Abstract
The learning of arithmetic, it has recently been argued, need not be a prerequisite for the learning of algebra. From this viewpoint, it is claimed that young students can be introduced to some elementary algebraic concepts in primary school. However, despite the increasing amount of experimental evidence, the idea of introducing algebra in the early years remains clouded by the lack of clear distinctions between what is arithmetic and what is algebraic. The goal of this chapter is twofold. First, at an epistemological level, it seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between arithmetic and algebraic thinking. Second, at a developmental level, it explores 7–8-years old students’ first encounter with some elementary algebraic concepts and inquires about the limits and possibilities of introducing algebra in primary school.
This chapter is a result of a research program funded by The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada/Le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (SSHRC/CRSH).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arzarello, F., & Robutti, O. (2004). Approaching functions through motion experiments. In R. Nemirovsky, M. Borba & C. DiMattia (Eds.), Educational Studies in Mathematics: Vol. 57(3). PME Special Issue of “Approaching functions through motion experiments”. CD-Rom, Chap. 1.
Balacheff, N. (1987). Processus de preuve et situations de validation. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 18, 147–176.
Becker, J., & Rivera, F. (2006a). Establishing and justifying algebraic generalization at the sixth grade level. In J. Novotná, H. Moraová, M. Krátkná, & N. Stehlíková (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 4, pp. 465–472). Prague, Czech Republic.
Becker, J., & Rivera, F. (2006b). Sixth graders’ figural and numerical strategies for generalizing patterns in algebra. In S. Alatorre, J. L. Cortina, M. Sáiz, & A. Méndez (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 2, pp. 95–101). Mérida, México: Universidad Pedagógica Nacional.
Bednarz, N., Kieran, C., & Lee, L. (Eds.) (1996). Approaches to Algebra: Perspectives for Research and Teaching. Kluwer: Dordrecht.
Blanton, M., & Kaput, J. (2000). Generalizing and progressively formalizing in a third grade mathematics classroom: Conversations about even and odd numbers. In M. Fernandez (Ed.), Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education PME-NA (pp. 115–119).
Brizuela, B., & Schliemann, A. (2004). Ten-year-old students solving linear equations. For the Learning of Mathematics, 24(2), 33–40.
Carraher, D. W., & Schliemann, A. (2007). Early algebra and algebraic reasoning. In F. K. Lester (Ed.), Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (pp. 669–705). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Carraher, D. W., Schliemann, A., Brizuela, B., & Earnest, D. (2006). Arithmetic and algebra in early mathematics education. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 37(2), 87–115.
Dougherty, B. (2003). Voyaging from theory to practice in learning: Measure up. In N. A. Pateman, B. J. Dougherty, & J. T. Zilliox (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME & PMENA) (Vol. 1, pp. 17–23). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i.
Edwards, L. (2009). Gestures and conceptual integration in mathematical talk. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 70(2), 127–141. doi:110.1007/s10649-10008-19124-10646.
Filloy, E., & Rojano, T. (1989). Solving equations: The transition from arithmetic to algebra. For the Learning of Mathematics, 9(2), 19–25.
Filloy, E., Rojano, T., & Puig, L. (2007). Educational Algebra: A Theoretical and Empirical Approach. New York: Springer.
Fujii, T., & Stephens, M. (2008). Using number sentences to introduce the idea of variable. In C. Greenes & R. Rubenstein (Eds.), Algebra and Algebraic Thinking in School Mathematics: Seventieth Yearbook (pp. 127–140). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Gómez, J. C. (2004). Apes, Monkeys, Children, and the Growth of Mind. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kieran, C. (Ed.) (1989). The Early Learning of Algebra: A Structural Perspective. Virginia: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
MacGregor, M., & Stacey, K. (1992). A comparison of pattern-based and equation-solving approaches to algebra. In B. Southwell, K. Owens, & B. Penny (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA) (pp. 362–370). University of Western Sydney, July 4–8.
Mason, J. (1996). Expressing generality and roots of algebra. In N. Bednarz, C. Kieran, & L. Lee (Eds.), Approaches to Algebra (pp. 65–86). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Moss, J., & Beatty, R. (2006). Knowledge building and knowledge forum: Grade 4 students collaborate to solve linear generalizing problems. In J. Novotná, H. Moraová, M. Krátká, & N. Stehlíková (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 193–199). Prague, Czech Republic.
Nemirovsky, R., & Ferrara, F. (2009). Mathematical imagination and embodied cognition. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 70(2), 159–174. doi:110.1007/s10649-10008-19150-10644.
Ontario Ministry of Education (1997). The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 1–8, Mathematics. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario (Revised version, 2005).
Presmeg, N. (1986). Visualization in high school mathematics. For the Learning of Mathematics, 6(3), 42–46.
Radford, L. (1997). L’invention d’une idée mathématique: la deuxième inconnue en algèbre. Repères (Revue des instituts de Recherche sur l’enseignement des Mathématiques), 28, 81–96.
Radford, L. (2000). Signs and meanings in students’ emergent algebraic thinking: A semiotic analysis. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 42(3), 237–268.
Radford, L. (2001). The historical origins of algebraic thinking. In R. Sutherland, T. Rojano, A. Bell, & R. Lins (Eds.), Perspectives in School Algebra (pp. 13–63). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Radford, L. (2003). Gestures, speech and the sprouting of signs. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 5(1), 37–70.
Radford, L. (2006a). Algebraic thinking and the generalization of patterns: A semiotic perspective. In S. Alatorre, J. L. Cortina, M. Sáiz, & A. Méndez (Eds.), Proceedings of the 28th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education, North American Chapter (Vol. 1, pp. 2–21). Mérida, Mexico.
Radford, L. (2006b). The cultural-epistomological conditions of the emergence of algebraic symbolism. In F. Furinghetti, S. Kaijser, & C. Tzanakis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of the International Study Group on the Relations between the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics & ESU 4—Revised Edition (pp. 509–524). Uppsala, Sweden.
Radford, L. (2008a). Iconicity and contraction: A semiotic investigation of forms of algebraic generalizations of patterns in different contexts. ZDM—The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 40(1), 83–96.
Radford, L. (2008b). The ethics of being and knowing: Towards a cultural theory of learning. In L. Radford, G. Schubring, & F. Seeger (Eds.), Semiotics in Mathematics Education: Epistemology, History, Classroom, and Culture (pp. 215–234). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Radford, L. (2009a). Signs, gestures, meanings: Algebraic thinking from a cultural semiotic perspective. Plenary Lecture presented at the Sixth Conference of European Research in Mathematics education (CERME 6). Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France, January 28–February 1, 2009.
Radford, L. (2009b). Why do gestures matter? Sensuous cognition and the palpability of mathematical meanings. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 70(2), 111–126.
Radford, L., Bardini, C., & Sabena, C. (2007). Perceiving the general: The multisemiotic dimension of students’ algebraic activity. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38, 507–530.
Roth, M.-W. (2001). Gestures: Their role in teaching and learning. Review of Educational Research, 71(3), 365–392.
Sabena, C., Radford, L., & Bardini, C. (2005). Synchronizing gestures, words and actions in pattern generalizations. In H. L. Chick & J. L. Vincent (Eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 129–136). University of Melbourne, Australia.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. M., Smith, S. T., & Lawson, J. (1980). Reference: The linguistic essential. Science, 210(4472), 922–925.
Serfati, M. (1999). La dialectique de l’indéterminé, de Viète à Frege et Russell. In M. Serfati (Ed.), La recherche de la vérité (pp. 145–174). Paris: ACL—Les éditions du kangourou.
Serfati, M. (2006). La constitution de l’ecriture symbolique mathematique. Symbolique et invention. SMF—Gazette, 108, 101–118.
Viète, F. (1983). Nine Studies in Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry from the Opus Restitutae Mathematicae Analyseos, Seu Algebrâ Novâ (Translated by T. Richard Witmer). New York: Dover.
Warren, E. (2006). Teacher actions that assist young students write generalizations in words and in symbols. In J. Novotná, H. Moraová, M. Krátká, & N. Stehlíková (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (Vol. 5, pp. 377–384). Prague, Czech Republic.
Warren, E., & Cooper, T. (2008). Generalising the pattern rule for visual growth patterns: Actions that support 8 year olds’ thinking. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 67, 171–185.
Woepcke, F. (1853). Extrait du Fakhrî. Paris: Imprimérie Impériale.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Radford, L. (2011). Grade 2 Students’ Non-Symbolic Algebraic Thinking. In: Cai, J., Knuth, E. (eds) Early Algebraization. Advances in Mathematics Education. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17735-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17735-4_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-17734-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-17735-4
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)