in triggering and maintaining the stimulated state in lymphocytes. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 51–75. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Kaplan, J.G., Bona, C.: Proteases as mitogens: The effect of trypsin and pronase on mouse and human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 88, 388–394 (1974)
Kaplowitz, P.B., Moscona, A.A.: Stimulation of DNA synthesis by concanavalin A in cultures of embryonic neural retina cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 55, 1326–1333 (1973)
Katagiri, T., Terao, T., Osawa, T.: Activation of mouse splenic lymphocyte guanylate cyclase by calcium ion. J. Biochem. 79, 849–852 (1976)
Katz, D.H., Benacerraf, B.: The regulatory influence of activated T cells on B Cell responses to antigen. Advan. Immunol. 15, 1–94 (1972)
Kay, J.E.: Rapid activation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. Nature (London) 215, 737–738 (1967)
Kay, J.E.: Early effects of phytohaemagglutinin on lymphocyte RNA synthesis. Europ. J. Biochem. 4, 225–232 (1968)
Kay, J.E.: The role of the stimulant in the activation of lymphocytes by PHA. Exp. Cell Res. 58, 185–188 (1969)
Kay, J.E.: Interaction of lymphocytes and phytohaemagglutinin: inhibition by chelating agents. Exp. Cell Res. 68, 11–16 (1971)
Kay, J.E.: Lymphocyte Stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin: Role of the early stimulation of potassium uptake. Exp, Cell Re. 71, 245–247 (1972)
Kay, J.E.: The role of change in membrane function in lymphocyte activation. Scand. J. Immunol. 2, 86–87 (1973)
Kay, J.E., Ahern, T., Atkins, M.: Control of protein synthesis during the activation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. Biochim. Bio-phys. Acta 247, 322–334 (1971)
Kay, J.E., Cooke, A.: Ornithine decarboxylase and ribosomal RNA synthesis during the stimulation of lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin. FEBS Lett. 16, 9–12 (1971)
Kay, J.E., Cooper, H.L.: Rapidly labeled cytoplasmic RNA in normal and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 186, 62–84 (1969)
Kay, J.E., Handmaker, S.D.: Uridine incorporation and RNA synthesis during stimulation of lymphocytes by PHA. Exp. Cell Res. 63, 411–421 (1970)
Kay, J.E., Leventhal, B.G., Cooper, H.L.: Effects of inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis on the stimulation of lymphocytes by phyto-hemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res, 54, 94–100 (1969)
Kay, J.E., Lindsay, V.J.: Polyamine synthesis during lymphocyte activation. Induction of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl methonine decarboxylase. Exp. Cell Res. 72, 428–436 (1973)
Killander, D., Rigler, R., Jr.: Initial changes of deoxyribonucleopro-tein and synthesis of nucleic acid in phytohemagglutinine-stimulated human leucocytes in vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 39, 701–704 (1965)
Kondorosi, E., Kay, J.E.: Changes in lymphocyte cation levels during activation by the ionophore A23187 and phytohaemagglutinin. Abstract 1, p. 87, 10th Leucocyte Culture Conf. Program and Abstracts, Amsterdam 1975
Kornfeld, R., Kornfeld, S.: The structure of a phytohemagglutinin receptor site from human erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 245, 2536–2545 (1970)
Kornfeld, S.: Decreased phytohemagglutinin receptor sites in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 192, 542–545 (1969)
Kornfeld, S., Kornfeld, R.: Solubilization and partial characterization of a phytohemagglutinin receptor site from human erythrocytes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 63, 1439–1446 (1969)
Kornfeld, S., Rogers, J., Gregory, W.: The nature of the cell surface receptor site for Lens culinaris phytohemagglutinin. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6581–6586 (1971)
Kraft, N., Shortman, K.: A suggested control function for the animal tissue ribonuclease-ribonuclease inhibitor system, based on studies of isolated cells and phytohaemagglutinin-transformed lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 217, 164–175 (1970)
Krishnaraj, R., Talwar, G.P.: Role of cyclic AMP in mitogen induced transformation on human peripheral leukocytes. J. Immunol. 111, 1010–1017 (1973)
Krug, U., Hollenberg, M.D., Cuatrecasas, P.: Changes in the binding of concanvalin A and wheat germ agglutinin to human lymphocytes during in vitro transformation. Biochem, Biophys, Res. Commun. 52, 305–312 (1973)
Levine, D., Kaplan, M.J., Greenaway, P.J.: The purification and characterization of wheat-germ agglutinin. Biochem. J. 129, 847–856 (1972)
Levis, W.R., Robbins, J.H.: Effect of glass-adherent cells on the blastogenic response of “purified” lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 61, 153–158 (1970)
Levy, R., Levy, S., Rosenberg, S.A., Simpson, R.T.: Selective stimulation of nonhistone chromatin protein synthesis in lymphoid cells by phytohemagglutinin. Biochemistry 12, 224–228 (1973)
Lichtenstein, L.M., Henney, C.S., Bourne, H.R., Greenough, W.B. III: Effects of Cholera toxin on in vitro models of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. Further evidence for the role of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, J. Clin. Invest. 52, 691–697 (1973)
Lindahl-Kiessling, K.: Mechanism of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) action. V. PHA compared with concanavalin A (Con A). Exp. Cell Res. 70, 17–26 (1972)
Lindahl-Kiessling, K., Mattsson, A.: Mechanism of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) action. IV. Effect of some metabolic inhibitors on binding of PHA to lymphocytes and the stimulatory potential of PHA-pretreated cells. Exp. Cell Res. 65, 307–312 (1971)
Lindahl-Kiessling, K., Peterson, R.D.A.: The mechanism of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) action. II. The effect of certain enzymes and sugars. Exp. Cell Res. 55, 81–84 (1969)
Lindahl-Magnusson, P., Learly, P., Gresser, I.: Interferon inhibits DNA synthesis induced in mouse lymphocyte suspensions by phytohaemag-glutinin or by allogeneic cells. Nature (New Biol.) 237, 120–121 (1972)
Ling, N.R., Holt, P.J.L.: The activation and reactivation of peripheral lymphocytes in culture. J. Cell Sci. 2, 57–70 (1967)
Ling, N.R., Kay, J.E.: Lymphocyte Stimulation, pp. 313, 272–273. Amsterdam-New York: Elsevier North-Holland 1975
Loeb, L.A., Agarwal, S.S.: DNA polymerase. Correlation with DNA replication during transformation of human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 66, 299–304 (1971)
Loeb, L.A., Agarwal, S.S., Woodside, A.M.: Induction of DNA polymerase in human lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Proc. Nat. Acad, Sci. USA 61, 827–834 (1968)
Loeb, L.A., Ewald, J.L., Agarwal, S.S.: DNA polymerase and DNA replications during lymphocyte transformation. Cancer Res. 30, 2514–2520 (1970)
Lohrmann, H.-P., Novikovs, L., Graw, R.G.: Cellular interactions in the proliferative response of human T and B lymphocytes to phytomito-gens and allogeneic lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 139, 1553–1567 (1974)
Loor, F.: Lymphocyte membrane particle redistribution induced by a mitogenic/capping dose of the phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris. Europ. J. Immunol. 3, 112–116 (1973a)
Loor, F.: Lectin-induced lymphocyte agglutination. An active cellular process? Exp. Cell Res. 82, 415–425 (1973b)
Loor, F.: Binding and redistribution of lectins on lymphocyte membrane. Europ. J. Immunol. 4, 210–220 (1974)
Loor, F., Hagg, L.B.: The modulation of microprojections on the lymphocyte membrane and the redristribution of membrane-bound ligands, a correlation. Europ. J. Immunol. 5, 854–865 (1975)
Loor, F., Forni, L., Pernis, B.: The dynamic state of the lymphocytes membrane. Factor affecting the distribution and turnover of surface immunoglobulins. Europ. J. Immunol. 2, 203–212 (1972)
Lopatin, D.E., Ranney, D.F.: Maintenance of the resting state and potential regulators of the proliferative phase. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 195–218. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Lotan, R., Lis, H., Rosenwasser, A., Novogrodsky, A., Sharon, N.: Enhancement of the biological activities of soybean agglutinin by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 55, 1347–1355 (1973)
Lucas, Z.J.: Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis: Regulatory control during transformation of lymphocytes in vitro. Science 156, 1237–1240 (1967)
Luckasen, J.R., White, J.G., Kersey, J.H.: Mitogenic properties of a calcium ionophore A23187. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 5088–5090 (1974)
Lyle, L.R., Parker, C.W.: Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate responses to Con A in human lymphocytes. Evidence that the response involves specific carbohydrate receptors on the cell surface. Biochemistry 13, 5415–5420 (1974)
MacHaffie, R.A., Wang, C.H.: The effect of phytohemagglutinin upon glucose catabolism in lymphocytes. Blood 29, 640–646 (1967)
Maino, V.C., Green, N.M., Crumpton, M.J.: The role of calcium ions in initiating transformation of lymphocytes. Nature (London) 251, 324–327 (1974)
Makman, M.H.: Properties of adenylate cyclase of lymphoid cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 885–889 (1971)
Mamont, P.S., Böhlen, P., McCann, P.P., Bey, P., Schuber, F., Tardif, C.: α-methyl ornithine, a potent competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, blocks proliferation of rat hepatoma cells in culture. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 1626–1630 (1976)
McDonald, J.W.D.: Lymphocyte and platelet adenylcyclase. Can. J. Biochem. 49, 316–319 (1971)
McDonough, J., Lilien, J.: Inhibition of mobility of cell-surface receptors by factors which mediate specific cell-cell interactions. Nature (London) 256, 416–417 (1975)
McKenzie, G.H., Sawyer, W.H.: The binding properties of dimeric and tetrameric concanavalin A. Binding of ligands to noninteracting macromolecular acceptors. J. Biol. Chem. 248, 549–556 (1973)
Medrano, E., Piras, R., Mordoh, J.: Effect of colchicine vinblastine and cytochalasin B on human lymphocyte transformation by phytohemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 86, 295–300 (1974)
Melchers, F., von Boehmer, H., Phillips, R.A.: B-lymphocyte subpopulations in the mouse. Organ distribution and ontogeny of immunoglobu-lin-synthesizing and of mitogen-sensitive cells. Transplant. Rev. 25, 26–58 (1975)
Mendelsohn, J., Skinner, A., Kornfeld, S.: The rapid induction by phytohemagglutinin of increased a-aminoisobutyric acid uptake by lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 818–826 (1971)
Mendes, N.F., Zenha, M.J., Musatti, C.C., Naspitz, C.K.: Lymphocyte membrane receptors in cultures treated with mitogens. Cell Immunol. 12, 331–337 (1974)
Michalowski, A., Jasinska, J., Brzosko, W., Nowoslawski, A.: Studies on phytohemagglutinin. II. Cellular localization of phytohemagglutinin in white blood cell cultures with immunohistochemical methods. Exp. Med. Microbiol. 17, 197–203 (1965)
Milthorp, P., Forsdyke, D.R.: Serum factors affecting the incorporation of (3H)uridine by lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A. Studies of the role of complement. Biochem. J. 132, 803–812 (1973)
Möller, G., Andersson, J., Pohlit, H., Sjöberg, O.: Quantitation of the number of mitogen molecules activating DNA synthesis in T and B lymphocytes. Clin. Exp, Immunol. 13, 89–99 (1973)
Möller, G., Andersson, J., Sjöberg, O.: Lipopolysaccharide can convert heterologous red cells into thymic-independent antigens. Cell Immunol, 4, 416–424 (1972)
Monjardino, J.P.P.V., MacGillivray, A.J.: RNA and histone metabolism in small lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 60, 1–15 (1970)
Moorhead, J.F., Connolly, J.J., McFarland, W.: Factors affecting the reactivity of human lymphocytes in vitro. I. Cell number, duration of culture and surface area. J. Immunol. 99, 413–419 (1967)
Mugraby, L., Gery, I., Sulitzeanu, D.: Subpopulations of mouse spleen lymphocytes. I. Dissociation between the reactivities to different ‘non-specific’ mitogens. Immunology 26, 787–795 (1974)
