Abstract
In this article the term “phloem loading” is applied to the process by which the major translocated substances are selectively and actively delivered to the sieve tubes in the source region prior to translocation. Thus, substances which undergo phloem loading can be accumulated in the phloem cells to a level above their concentration outside the sieve tubes. Substances considered to undergo phloem loading include one or more major translocate sugars and perhaps some inorganic ions and certain amino acids. Phloem loading as used here does not necessarily imply that the process is the driving mechanism powering translocation although this seems likely.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amar, L., Reinhold, L.: Loss of membrane transport ability in leaf cells and release of protein as a result of osmotic shock. Plant Physiol. 51, 620–625 (1973).
Arnold, W.N.: The selection of sucrose as the translocate of higher plants. J. Theoret. Biol. 21, 13–20(1968).
Barclay, G.F., Fensom, D.S.: Passage of carbon black through sieve plates of unexcised Heracleum sphondylium after micro-injection. Acta Botan. Neerl. 22, 228–232 (1973).
Bassham, J.A., Kirk, M., Jensen, R.G.: Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. I. Diffusion of labeled photosynthetic intermediates between isolated chloroplasts and suspending medium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 153, 211–218 (1968).
Bauer, L.: Zur Frage der Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wanderung von Fluorochromen. Planta 42, 362–451 (1953).
Bednarz, R.M., Rasmussen, H.P.: CO2-fixation sites in leaves of maize and oats. J. Exptl. Botany 23, 415–421(1972).
Beitler, G.A., Hendrix, J.E.: Stachyose: an early product of photosynthesis in squash leaves. Plant Physiol. 53, 674–676 (1974).
Bieleski, R.L.: Accumulation of phosphate, sulfate and sucrose by excised phloem tissues. Plant Physiol. 41, 447–454 (1966).
Bonner, J., Varner, J.E.: Plant biochemistry. New York: Academic Press 1965.
Boyer, J.S.: Nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis in sunflower at low leaf water potentials and high light intensities. Plant Physiol. 48, 532–536 (1971).
Brevedan, E.R., Hodges, H.F.: Effects of moisture deficits on 14C translocation in corn (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiol. 52, 436–439 (1973).
Briarty, L.G.: Repeating particles associated with membranes of transfer cells. Planta 113, 373–377(1973).
Brovchenko, M.I.: On the movement of sugars from the mesophyll to the conducting bundles in sugar-beet leaves. Soviet Plant Physiol. 12, 270–279 (1965).
Brovchenko, M.I.: Some proofs of the splitting of sucrose during its movement from mesophyll into the fine bundles of sugar beet leaves. Soviet Plant Physiol. 14, 352–359 (1967).
Brovchenko, M.I.: Sucrose hydrolysis in free space of leaf tissues and localization of invertase. Soviet Plant Physiol. 17, 24–30 (1970).
Cataldo, D.A.: Vein loading: the role of the symplast in intercellular transport of carbohydrate between the mesophyll and the minor veins of tobacco leaves. Plant Physiol. 53, 912–917 (1974).
Cataldo, D.A., Christy, A.L., Coulson, C.L.: Solution flow in the phloem. II. Phloem transport of THO in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 49, 690–695 (1972b).
Cataldo, D.A., Christy, A.L., Coulson, C.L., Ferrier, J.M.: Solution flow in the phloem. I. Theoretical considerations. Plant Physiol. 49, 685–689 (1972a).
Chopowick, R.E., Forward, D.F.: Translocation of radioactive carbon after the application of 14C alamine and 14CO2 to sunflower leaves. Plant Physiol. 53, 21–27 (1974).
Christy, A.L., Ferrier, J.M.: A mathematical treatment of Münch’s pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem translocation. Plant Physiol. 52, 531–538 (1973).
Coulson, C.L., Christy, A.L., Cataldo, D.A., Swanson, CA.: Carbohydrate translocation in sugar beet petioles in relation to petiolar respiration and adenosine 5′-triphosphate. Plant Physiol. 49, 919–923 (1972).
Crafts, A.S.: Movement of viruses, auxins and chemical indicators in plants. Botan. Rev. 17, 203–284 (1951).
Crafts, A.S., Crisp, C.E.: Phloem transport in plants. San Francisco: Freeman and Co. 1971.
Curtis, O.F., Asai, G.N.: Evidence relative to the supposed permeability of sieve tube cytoplasm. Am. J. Botany 26, 165–175 (1939).
Curtis, O.F., Scofield, H.T.: Comparison of osmotic concentrations of supplying and receiving tissue and its bearing on the Münch hypothesis of the translocation mechanism. Am. J. Botany 20, 502–513(1933).
Downton, W.J.S., Hawker, J.S.: Enzymes of starch and sucrose metabolism in Zea mays leaves. Phytochemistry 12, 1551–1556 (1973).
Edelman J., Schoolar, A.I., Bonner, W.B.: Permeability of sugar-cane chloroplasts to sucrose. J. Exptl. Botany 22, 534–545 (1971).
Esau, K.: Plants, viruses. Viruses, and insects. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. 1961.
Esau, K.: Minor veins in Beta leaves: structure related to function. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 111, 219–233 (1967).
Esau, K.: Cytology of sieve elements in minor veins of sugar beet leaves. New Phytologist 71, 161–168(1972).
Esau, K., Cronshaw, J., Hoefert, L.L.: Relation of beet yellows virus to the phloem and to movement in the sieve tube. J.Cell Biol. 32, 71–87 (1967).
Esau, K., Hoefert, L.L.: Cytology of beet yellows virus infection in Tetragonia. II. Vascular elements in infected leaf. Protoplasma 72, 459–476 (1971).
Esau, K., Hoefert, L.L.: Ultrastructure of sugar beet leaves infected with beet western yellows virus. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 40, 556–571 (1972)
Eschrich, W.: Biochemistry and fine structure of phloem in relation to transport. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21, 193–214 (1970).
Evert, R.F., Eschrich, W., Eichorn, S.E.: P-protein distribution in mature sieve elements of Cucurbita maxima. Planta 109, 193–210 (1973).
Evert, R.F., Young, J.H.: Solution flow in tubular semi-permeable membranes. Planta 107, 279–300 (1972).
Fellows, R.J., Geiger, D.R.: Structural and physiological changes in sugar beet leaves during sink to source transition. Plant Physiol. 54, 877–885 (1974).
Fife, J.M., Price, C., Fife, D.C.: Some properties of phloem exudate collected from root of sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 37, 791–792 (1962).
Finkelman, I., Reinhold, L.: Studies on the uptake and release of sugars by segments of sunflower hypocotyl. I. The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the uptake of fructose. Israel J. Botany 12, 97–105 (1963 a).
Finkelman, I., Reinhold, L.: Studies on the uptake and release of sugars by segments of sunflower hypocotyl II. The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the release of sugars and on the apparent free space of the tissue. Israel J. Botany 12, 106–113 (1963 b).
Fischer, A.: Studien über die Siebröhren der Dicotylenblätter. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Leipzig. Berichte 37, 245–290 (1885).
Fisher, D.B.: Kinetics of C-14 translocation in soybean. II. Kinetics in the leaf. Plant Physiol. 45, 114–118(1970).
Fisher, D.B.: Some quantitative and qualitative observations on the distribution of sieve-tube contents. Plant Physiol. 47 (suppl.) 41 (1971).
Ford, J., Peel, A.J.: The movement of sugars into the sieve elements of bark strips of willow. I. Metabolism during transport. J. Exptl. Botany 7, 607–619 (1967).
Gardner, D.C.J., Peel, A.J.: Transport of sugars into the sieve elements of willow. Phytochemistry 10, 2621–2625 (1971).
Gardner, D.C.J., Peel, A.J.: Some observations on the role of ATP in sieve tube translocation. Planta 107, 217–226 (1972).
Garrard, L.A., Humphreys, T.E.: Effect of hydrogen ion concentration on sucrose leakage from corn scutellum slices: evidence for two kinds of sucrose pools within the slice. Phytochemistry 10, 243–253 (1971).
Gayler, K.R., Glasziou, K.T.: Physiological functions of acid and neutral invertases in growth and sugar storage in sugar cane. Physiol. Plantarum 27, 25–31 (1972).
Geiger, D.R., Cataldo, D.A.: Leaf structure and translocation in sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 44, 45–54 (1969).
Geiger, D.R., Giaquinta, R.T., Sovonick, S.A., Fellows, R.J.: Solute distribution in sugar beet leaves in relation to phloem loading and translocation. Plant Physiol. 52, 585–589 (1973).
Geiger, D.R., Malone, J., Cataldo, D.A.: Structural evidence for a theory of vein loading of translocate. Am. J. Botany 58, 672–675 (1971).
Geiger, D.R., Sovonick, S.A., Shock, T.L., Fellows, R.J.: Role of free space in translocation in sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 54, 892–898 (1974).
Geiger, D.R., Swanson, C.A.: Evaluation of selected parameters in a sugar beet translocation system. Plant Physiol. 40, 942–947 (1965).
Giaquinta, R.T., Geiger, D.R.: Mechanism of inhibition of translocation by localized chilling. Plant Physiol. 51, 372–377 (1973).
Giese, A.A.: Cell physiology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Co. 1973.
Gifford, R.M., Bremner, P.M., Jones, D.B.: Assessing photosynthetic limitation to grain yield in a field crop. Australian J. Agri. Res. 24, 297–307 (1973).
Glasziou, K.T., Gayler, K.R.: Sugar accumulation in sugarcane. Role of cell walls in sucrose transport. Plant Physiol. 49, 912–913 (1972).
Gunning, B.E.S., Pate, J.S.: “Transfer cells”. Plant cells with wall ingrowths, specialized in relation to short-distance transport of solutes—their occurrence, structure and development. Protoplasma 68, 107–133 (1969).
Gunning, B.E.S., Pate, J.S., Briarty, L.G.: Specialized “transfer cells” in minor veins of leaves and their possible significance in phloem translocation. J. Cell Biol. 37, C7–C12 (1968).
Haberlandt, G.: Physiological plant anatomy. London: Macmillan 1914.
Habeshaw, D.: The effect of light on the translocation from sugar beet leaves. J. Exptl. Botany 20, 64–71 (1969).
Habeshaw, D.: Translocation and the control of photosynthesis in sugar beet. Planta 110, 213–226(1973)
Hammel, H.T.: Measurement of turgor pressure and its gradient in the phloem of oak. Plant Physiol. 43, 1042–1048 (1968).
Harel, S., Reinhold, L.: The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on translocation in the phloem. Physiol. Plantarum 19, 634–643 (1966).
Hartt, C.E.: Light and translocation of C14 in detached blades of sugar-cane. Plant Physiol. 40, 718–724 (1965).
Hatch, M.D., Glasziou, K.T.: Direct evidence for translocation of sucrose in sugarcane leaves and stems. Plant Physiol. 39, 180–184 (1964).
Hawker, J.S.: The sugar content of cell walls and intercellular spaces in sugar-cane stems and its relation to sugar transport. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 18, 959–969 (1965).
Hawker, J.S., Hatch, M.D.: Mechanism of sugar storage by mature stem tissue of sugarcane. Physiol. Plantarum 18, 444–453 (1965).
Hendrix, J.E.: Translocation of sucrose by squash plants. Plant Physiol. 52, 688–689 (1973).
Higinbotham, N.: The mineral absorption process in plants. Botan. Rev. 39, 15–69 (1973).
Ho, L.C., Mortimer, D.C.: The site of cyanide inhibition of sugar translocation in sugar beet leaf. Can. J. Botany 49, 1769–1775 (1971).
Hofstra, G., Nelson, C.D.: A comparative study of translocation of assimilated 14C from leaves of different species. Planta 88, 103–112 (1969 a).
Hofstra, G., Nelson, C.D.: The translocation of photosynthetically assimilated 14C in corn. Can. J. Botany 47, 1435–1442 (1969 b).
Humphreys, T.E.: Sucrose leakage from excised maize scutella. Phytochemistry 11, 1311–1320 (1972).
Humphreys, T.E., Garrard, L.A.: The storage of exogenous sucrose by corn scutellum slices. Phytochemistry 7, 701–713 (1968).
Humphreys, T.E., Garrard, L.A.: Sucrose leakage from the maize scutellum. Phytochemistry 10, 2891–2901 (1971a).
Humphreys, T.E., Garrard, L.A.: Sucrose leakage from the maize scutellum: evidence for the participation of the phloem. Phytochemistry 10, 981–995 (1971b).
Jarvis, P., House, C.R.: Evidence for symplastic ion transport in maize roots. J. Exptl. Botany 21, 83–90 (1970).
Joy, K.W., Antcliff, A.J.: Translocation of amino-acids in sugar beet. Nature 211, 210–211 (1966).
Kennedy, J.S., Mittler, T.E.: A method of obtaining phloem sap via mouth-parts of aphids. Nature 171, 528 (1953).
King, R.W., Wardlaw, I.F., Evans, L.T.: Effect of assimilate utilization on photosynthetic rate in wheat. Planta 77, 261–276 (1967).
Köcher, H., Leonard, O.A.: Translocation and metabolic conversion of 14C-labeled assimilates in detached and attached leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in different phases of leaf expansion. Plant Physiol. 47, 212–216 (1971).
Kriedemann, P., Beevers, H.: Sugar uptake and translocation in the castor bean seedling. I. Characteristics of transfer in intact and excised seedlings. Plant Physiol. 42, 161–173 (1967a).
Kriedemann, P., Beevers, H.: Sugar uptake and translocation in the castor bean seedling. II. Sugar transformations during uptake. Plant Physiol. 42, 174–180 (1967b).
Kursanov, A.L.: Metabolism and the transport of organic substances in the phloem. Advan. Botan. Res. 1, 209–278 (1963).
Kursanov, A.L., Brovchenko, M.I.: Effect of ATP on the entry of assimilates into the conducting system of sugar beets. Soviet Plant Physiol. 8, 211–217 (1961).
Kursanov, A.L., Brovchenko, M.I.: Sugars in the free space of leaf plates: their origin and possible involvement in transport. Can. J. Botany 48, 1243–1250 (1970).
Kursanov, A.L., Brovchenko, M.I., Butenko, E.P.: Transformation of sugars absorbed by the leaf tissues of sugar beets. Soviet Plant Physiol. 14, 684–691 (1967).
Kursanov, A.L., Sokolova, S.V., Turkina, M.V.: Hexokinase in conducting tissues of sugar beet and its possible connection with transport of sugars through cell membranes. J. Exptl. Botany 21, 30–39(1970).
Lehninger, A.L.: Active transport across membranes. In: Biochemistry, p. 605–627. New York: Worth 1970.
Leonard, R.T., Hodges, T.K.: Characterization of plasma membrane-associated adenosine triphosphatase activity of oat roots. Plant Physiol. 52, 6–12 (1973).
Linask, J., Laties, G.G.: Multiphasic absorption of glucose and 3–0-methyl glucose by aged potato slices. Plant Physiol. 51, 289–294 (1973).
Liu, P., Wallace, D.H., Ozbun, J.L.: Influence of translocation on photosynthetic efficiency of Phaseolus vulgaris, L. Plant Physiol. 52, 412–415 (1973).
Maretzki, A., Thom, M.: The existence of two membrane transport systems for glucose in suspensions of sugarcane cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47, 44–50 (1972).
Moss, D.N., Rasmussen, H.P.: Cellular location of CO2 fixation and translocation of metabolites. Plant Physiol. 44, 1063–1068 (1969).
Münch, E.: Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze. Jena: Fischer 1930.
Neales, T.F., Incoll, L.D.: The control of leaf photosynthesis rate by the level of assimilate concentration in the leaf: a review of the hypothesis. Botan. Rev. 34, 107–125 (1968).
Nelson, C.D.: The translocation of organic compounds in plants. Can. J. Botany 40, 757–770 (1962).
Nobel, P.S.: Light-induced changes in the ionic content of chloroplasts in Pisum sativum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172, 134–143 (1969).
Nobel, P.S.: Plant and cell physiology. San Francisco: Freeman Co. 1970.
Pate, J.S., Gunning, B.E.S.: Vascular transfer cells in angiosperm leaves. A taxonomic and morphological survey. Protoplasms 68, 135–156 (1969).
Pate, J.S., Gunning, B.E.S.: Transfer cells. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 23, 173–196 (1972).
Peel, A.J., Ford, J.: The movement of sugars into sieve elements of bark strips of willow. II. Evidence for two pathways from the bathing solution. J. Exptl. Botany 19, 370–380 (1968).
Pennell, G.A., Weatherley, P.E.: On the mechanism of sugar uptake by floating leaf disks. New Phytologist 57, 326–339 (1958).
Plaut, Z., Reinhold, L.: The effect of water stress on (14C) sucrose transport in bean plants. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 18, 1143–1155 (1967).
Plaut, Z., Reinhold, L.: Concomitant photosynthesis implicated in the light effect on translocation in bean plants. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 22, 1105–1111 (1969).
Porter, H.K., May, L.H.: Metabolism of radioactive sugars by tobacco leaf disks. J. Exptl. Botany 6, 43–63 (1955).
Pristupa, N.A.: Redistribution of radioactive assimilates in the leaf tissues of cereals. Soviet Plant Physiol. 11, 38–42 (1964).
Qureshi, F.A., Spanner, D.C.: The influence of dinitrophenol on phloem transport along the stolon of Saxifraga sarmentosa. Planta 111, 1–12 (1973).
Reinhold, L., Shtarkshall, R.A., Ganot, D.: Transport of amino acids in barley leaf tissue. J. Exptl. Botany 21, 926–932 (1970).
Roeckl, B.: Nachweis eines Konzentrationshubs zwischen Palisadenzellen und Siebrohren. Plant 36, 530–550 (1949).
Sacher, J.A., Hatch, M.D., Glasziou, K.T.: Sugar accumulation cycle in sugar cane. III. Physical and metabolic aspects of cycle in immature storage tissues. Plant Physiol. 38, 348–354 (1963).
Sauter, J.J., Iten, W., Zimmermann, M.H.: Studies on the release of sugars into the vessels of sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Can. J. Botany 51, 1–8 (1973).
Schoolar, Edelman, J.: The site and active nature of sucrose secretion from sugar-cane leaf tissue. J. Exptl. Botany 22, 809–817 (1971).
Servaites, J., Geiger, D.R.: Effects of light intensity and oxygen on photosynthesis and translocation in sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 54, 575–578 (1974).
Shiroya, M.: Comparison of upward and downward translocation of 14C from a single leaf of sunflower. Plant Physiol. 43, 1605–1610 (1968).
Shuel, R.W.: Studies of nectar secretion in excised flowers. II. The influence of certain growth regulators and enzyme inhibitors. Can. J. Botany 37, 1167–1180 (1959).
Smith, R.C., Epstein, E.: Absorption by shoot tissue: Technique and first findings with excised leaf tissue in corn. Plant Physiol. 39, 338–341 (1964).
Sovonick, S.A.: Geiger, D.R., Fellows, R.J.: Evidence for active phloem loading in the minor veins of sugar beet. Plant Physiol. 54, 886–891 (1974).
Spitzer, N.C.: Low resistance connections between cells in the developing anther of lily. J. Cell Biol. 45, 565–575 (1970).
Stewart, C.R., Beevers, H.: Gluconeogenesis from amino acids in germinating castor bean endosperm and its role in transport to the embryo. Plant Physiol. 42, 1587–1595 (1967).
Swanson, C.A., El-Shishiny, E.D.H.: Translocation of sugars in the concord grape. Plant Physiol. 33, 33–37 (1958).
Tammes, P.M.L., Vonk, C.R., Van Die, J.: Studies on phloem exudation from Yucca flaccida Haw. XI. Xylem feeding of 14C-sugars and some other compounds, their conversion and recovery from the phloem exudate. Acta Botan. Neerl. 22, 233–237 (1973).
Terry, N., Mortimer, D.C.: Estimation of the rates of mass carbon transfer by leaves of sugar beet. Can. J. Botany 50, 1049–1054 (1972).
Trip, P.: Sugar transport in conducting elements of sugar beet leaves. Plant Physiol. 44, 717–725 (1969).
Trip, P., Nelson, C.D., Krotkov, G.: Selective and preferential translocation of 14C-labeled sugars in white ash and lilac. Plant Physiol. 40, 740–747 (1965).
Troughton, J.H., Moorby, J., Currie, B.G.: Investigations of carbon transport in plants. I. The use of carbon-11 to estimate various parameters of the translocation process. J. Expt. Botany 25, 684–694 (1974).
Turgeon, R., Webb, J. A.: Leaf development and phloem transport in Cucurbita pepo: transition from import to export. Planta 113, 179–191 (1973).
Turkina, M.V.: Sucrose absorption by plant conducting tissues. Soviet Plant Physiol. 8, 523–528 (1961).
Turkina, M.V., Sokolova, S.V.: Sucrose transport across the cell membranes of vascular tissue. Soviet Plant Physiol. 14, 425–433 (1967).
Turkina, M.V., Sokolova, S.V.: Membrane transport of sucrose in plant tissue. Soviet Plant Physiol. 19, 912–919 (1972).
Tyree, M.T.: The symplast concept. A general theory of symplastic transport according to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. J. Theoret. Biol. 26, 181–214 (1970).
Ullrich, W.: Zur Wirkung von Adenosintriphosphat auf den Fluoresceintransport in den Siebrohren. Planta 57, 713–717 (1962).
Vickery, R.S., Mercer, F.V.: The uptake of sucrose by bean leaf tissue. I. The general nature of the uptake. Australian J. Biol. Sci. 17, 338–347 (1964).
Vickery, R.S., Mercer, F.V.: The uptake of sucrose by bean leaf tissue. II. Kinetic experiments. Australian. J. Biol. Sci. 20, 565–574 (1967).
Wanner, H.: Phosphataseverteilung und Kohlenhydrattransport in der Pflanze. Planta 41, 190–194 (1952).
Wardlaw, I.: Phloem transport: physical, chemical or impossible. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25, 515–539 (1974).
Weatherley, P.E.: On the uptake of sucrose and water by floating leaf disks under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. New Phytologist 54, 13–28 (1955).
Weatherley, P.E., Peel, A.J., Hill, G.P.: The physiology of the sieve tube. Preliminary experiments using aphid mouth parts. J. Exptl. Botany 10, 1–16 (1959).
Webb, J.A., Gorham, P.R.: Translocation of photosynthetically assimilated 14C in straightnecked squash. Plant Physiol. 39, 663–672 (1964).
Whitesell, J.H., Humphreys, T.E.: Sugar uptake in the maize scutellum. Phytochemistry 11, 2139–2147 (1972).
Wolosiuk, R.W., Pontis, H.G.: Evidence of the existence of two forms of sucrose synthetase. FEBS Letters 16, 237–240 (1971).
Wu, A., Thrower, L.B.: Translocation into mature leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. (Tokyo) 14, 1225–1228 (1973).
Wylie, R.B.: Relations between tissue organization and vein distribution in dicotyledon leaves. Am. J. Botany 26, 219–225 (1939).
Wylie, R.B.: The role of the epidermis in foliar organization and its relations to the minor venation. Am. J. Botany 30, 273–280 (1943).
Yamamoto, T., Sekiguchi, S., Noguchi, M.: The translocation of photosynthetic products from mesophyll into midrib in tobacco plant. III. The transformation of translocated 14C-sugars in the veins. Plant Cell Physiol. (Tokyo) 11, 367–375 (1970).
Zimmermann, M.H.: Translocation of organic substances in trees. I. The nature of the sugars in the sieve-tube exudate of trees. Plant Physiol. 32, 288–291 (1957).
Zimmermann, M.H.: Transport in the phloem. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 11, 167–190 (1960).
Zimmermann, M.H.: Translocation velocity and specific mass transfer in the sieve tubes of Fraxinus americana. L. Planta 84, 272–278 (1969).
Zimmermann, M.H., Brown, C.L.: Trees: Structure and function, p. 244–254. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geiger, D.R. (1975). Phloem Loading. In: Zimmermann, M.H., Milburn, J.A. (eds) Transport in Plants I. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66161-7_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66161-7_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66163-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66161-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive