Abstract
In this paper we describe the first single-key attack which can recover the full key of the full version of Grain-128 for arbitrary keys by an algorithm which is significantly faster than exhaustive search (by a factor of about 238). It is based on a new version of a cube tester, which uses an improved choice of dynamic variables to eliminate the previously made assumption that ten particular key bits are zero. In addition, the new attack is much faster than the previous weak-key attack, and has a simpler key recovery process. Since it is extremely difficult to mathematically analyze the expected behavior of such attacks, we implemented it on RIVYERA, which is a new massively parallel reconfigurable hardware, and tested its main components for dozens of random keys. These tests experimentally verified the correctness and expected complexity of the attack, by finding a very significant bias in our new cube tester for about 7.5% of the keys we tested. This is the first time that the main components of a complex analytical attack are successfully realized against a full-size cipher with a special-purpose machine. Moreover, it is also the first attack that truly exploits the configurable nature of an FPGA-based cryptanalytical hardware.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dinur, I., Shamir, A.: Breaking Grain-128 with Dynamic Cube Attacks. In: Joux, A. (ed.) FSE 2011. LNCS, vol. 6733, pp. 167–187. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Aumasson, J.-P., Dinur, I., Meier, W., Shamir, A.: Cube Testers and Key Recovery Attacks on Reduced-Round MD6 and Trivium. In: Dunkelman, O. (ed.) FSE 2009. LNCS, vol. 5665, pp. 1–22. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Hell, M., Johansson, T., Maximov, A., Meier, W.: A Stream Cipher Proposal: Grain-128. In: IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, ISIT 2006 (2006)
Aumasson, J.-P., Dinur, I., Henzen, L., Meier, W., Shamir, A.: Efficient FPGA Implementations of High-Dimensional Cube Testers on the Stream Cipher Grain-128. In: Workshop on Special-purpose Hardware for Attacking Cryptographic Systems – SHARCS 2009, September 9-10 (2009)
Knellwolf, S., Meier, W., Naya-Plasencia, M.: Conditional Differential Cryptanalysis of NLFSR-Based Cryptosystems. In: Abe, M. (ed.) ASIACRYPT 2010. LNCS, vol. 6477, pp. 130–145. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Englund, H., Johansson, T., Sönmez Turan, M.: A Framework for Chosen IV Statistical Analysis of Stream Ciphers. In: Srinathan, K., Rangan, C.P., Yung, M. (eds.) INDOCRYPT 2007. LNCS, vol. 4859, pp. 268–281. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Fischer, S., Khazaei, S., Meier, W.: Chosen IV Statistical Analysis for Key Recovery Attacks on Stream Ciphers. In: Vaudenay, S. (ed.) AFRICACRYPT 2008. LNCS, vol. 5023, pp. 236–245. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Stankovski, P.: Greedy Distinguishers and Nonrandomness Detectors. In: Gong, G., Gupta, K.C. (eds.) INDOCRYPT 2010. LNCS, vol. 6498, pp. 210–226. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
De Cannière, C., Küçük, Ö., Preneel, B.: Analysis of Grain’s Initialization Algorithm. In: Vaudenay, S. (ed.) AFRICACRYPT 2008. LNCS, vol. 5023, pp. 276–289. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Lee, Y., Jeong, K., Sung, J., Hong, S.: Related-Key Chosen IV Attacks on Grain-v1 and Grain-128. In: Mu, Y., Susilo, W., Seberry, J. (eds.) ACISP 2008. LNCS, vol. 5107, pp. 321–335. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Lai, X.: Higher Order Derivatives and Differential Cryptanalysis. In: ”Symposium on Communication, Coding and Cryptography”, in Honor of James L. Massey on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, pp. 227–233 (1994)
Joux, A.: Algorithmic Cryptanalysis. Chapman & Hall, pp. 285–286
Güneysu, T., Kasper, T., Novotný, M., Paar, C., Rupp, A.: Cryptanalysis with COPACOBANA. IEEE Transactions on Computers 57(11), 1498–1513 (2008)
Güneysu, T., Pfeiffer, G., Paar, C., Schimmler, M.: Three Years of Evolution: Cryptanalysis with COPACOBANA. In: Workshop on Special-purpose Hardware for Attacking Cryptographic Systems – SHARCS 2009, September 9-10 (2009)
Budiansky, S.: Battle of Wits: the Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. Free Press (2000) ISBN: 9780684859323
Gilmore, J.: Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research. Wiretap Politics & Chip Design. O’Reilly (July 1998)
Matsui, M.: The First Experimental Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard. In: Desmedt, Y.G. (ed.) CRYPTO 1994. LNCS, vol. 839, pp. 1–11. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)
Vielhaber, M.: Breaking ONE.FIVIUM by AIDA an Algebraic IV Differential Attack. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2007/413 (2007)
Dinur, I., Shamir, A.: Cube Attacks on Tweakable Black Box Polynomials. In: Joux, A. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2009. LNCS, vol. 5479, pp. 278–299. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 International Association for Cryptologic Research
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dinur, I., Güneysu, T., Paar, C., Shamir, A., Zimmermann, R. (2011). An Experimentally Verified Attack on Full Grain-128 Using Dedicated Reconfigurable Hardware. In: Lee, D.H., Wang, X. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2011. ASIACRYPT 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7073. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25385-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25385-0_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25384-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-25385-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)