Munakata, N., Strauss, B.: Continued proliferation of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes: Requirement for the restimulation of progeny. Cell Immunol. 4, 243–255 (1972)
Munch-Petersen, B., Tyrsted, G., Dupont, B.: The deoxyribonucleoside 5’ triphosphate (dATP and dTTP) pool in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and non-stimulated human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res, 79, 249–256 (1973)
Nakamura, S., Yoshinaga, M., Hayashi, H.: Interaction between lymphooytes and inflammatory exudate cells. II. A proteolytic enzyme released by PMN as a possible mediator for enhancement of thymocyte response. J. Immunol. 117, 1–6 (1976)
Naspitz, C.K., Richter, M.: The metabolism of phytohaemagglutinin during incubation with human peripheral lymphocytes. Brit. J. Hematol. 15, 77–85 (1968)
Negendank, W.G., Collier, C.R.: Ion contents of human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 101, 31–40 (1976)
Neiman, P.E., MacDonnell, D.M.: Studies on the mechanisms of increased protein synthesis in human phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes. In: Proc. 5th Leucocyte Culture Conf., University of Ottawa 1970 (ed. J.E. Harris), pp. 71–74. New York, London: Academic Press 1970
Nelson, D.S.: Production by stimulated macrophages of factors depressing lymphocyte transformation. Nature (London) 246, 306–307 (1973)
Nicolson, G.L.: Topography of membrane concanavalin A sites modified by proteolysis. Nature (New Biol.) 239, 193–197 (1972)
Nicolson, G.L.: Transmembrane control of the receptors on normal and tumor cells., 1. Cytoplasmic influence over cell surface components. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 457, 57–108 (1976)
Niederhuber, J.E., Frelinger, J.A., Dine, M.S., Shoffner, P., Dugan, E., Schreffler, D.C.: Effects of anti-la sera on mitogenic responses. II. Differential expression of the Ia marker on Phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A-reactive T cells. J. Ecp. Med. 143, 372–381 (1976)
Nilsson, S.F., Waxdal, M.J.: Isolation and identification of the major concanavalin A binding glycoproteins from murine lymphocytes. Biochemistry 15, 2698–2705 (1976)
Noonan, K.D., Burger, M.M.: The relationship of Concanavalin A binding to lectin-initiated cell agglutination. J. Cell Biol. 59, 134–142 (1973)
Novogrodsky, A.: Concanavalin A stimulation of rat lymphocyte ATPase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 266, 343–349 (1972)
Novogrodsky, A.: Selective activation of mouse T and B lymphocytes by periodate, galactose oxidase and soybean agglutinin. Europ. J. Immunol. 4, 646–648 (1974)
Novogridsky, A.: Lymphocyte activation induced by modifications of surface membrane saccharides. In: Immune Recognition (ed. A.S. Rosenthal). Proc. 9th Leucocyte Culture Conf., pp. 43–61. New York: Academic Press 1975
Novogrodsky, A., Gery, I.: Enhancement of mouse thymus cells response to periodate treatment by a soluble factor. J. Immunol. 109, 1278–1281 (1972)
Novogrodsky, A., Katchalski, E.: Effect of phytohemagglutinin and prostaglandins on cyclic AMP synthesis in rat lymph node lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 215, 291–296 (1970)
Novogrodsky, A., Katchalski, E.: Lymphocyte transformation induced by concanavalin A and its reversion by methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 228, 579–583 (1971)
Novogrodsky, A., Katchalski, E.: Membrane site modified on induction of the transformation of lymphocytes by periodate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 3207–3210 (1972)
Novogrodsky, A., Katchalski, E.: Induction of lymphocyte transformation by sequential treatment with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1824–1827 (1973)
Novogrodsky, A., Lotan, R., Ravid, A., Sharon, N.: Peanut agglutinin, a new mitogen that binds to galactosyl sites exposed after neuraminidase treatment. J. Immunol. 115, 1243–1248 (1975)
Nowell, P.C.: Phytohamagglutinin: An initiator of mitosis in cultures of normal human leukocytes. Cancer Res. 20, 462–466 (1960)
O’Brien, R.L., Parker, J.W.: Oxidation induced lymphocyte transformation. Cell 7, 13–20 (1976)
O’Brien, R.L., Parker, J.W., Dixon, J.F.P., Stanton, R.H.: Blastogene-sis induced in human lymphocytes by neuraminidase-galactose treated autologous and allogeneic cells. Cell. Immunol. 28, 101–108 (1977)
Ono, T., Terayama, H., Takaku, F., Nakao, K.: Hydrocortisone and phyto-hemagglutinin effect upon the RNA synthesis in the aggregate enzyme of human lymphocytes. Life Sci. 9, 1217–1223 (1970)
Opitz, H.G., Niethammer, D., Lemke, H., Flad, H.D., Huget, R.: Inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes by a soluble factor from macrophages. Cell Immunol. 16, 379–388 (1975)
Oppenheim, J.J., Leventhal, B.G., Hersh, E.M.: The transformation of column-purified lymphocytes with nonspecific and specific antigenic stimuli. J. Immunol. 101, 262–270 (1968)
Oppenheim, J.J., Rosenstreich, D.L.: Signals regulating in vitro activation of lymphocytes. Prog. Allergy 20, 65–194 (1976)
Pachman, L.M.: The carbohydrate metabolism and respiration of isolated small lymphocytes. In vitro studies of normal and phytohemagglutinin stimulated cells. Blood 30, 691–706 (1967)
Panijel, J., Taudou, G., Weyer, A., Taudou, B.: On the RNA synthesis in nuclei from immunized rabbit lymph node cells. FEBS Lett. 21, 83–87 (1972)
Parenti, F., Franceschini, P., Fori, G., Cepellini, R.: The effect of phytohaemagglutinin on the metabolism and y globulin synthesis of human lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 123, 181–187 (1966)
Parker, C.W.: Correlation between mitogenicity and stimulation of calcium uptake in human lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res, Commun. 61, 1180–1186 (1974)
Parker, J.W., Dixon, J.F.P., O’Brien, R.L.: Periodate-induced lymphocyte transformation. VI. Stimulation of human lymphocytes by periodate-treated allogeneic cells. Exp. Cell Res. 107, 169–177 (1977)
Parker, J.W., O’Brien, R.L., Steiner, J., Paolilli, P.: Periodate-induced lymphocyte transformation. II. Character of response and comparison with phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen stimulation. Exp. Cell Res. 78, 279–286 (1973)
Parker, J.W., Steiner, J., Coffin, A., Lukes, R.J., Burr, K., Brillian-tine, L.: Blastomitogenic agents in Leguminosae and other families. Experientia 25, 187–188 (1969)
Parker, W.L.: Suppression of mitogen-induced proliferation by Con-A-activated spleen cells and soluble immune response suppressor. Federation Proc. 35, 572 (1976)
Pauli, R.M., Desalle, L., Higgins, P., Henderson, E., Norin, A., Strauss, B.: Proliferation of stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes: Preferential incorporation of concanavalin A by stimulated cells and mitogenic activity. J. Immunol. 111, 424–432 (1973)
Pearmain, G., Lycette, R.R., Fitzgerald, P.H.: Tuberculin-induced mitosis in peripheral blood leucocytes. Lancet 1, 637–638 (1963)
Pedrali Noy, G.C.F., Dalpra, L., Pedrini, A.M., Ciarrochi, G., Nuzzo, F., Falaschi, A.: Evidence for two waves of induction of DNA enzymes in stimulated human lymphocytes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1, 1183–1199 (1974)
Pegorato, L., Bernengo, M.G.: Thymidine kinase, deoxycytidine kinase and deoxyctidylate deaminase activities in phytohaemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 68, 283–290 (1971)
Penner, P.E., Cohen, L.H., Loeb, L.A.: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human lymphocytes during gene activation by phytohaemagglutinin. Nature (New Biol.) 232, 58–61 (1971)
Perkins, E.H., Makinodan, T.: The suppressive role of mouse peritoneal phagocytes in agglutinin response. J. Immunol. 94, 765–777 (1965)
Phillips, D.R., Morrison, M.: The arrangement of proteins in the human erythrocyte membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40, 284–289 (1970)
Phillips, B., Roitt, I.M.: Evidence for transformation of human B lymphocytes by PHA. Nature (New Biol.) 241, 254–256 (1973)
Pierce, C.W., Tadakuma, T., Peary, D.L.: In: Suppressor Cells in Immunity (eds. S.K. Singhai, N.R.S. Sinclair), pp. 115–126; intern. Symp. London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario Press 1975
Peters, J.H.: Contact cooperation in stimulated lymphocytes. I. Influence of cell contact on unspecifically stimulated lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 74, 179–186 (1972)
Peters, J.H.: On the hypothesis of cell contact mediated lymphocyte stimulation. In: Lymphocyte Recognition and Effector Mechanisms (eds. K. Lindahl-Kiessling, D. Osoba), pp. 13–17. Proc. 8th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Uppsala 1973. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1974
Peters, J.H., Hausen, P.: Effect of phytohemagglutinin on lymphocyte membrane transport. I, Stimulation of uridine uptake. Europ. J. Biochem. 19, 502–508 (1971a)
Peters, J.H., Hausen, P.: Effect of phytohemagglutinin on lymphocyte membrane transport. II. Stimulation of “facilitated diffusion” of 3–0-methyl-glucose. Europ. J. Biochem. 19, 509–513 (1971b)
Pogo, B.G.T., Allfrey, V.G., Mirskey, A.E.: RNA synthesis and histone acetylation during the course of gene activation in lymphocytes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 55, 805–812 (1966)
Polgar, P.R., Foster, J.M., Cooperband, S.R.: Glycolysis as an energy source for stimulation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 49, 231–237 (1968)
Powell, A.E., Leon, M.A.: Reversible interaction of human lymphocytes with the mitogen concanavalin A. Exp. Cell Res. 62, 315–325 (1970)
Presant, C.A., Kornfeld, S.: Characterization of the cell surface receptor for the Agavicus bisporus hemagglutinin. J. Biol. Chem. 247, 6937–6945 (1972)
Quastel, M.R., Kaplan, J.G.: Inhibition by Ouabain of human lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin in vitro. Nature (London) 219, 198–200 (1968)
Quastel, M.R., Kaplan, J.G.: Early stimulation of potassium uptake in lymphocytes treated with PHA. Exp. Cell Res. 63, 230–233 (1970)
Quastel, M.R., Kaplan, J.G.: Ouabain binding to intact lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 94, 351–362 (1975)
Quastel, M.R., Vogelfanger, I.J.: Interspecies differences in the inhibitory effect of Ouabain on lymphocyte transformation. Cell Immunol. 2, 504–507 (1971)
Rabinowitz, Y.: Separation of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes on glass columns, including tissue culture observations. Blood 23, 811–828 (1964)
Ranney, D.F.: An intergrative approach to activations and sequential metabolic regulation of the immune response. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 3–34. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Ranney, D.F., Oppenheim, J.J.: Inhibition of in vitro proliferation of rat thymocytes by isologous spleen cells and supernatants. In: Proc. 7th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Laval University, Quebec 1972 (ed. F. Daguillard), pp. 173–189. New York, London: Academic Press 1973
Rasmussen, H., Jensen, P., Lake, W., Friedmann, N., Goodman, D.B.P.: Cyclic nucleotides and cellular calcium metabolism. Advan. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 5, 375–394 (1975)
Rawson, A.J., Huang, T.C.: The response to phytohemagglutinin or to Concanavalin A as a probe for subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 17, 310–314 (1975)
Ray, P.K., Simons, R.L.: Masking of cellular histocompatibility antigens with phytomitogens. J. Immunol. 110, 1693–1698 (1973)
Razavi, L.: Cytoplasmic localization of phytohaemagglutinin in peripheral white cells. Nature (London) 210, 444–445 (1966)
Reisner, Y., Linker-Israeli, M., Sharon, N.: Separation of mouse thymocytes into two subpopulations by the use of peanut agglutinin. Cell Immunol. 25, 129–134 (1976)
Resch, K.: Membrane associated events in lymphocyte activation. In: Receptors and Recognition (eds. P. Cuatrecasas, M.F. Greaves), Series A, pp. 61–117. London: Chapman and Hall 1976
Resch, K., Ferber, E.: Phospholipid metabolism of stimulated lymphocytes. Effects of phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A and anti-immuno-globulin serum. Europ. J. Biochem. 27, 153–161 (1972)
Resch, K., Ferber, E., Prester, M., Gelfand, E.W.: Mitogen-induced membrane changes and cell proliferation in T lymphocyte subpopulations. Europ. J. Immunol. 6, 168–173 (1976)
Resch, K., Gelfand, E.W., Hansen, K., Ferber, E.: Lymphocyte activation: rapid changes in the phospholipid metabolsm of plasma membranes during stimulation. Europ. J. Immunol. 2, 598–601 (1972)
Resch, K., Prester, M., Ferber, E.: The role of divalent cations in the initiation of lymphocyte activation. In: Leukocyte Membrane Determinants Regulating Immune Reactivity (ed. V.P. Eijsvoogel, D. Roos, W.P. Zeijlemaker), p. 131. Proc. 10th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Amsterdam 1975. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1976
Révész, T., Greaves, M.: Ligand-induced redistribution of lymphocyte membrane ganglioside GMl. Nature (London) 257, 103–106 (1975)
Rich, R.R.: Antigen-specific suppressor T cells and their products. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 251–268. Proc. 11th Leukocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Rich, R.R., Pierce, C.W.: Biological expressions of lymphocyte activation. I. Effects of phytomitogens on antibody synthesis in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 137, 205–223 (1973a)
Rich, R.R., Pierce, C.W.: Biological expressions of lymphocyte activation. II. Generation of a population of thymus-derived suppressor lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 137, 649–659 (1973b)
Rich, R.R., Pierce, C.W.: Biological expressions of lymphocyte activation. III. Suppression of plaque-forming cell responses in vitro supernatant fluids from Concanavalin A-activated spleen cell cultures. J. Immunol. 112, 1360–1368 (1974)
Rich, R.R., Rich, S.S.: Biological expressions of lymphocyte activation. IV. Concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells in mouse mixed lymphocyte reactions. J. Immunol. 114, 1112–1115 (1975)
Rigler, R., Killander, D.: Activation of deoxyribonucleoprotein in human leucocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. II. Structural changes of deoxyribonucleoprotein and synthesis of RNA. Exp. Cell Res. 54, 171–180 (1969)
Rigler, R., Killander, D., Bolund, L., Ringertz, N.R.: Cytochemical characterization of deoxyribonucleoprotein in individual cell nuclei. Techniques for obtaining heat denaturation curves with the aid of acridine orange microfluorimetry and ultraviolet microspectrophoto-metry. Exp. Cell Res. 55, 215–224 (1969)
Roos, D., de Boer, J.E.G., Huismans, L., Boom, A.J.: Dose-response of lymphocyte carbohydrate metabolism to phytohaemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 75, 185–190 (1972)
Roos, D., Loos, J.A.: Changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of mitogenically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. I. Stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 222, 565–582 (1970)
Roos, D., Loos, J.A.: Effect of phytohaemagglutinin on the carbohydrate metabolism of human blood lymphocytes after inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation. Exp. Cell Res. 77, 121–126 (1973a)
Roos, D., Loos, J.A.: Changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of mito-genically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, II. Relative importance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation on phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. Exp. Cell Res. 77, 127–135 (1973b)
Rosenfeld, M.G., Abrass, I.B., Mendelsohn, J., Roos, B.A., Boone, R.F., Garren, L.D.: Control of transcription of RNA rich in polyadenylic acid in human lymphocytes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2306–2311 (1972)
Rosenstreich, D.L, Farrar, J.J., Dougherty, S.: Absolute macrophage dependency of T lymphocyte activation by mitogens. J. Immunol. 116, 131–139 (1976)
Rosenthal, A.S., Davie, J.M., Rosenstreich, D.L., Cehrs, K.U.: Antibody-mediated internalization of B lymphocyte surface membrane immunoglobulin. Exp. Cell Res. 81, 317–329 (1973)
Rubin, A.D.: Ribosome synthesis in cultured lymphocytes. II. The role of ribosomal RNA production in the initiation and maintenance of lymphocyte growth. Blood 35, 708–720 (1970)
Ruddon, R.W., Weisenthal, L.M., Lundeen, D.E., Bessler, W., Goldstein, I.J.: Stimulation of mitogenesis in normal and leukemic human lymphocytes by divalent and tetravalent lima bean lectins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1848–1851 (1974)
Santer, V., Bankhurst, A.D., Nossal, G.J.V.: Ultrastructural distribution of surface immunoglobulin determinants on mouse lymphoid cells. Exp. Cell Res. 72, 377–386 (1972)
Sawyer, W.H., Hammarström, S., Möller, G., Goldstein, I.J.: Precipitin and mitogenic behavior of dimeric and tetrameric concanavalin A. Europ. J. Immunol. 5, 507–510 (1975)
Schechter, B., Lis, H., Lotan, R., Novogrodsky, A., Sharon, N.: The requirement for tetravalency of soybean agglutinin for induction of mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 14 5–149 (1976)
Schmidt-Ullrich, R., Wallach, D.F.H., Hendricks, J.: Concanavalin A-reactive protein of rabbit thymocyte plasma membranes: Analysis by crossed immune electrophoresis and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 382, 295–310 (1975)
Schöpf, E., Schulz, K.H., Gromm, M.: Transformation en und Mitosen von Lymphocyten in vitro durch Quecksilber (II)-chlorid. Naturwissenschaften 54, 568–569 (1967)
Schumm, D.E., Morris, H.P., Webb, T.E.: Early biochemical changes in PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and tumor-bearing rats. Europ. J. Cancer 10, 107–113 (1974)
Segel, G.B., Hollander, M.M., Gordon, B.R., Klemperer, M.R., Lichtman, M.A.: A rapid phytohemagglutinin induced alteration in lymphocyte potassium permeability. J. Cell Physiol. 86, 327–335 (1975)
Segel, G.B., Lichtman, M.A.: Transmembrane K+ turnover by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 432–434. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Sela, B., Wang, J.L., Edelman, G.M.: Antibodies reactive with cell surface carbohydrates. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1127–1131 (1975)
Sela, B., Wang, J.L., Edelman, G.M.: Lymphocyte activation by monovalent fragments of antibodies reactive with cell surface carbohydrates. J. Exp. Med. 143, 665–671 (1976)
Sell, S.: Studies on rabbit lymphocytes in vitro. VII. The induction of blast transformation with the F(ab’)2 and F ab fragments of sheep antibody to rabbit IgG. J. Immunol. 98, 786–791 (1967)
Sell, S., Gell, P.G.H.: Studies on rabbit lymphocytes in vitro. I. Stimulation of blast transformation with an antiallotype serum. J. Exp, Med. 122, 423–440 (1965)
Sell, S., Mascari, R.A., Hughes, S.J.: Studies on rabbit lymphocytes in vitro. XIII. The induction of blast transformation with the F(ab’)2 and Fab fragments of anti-lymphocyt anti-IgG and anti-allotypic globulins. J. Immunol. 105, 1400–1405 (1970)
Sell, S., Sheppard, H.W., Jr.: Studies on rabbit lymphocytes in vitro. XVIII. Kinetics of reversible Con A stimulation and restimulation of blast transformation after blocking with anti-Con A. Exp. Cell Res. 84, 153–158 (1974)
Sellin, D., Wallach, D.F.H., Weltzien, H.U., Resch, K., Sprenger, E., Fischer, H.: Intercellular communication between lymphocytes in vitro. Fluorescein-permeable junctions, their enhancement by lysolecithin and their reduction by a syntetic immunosuppressive lysolecithin analogue. Europ. J. Immunol. 4, 189–193 (1974)
Sharon, N., Lis, H.: Lectins: Cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific proteins. Science 177, 949–959 (1972)
Shek, P.N., Chou, C.T., Dubiski, S., Cinader, B.: Mitogen stimulation of rabbit spleen cells before and after complement-mediated cell kill with an antiserum directed against the thymus antigen RTLA. Intern. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 46, 753–767 (1974)
Sheppard, H.W., Redleman, D., Sell, S.: In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells. Cell Immunol. 24, 34–44 (1976)
Shinitzky, M., Inbar, M.: Difference in microviscosity induced by different cholesterol levels in the surface membrane lipid layer of normal lymphocytes and malignant lymphoma cells. J. Mol. Biol. 85, 603–615 (1974)
Singer, S.J., Nicolson, G.L.: The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175, 720–731 (1972)
Skoog, V.T., Weber, T.H., Richter, W.: Studies on the interaction between mitogens and human lymphocytes in vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 85, 339–350 (1974)
Smith, C.W., Hollers, J.C.: The pattern of binding of flourescein-labeled Concanavalin A to the motile lymphocyte. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 8, 458–464 (1970)
Smith, J.W., Steiner, A.L., Newberry, W.M., Jr., Parker, C.W.: Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in human lymphocytes. Alterations after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 50, 432–441 (1971a)
Smith, J.W., Steiner, A.L., Parker, C.W.: Human lymphocyte metabolism. Effects of cyclic and noncyclic nucleotides on stimulation by phytohemagglutinin. J. Clin. Invest, 50, 442–448 (1971b)
Snary, D., Allen, A.K., Faulkes, R.A., Crumpton, M.J.: Carbohydrate composition of lymphocyte plasma membrane from pig mesenteric lymph node. Biochem. J. 153, 75–78 (1976)
Sörén, L.: Nuclear and cytoplasmic protein accumulation in PHA-stimu-lated human lymphocytes during blastogenesis. Exp. Cell Res. 59, 244–248 (1970)
Sörén, L.: Variability of the time at which PHA-stimulated lymphocytes initiate DNA synthesis. Exp. Cell Res. 78, 201–208 (1973a)
Sörén, L.: Effects of removing PHA from cultures of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 79, 350–358 (1973b)
Steffen, J., Sörén, L.: Changes in dry mass of PHA stimulated human lymphocytes during blast transformation. Exp. Cell Res, 53, 652–659 (1968)
Stobo, J.D., Loehnen, C.P.: Immunoregulation and autoimmunity. Mayo Clin. Proc. 5, 479–483 (1976)
Stobo, J.D., Paul, W.E.: Functional heterogeneity of murine lymphoid cells. III. Differential responsiveness of T cells to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A as a probe for T cell subsets. J. Immunol. 110, 362–375 (1973)
Stobo, J.D., Rosenthal, A.S., Paul, W.E.: Functional heterogeneity of murine lymphoid cells. I. Responsiveness to and surface binding of concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. J. Immunol. 108, 1–17 (1972)
Stout, R.D., Herzenberg, L.A.: The Fc receptor on thymus-derived lymphocytes. II. Mitogen responsiveness of T lymphocytes bearing the Fc receptor. J. Exp. Med. 142, 1041–1051 (1975)
Tabor, C.W., Tabor, H.: 1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), spermidine and spermine. An. Rev. Biochem. 45, 285–306 (1976)
Takiguchi, T., Adler, W.H., Smith, R.T.: Cellular recognition in vitro by mouse lymphocytes. Effects of neonatal thymectomy and thymus graft restoration on alloantigen and PHA stimulation of whole and gradient-separeated subpopulations of spleen cells. J. Exp. Med. 133, 63–80 (1971)
Tärnvik, A.: A role for red cells in phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte stimulation. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. (B) 78, 733–740 (1970)
Tärnvik, A.: Lymphocyte stimulation by a complex of phytohaemagglutinin and red cell membrane. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. (B) 79, 588–594 (1971)
Taverna, R.D., Langdon, R.G.: Reversible association of cytochalasin B with the human erythrocyte. Inhibition of glucose transport and the stoichiometry of cytochalasin binding. Biochim. Acta 323, 207–219 (1973)
Taylor, R.B., Duffus, P.H., Raff, M.C., de Petris, S.: Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induced by anti-immunoglobulin antibody. Nature (New Biol.) 233, 225–229 (1971)
Tomasi, T.B.: Suppressor substances in serum. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 219–250. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Torelli, U.L., Henry, P.H., Weissman, S.M.: Characteristics of the RNA synthesized in vitro by the normal human small lymphocyte and the changes induced by phytohemagglutinin stimulation. J. Clin. Invest. 47, 1083–1095 (1968)
Toyoshima, S., Fukuda, M., Osawa, T.: Chemical nature of the receptor site for various phytomitogens. Biochemistry 11, 4000–4005 (1972)
Toyoshima, S., Osawa, T., Tonomura, A.: Some properties of purified phytohemagglutinin from Lens culinavis seeds. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 221, 514–521 (1970)
Uhr, J.W., Möller, G.: Regulatory effect of antibody on the immune response. Advan. Immunol. 8, 81–127 (1968)
Unanue, E.: Secretory function of mononuclear phagocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 83, 396–417 (1976)
Van den Berg, K.J.: The role of amino acids in the mitogenic activation of lymphocytes. Rijswijk, The Netherlands: Radiobiological Institute of the Organization for Health Research TNO 1974
Van den Berg, K.J., Betel, I.: Early increase of amino acid transport in stimulated lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 66, 257–259 (1971)
Van den Berg, K.J., Betel, I.: Changes in amino acid uptake in stimulated rat lymphocytes. In: Proc. 6th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Washington (ed, M.R. Schwarz), pp. 243–261. New York, London: Academic Press 1972
Van den Berg, K.J., Betel, I.: Increased transport of 2-aminoisobutyric acid in rat lymphocytes stimulated with Concanavalin A. Exp. Cell Res. 76, 63–72 (1973a)
Van den Berg, K.J., Betel, I.: Selective early activation of a sodium dependent amino acid transport system in stimulated rat lymphocyte. FEBS Lett. 29, 149–152 (1973b)
Van den Berg, K.J., Betel, I.: Correlation of early changes in amino acid transport and DNA synthesis in stimulated lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 10, 319–323 (1974a)
Van den Berg, K.J., Betel, I.: Regulation of amino acid uptake in lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens. Exp. Cell Res. 84, 412–418 (1974b)
Vischer, T.L.: Mitogemic factors produced by lymphocyte activation: Effect on T- and B-cells. J. Immunol. 109, 401–402 (1972a)
Vischer, T.L.: Immunoglobulin-like surface molecules and theta antigen during the specific and non-specific stimulation of mouse spleen cells in vitro. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 11, 523–534 (1972b)
Vischer, T.L.: Stimulation of mouse B lymphocytes by trypsin. J. Immunol.. 113, 58–62 (1974)
Vischer, T.L.: The differential effect of cyclic AMP on lymphocyte stimulation by T- of B-cell mitogens. Immunology 30, 735–739 (1976)
Vischer, T.L., Bretz, U., Baggiolini, M.: In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes by neutral proteases from human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules. J. Exp. Med. 144, 863–872 (1976)
Vischer, T.L., Lospaulluto, J.J.: The differential effect of cholera toxin on the lymphocyte stimulation induced by various mitogens. Immunology 29, 275–282 (1975)
Vogt, A., Mishell, R.I., Dutton, R.W.: Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultures of mouse spleen cell suspensions by bovine transferrin. Exp. Cell Res. 54, 195–200 (1969)
Vogt, W., Rühl, H., Wagner, B., Diamantstein, T.: Stimulation of DNA synthesis in mouse lymphoid cells by polyanions in vitro. II. Relationship between adjuvant activity and stimulation of DNA synthesis by polyanions. Europ. J. Immunol. 3, 493–496 (1973)
Waldman, S.R., Gottlieb, A.A.: Macrophage regulation of DNA synthesis in lymphoid cells: Effects of soluble factor from macrophages. Cell Immunol. 9, 142–156 (1973)
Waldman, T.A., Broder, S.: Suppressor cells in the regulation of the immune response. Prog, Clin. Immunol. 3, 155–199 (1977)
Wands, J.R., Podolsky, D.K., Isselbacher, K.J.: Mechanism of human lymphocyte stimulation by concanavalin A: Role of valence and surface binding sites. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 2118–2122 (1976)
Wang, J.L., Gunther, G.R., Edelman, G.M.: Inhibition by colchicine of the mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes prior to the S phase. J. Cell Biol. 66, 128–144 (1975)
Wang, J.L., McClain, D.A., Edelman, G.M.: Modulation of lymphocyte mitogenesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1917–1921 (1975)
Watson, J., Epstein, R., Nakoinz, I., Ralph, P.: The role of humoral factors in the initiation of in vitro primary immune responses. II. Effects of lymphocyte mitogens. J. Immunol. 110, 43–52 (1973)
Waxdal, M.J., Basham, T.Y.: B- and T-cell stimulatory activities of multiple mitogens from pokeweed. Nature (London) 251, 163–164 (1974)
Webb, D.R., Stites, D.P., Perlman, J.D., Luong, D., Fudenberg, H.H.: Lymphocyte activation: The dualistic effect of cAMP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 53, 1002–1008 (1973)
Webb, S.R., Lydyard, P.M., Moretta, L., Ferrarini, M., Mingari, M.C., Moretta, A., Cooper, M.D.: Proliferative responsiveness of two distinct human T cell subpopulations to con A and alloantigens. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 512–514. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Weber, T.H., Goldberg, M.L.: Effect of leukoagglutinating phytohemag-glutinin on cAMP and cGMP levels in lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 97, 432–435 (1976)
Weber, T.H., Skoog, V.T., Mattsson, A., Lindahl-Kiessling, K.: Kinetics of lymphocyte stimulation in vitro by non-specific mitogens. Exp. Cell Res. 85, 351–361 (1974)
Weber, W.T.: In vitro studies on chicken B cell populations. I. The effect of soluble and insoluble phytomitogens and anti-immunoglobulin serum on bursal lymphocytes. J. Reticoloendothel. Soc. 14, 538–549 (1973)
Wedner, H.J., Dankner, R., Parker, C.W.: Cyclic GMP and lectin-induced lymphocyte activation. J. Immunol. 115, 1682–1687 (1975)
Wedner, H.J., Parker, C.W.: Lymphocyte activation. Prog. Allergy 20, 195–300 (1976)
Weinstein, Y., Chambers, D.A., Bourne, H.R., Melmon, K.L.: Cyclic GMP stimulates lymphocyte nucleic acid synthesis. Nature (London) 251, 352–353 (1974)
Weinstein, Y., Segal, S., Melmon, K.L.: Specific mitogenic activity of 8-Br-guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (Br-cyclic GMP) on B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 115, 112–117 (1975)
Wheelock, E.F., Toy, S.T., Stjernholm, R.L.: Interaction of virus with human lymphocytes. In: Progress in Immunology (ed. B. Amos), p. 787. New York: Academic Press 1971
Whitney, R.B., Sutherland, R.M.: Enhanced uptake of calcium by transforming lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 5, 137–147 (1972a)
Whitney, R.B., Sutherland, R.M.: Requirement for calcium ions in lymphocyte transformation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. J. Cell Physiol. 80, 329–337 (1972b)
Whitney, R.B., Sutherland, R.M.: The influence of calcium, magnesium nad cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate on the mixed lymphocyte reaction. J. Immunol. 108, 1179–1183 (1972c)
Whitney, R.B., Sutherland, R.M.: Effects of chelating agents on the initial interaction of phytohemagglutinin with lymphocytes, and the subsequent stimulation of amino acid uptake. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 298, 790–797 (1973a)
Whitney, R.B., Sutherland, R.M.: Characteristics of calcium accumulation by lymphocytes and alterations in the process induced by phytohemagglutinin. J. Cell Physiol. 82, 9–19 (1973b)
Williams, R.O., Loeb, L.A.: Zinc requirement for DNA replication in stimulated human lymphocytes. J. Cell Biol. 58, 594–601 (1973)
Wilson, D.B.: Analyses of some of the variables associated with the proliferative response of human lymphoid cells in culture. J. Exp. Zool. 162, 161–169 (1966)
Winger, L., Nowell, P., Daniele, R.: Sequential proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by mitogen: Evidence for suppressive activity in standard PHA cultures. Abstr. 61, 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona 1976
Wood, D.D.: Role of Adherent Cell Products in the Immune Response. In: Regulatory Mechanisms in Lymphocyte Activation (ed. D.O. Lucas), pp. 117–136. Proc. 11th Leucocyte Culture Conf., Tucson, Arizona, 1976. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press 1977
Woodruff, M.F.A., Reid, B., James, K.: Effect of anti-lymphocytic antibody and antibody fragments on human lymphocytes in vitro. Nature (London) 215, 591–594 (1967)
Wright, P., Quastel, M.R., Kaplan, J.G.: Differential sensitivity of antigen- and mitogen-stimulated human leucocytes to prolonged inhibition of potassium transport. Exp. Cell Res. 79, 87–94 (1973)
Wunderlich, M.R., Muller, R., Speth, V.; Direct evidence for a colchicine-induced impairment in the mobility of membrane components. Science 182, 1136–1138 (1973)
Wynne, D., Wilchek, M., Novogrodsky, A.: A chemical approach for the localization of membrane sites involved in lymphocyte activation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68, 730–739 (1976)
Yachnin, S. Allen, L.W., Baron, J.M., Svenson, R.H.: The potentiation of phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation by cell-cell interaction: A matrix hypothesis. Cell Immunol. 3, 569–589 (1972)
Yahara, I., Edelman, G.M.: Restriction of the mobility of lymphocyte immunoglobulin receptors by concanavalin A. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 608–612 (1972)
Yahara, I., Edelman, G.M.: Modulation of lymphocyte receptor redistribution by concanavalin A, antimitogenic agents and alterations of pH. Nature (London) 236, 152–155 (1973)
Yahara, I., Edelman, G.M.: Electron microscopic analysis of the modulation of lymphocyte receptor mobility. Exp. Cell Res. 91, 125–142 (1975)
Yariv, J., Kalb, A.J., Levitzki, A.: The interaction of concanavalin A with methyl α-D-glucopyranoside. Biochim. Biophys, Acta 165, 303–305 (1968)
Yeoman, L.C., Seeber, S., Taylor, C.W., Fernbach, D.J., Falletta, J.M., Jordan, J.J., Busch, H.: Differences in chromatin proteins of resting and growing human lymphocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 100, 47–55 (1976)
Yin, H.H., Ukena, T.E., Berlin, R.D.: Effect of colchicine, colcemid, and vinblastine one the agglutination, by concanavalin A, of transformed cells. Science 178, 867–868 (1972)
Yoshinaga, M., Waksman, B., Malawista, S.E.: Inhibition of lymphocyte triggering by cytochalasin B. Transplant. Proc. 4, 325–327 (1972)
Young, N.M., Leon, M.A., Takahashi, T., Howard, I.K., Sage, H.J.: Studies on a phytohemagglutinin from the lentil. III. Reaction of Lens culinaris hemagglutinin with polysaccharides, glycoprotein and lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 1596–1601 (1971)
Younkin, L.H.: In vitro response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) as studied with antisera to PHA. I. Initiation period, daughter-cell proliferation, and restimulation. Exp. Cell Res, 75, 1–10 (1972)
Yunis, A.A., Arimura, G., Kipnis, D.M.: Amino acid transport and the sodium-potassium pump in human leukocytes. Abstract #132, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 60, 1028 (1962)
Yunis, A.A., Arimura, G.K., Kipnis, D.M.: Amino acid transport in blood cells. I. Effect of cations and amino acid transport in human leukocytes. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 62, 465–476 (1963)
Zetterberg, A., Auer, G.: Early changes in the binding between DNA and histone in human leucocytes exposed to phytohemagglutinin. Exp. Cell Res. 56, 122–126 (1969)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Brien, R.L., Parker, J.W., Dixon, J.F.P. (1978). Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Transformation. In: Hahn, F.E., Kersten, H., Kersten, W., Szybalski, W. (eds) Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66856-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66856-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66858-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66856-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive