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Optical Properties

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

At present, optical measurement methods are the most powerful tools for basic and applied research and inspection of the characteristic properties of a variety of materials, especially following the development of lasers and computers. Optical measurement methods are widely used for optical spectroscopy including linear and nonlinear optics and magneto-optics, conventional and unconventional optical microscopy, fiber optics for passive and active devices, optical recording for CD/DVD and MO disks, and various kinds of optical sensing.

In this chapter, as an introduction to the following sections, the concept and fundamentals of optical spectroscopy are described in Sect. 11.1, including optical measurement tools such as light sources, detectors and spectrometers, and standard optical measurement methods such as reflection, absorption, luminescence, scattering, etc. A short summary of laser instruments is also included. In Sect. 11.2 the microspectroscopic methods that have recently become quite useful for nano-science and nano-technology are described, including single-dot/molecule spectroscopy, near-field optical spectroscopy and cathodo-luminescence spectroscopy using scanning electron microscopes. In Sect. 11.3 magneto-optics such as Faraday rotation is introduced and the superlattice of semi-magnetic semiconductors is applied for the imaging measurement of magnetic flux patters of superconductors as an example of spintronics. Section 11.4 is devoted to fascinating subjects in laser spectroscopy, such as nonlinear spectroscopy, time-resolved spectroscopy and THz spectroscopy. In Sect. 11.5 fiber optics is summarized, including transmission properties, nonlinear optical properties, fiber gratings, photonic crystal fibers, etc. In Sect. 11.6 optical recording technology for high-density storage is described in detail, including the measurement methods for the characteristic properties of phase-change and magneto-optical materials. Finally, in Sect. 11.7 a variety of optical sensing methods are described, including the measurement of distance, displacement, three-dimensional shape, flow, temperature and, finally, the human body for bioscience and biotechnology.

This chapter begins with a section on basic technology for optical measurements. Sections 11.2–11.4 deal with advanced technology for optical measurements. Finally Sects. 11.5–11.7 discuss practical applications to photonic devices.

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Abbreviations

AES:

Auger electron spectroscopy

AFM:

atomic force microscope

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

APD:

avalanche photodiodes

ASE:

amplified spontaneous emission

BCS:

Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer

BER:

bit error rate

CARS:

coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

CCD:

charge-coupled device

CD:

circular dichroism

CFD:

computational fluid dynamics

CL:

cathodoluminescence

CW:

continuous wave

DC:

direct current

DFG:

difference frequency generation

DMS:

diluted magnetic semiconductor

DSC:

differential scanning calorimeter

DTA:

differential thermal analysis

DWDD:

domain-wall displacement detection

DWDM:

dense wavelength-division multiplexed

ED:

electron diffraction

EDFA:

Er-doped fiber amplifier

EL:

electroluminescence

EPMA:

electron probe microanalysis

FBG:

fiber Bragg grating

FLN:

fluorescence line narrowing

FTS:

Fourier-transform spectrometer

FWM:

four-wave mixing

GDD:

group delay dispersion

GVD:

group velocity dispersion

HGW:

hollow grass waveguide

HMFG:

heavy-metal fluoride glass fiber

ICP:

inductively coupled plasma

IR:

infrared

KLM:

Kerr-lens mode-locking

LC:

liquid chromatography

LC:

liquid crystal

LD:

Lawrence–Doniach

LD:

laser device

LD:

laser diode

LDV:

laser Doppler velocimeter

LED:

light-emitting diode

LIF:

laser-induced fluorescence

MCA:

multichannel analyzer

MCP:

microchannel plate

MD:

molecular dynamics

MFD:

mode field diameter

MFM:

magnetoforce micrometer

MO:

magnetooptical

MOL:

magnetooptical layer

MON:

monochromator

MOS:

metal–oxide–semiconductor

NA:

numerical aperture

ND:

neutron diffraction

NEP:

noise-equivalent power

OCT:

optical coherence tomography

OKE:

optical Kerr effect

OPA:

optical parametric amplifier

OPG:

optical parametric generation

OPO:

optical parametric oscillator

OR:

optical rectification

OTDR:

optical time-domain reflectometry

PBG:

photonic band gap

PC:

personal computer

PC:

photoconductive detector

PC:

polycarbonate

PCF:

photonic crystal fiber

PEM:

photoelectromagnetic

PL:

photoluminescence

PLE:

PL excitation

PMMA:

poly(methyl methacrylate)

PMT:

photomultiplier tube

POL:

polychromator

PT:

phototube

PV:

photovoltaic

PVA:

polyvinyl acetate

QE:

quantum effect

RBS:

Rutherford backscattering

RE:

reference electrode

RH:

relative humidity

SBR:

styrene butyl rubber

SBS:

sick-building syndrome

SD:

strength difference

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

SFG:

sum frequency generation

SHG:

second-harmonic generation

SIMS:

secondary ion mass spectrometry

SMSC:

study semiconductor

SNOM:

scanning near-field optical microscopy

SNR:

signal-to-noise ratio

SPM:

scanning probe microscopy

SPM:

self-phase modulation

SPOM:

surface potential microscope

SRS:

stimulated Raman scattering

TAC:

time-to-amplitude converter

TCSPC:

time-correlated single-photon counting

TDS:

thermal desorption mass spectrometry

TDS:

total dissolved solid

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

THG:

third-harmonic generation

TPA:

two-photon absorption

UV:

ultraviolet

VCSEL:

vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

VSM:

vibrating-sample magnetometer

WDM:

wavelength division multiplexing

XMA:

x-ray micro analyzer

XPS:

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XPS:

x-ray photoemission spectroscopy

XRD:

x-ray diffraction

YAG:

yttrium aluminum garnet

YIG:

yttrium-iron garnet

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for NanoScience Design, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Osaka, Japan

    Tadashi Itoh

  2. Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Osaka, Japan

    Tsutomu Araki Prof.

  3. Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Osaka, Japan

    Masaaki Ashida Ph.D.

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokushima, 2-1, Minami-Jyosanjima, 770-8506, Tokushima, Japan

    Tetsuo Iwata Prof.

  5. Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, 283-8522, Chiba, Japan

    Kiyofumi Muro Prof.

  6. Optical Media Group, Storage Media Sysytems Development Center, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Yagumo-Nakamachi, 570-8501, Moriguchi, Japan

    Noboru Yamada Dr.

Authors
  1. Tadashi Itoh
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  2. Tsutomu Araki Prof.
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  3. Masaaki Ashida Ph.D.
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  5. Kiyofumi Muro Prof.
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  6. Noboru Yamada Dr.
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Tadashi Itoh , Tsutomu Araki Prof. , Masaaki Ashida Ph.D. , Tetsuo Iwata Prof. , Kiyofumi Muro Prof. or Noboru Yamada Dr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Luxemburger Strasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany

    Horst Czichos Prof.

  2. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Tetsuya Saito

  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Leslie Smith

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Itoh, T., Araki, T., Ashida, M., Iwata, T., Muro, K., Yamada, N. (2011). Optical Properties. In: Czichos, H., Saito, T., Smith, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_11

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