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Neuronale Plastizität bei gesundem und pathologischem Altern

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Altern gestalten

Zusammenfassung

In Anbetracht der zunehmenden Alterung unserer Gesellschaft stellt uns der mit dem Alter einhergehende kognitive Abbau vor neue gesellschaftliche und gesundheitspolitische Herausforderungen. Der menschliche Alterungsprozess geht mit einem unvermeidbaren Abbau von sensorischen und kognitiven Fähigkeiten einher. Quer- und Längsschnittstudien haben jedoch gezeigt, dass Beginn, Ausmaß und Grad des Voranschreitens dieses altersbedingten Abbaus (engl. Age-related Cognitive Decline, ARCD) eine starke interindividuelle Varianz aufweisen, welche mit voranschreitendem Alter einer Population sogar noch ansteigt. Genetische Faktoren, Lebenserfahrungen und Umweltbedingungen wie sozioökonomischer Status, Lifestyle, Stress, physische und psychische Erkrankungen sowie die Verfügbarkeit entsprechender medizinischer und psychologischer Hilfe beeinflussen, wie ein Mensch altert. Was als „noch gesunder Alterungsprozess“ zu gelten hat, ist demnach nicht einfach zu definieren. Zunehmendes Alter ist der Hauptrisikofaktor für kognitive Defizite und Demenzerkrankungen. Ungefähr jeder vierte ältere Mensch zeigt leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigungen (engl. Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI) – eine Art Grauzone zwischen gesundem Altern und Demenz (Mini Mental Status Test, MMST ≥ 24 von 0–30 Punkten). Betroffene leiden zumeist an subjektiven und/oder objektiv erfassbaren Defiziten innerhalb einer kognitiven Domäne (zumeist dem Gedächtnis – genannt MCI amnestischer Typus), zeigen aber keinerlei Beeinträchtigung in einfachen alltagsrelevanten Funktionen (engl. Basic Activities of Daily Living, ADL; Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, IADL). Personen mit MCI haben zudem ein erhöhtes Risiko, zukünftig eine Form der Demenz zu entwickeln: 10–12 % der Betroffenen entwickeln innerhalb eines Jahres eine Alzheimer-Demenz (AD). In der gesunden älteren Bevölkerung sind es lediglich 1–2 % (Petersen et al., 1999).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinische & Neuropsychologie, Universität Konstanz, D25, Postfach 5560, 78457, Konstanz, Deutschland

    Iris-Tatjana Kolassa, Franka Glöckner & Vera Leirer

  2. Institut für Neuropsychologie und Klinische Psychologie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Deutschland

    Carsten Diener

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  1. Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
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  2. Franka Glöckner
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  3. Vera Leirer
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  4. Carsten Diener
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  1. Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Deutschland

    Heinz Häfner

  2. Netzwerk Alternsforschung, Universität Heidelberg, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland

    Konrad Beyreuther

  3. Institut für Sport- und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Deutschland

    Wolfgang Schlicht

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Kolassa, IT., Glöckner, F., Leirer, V., Diener, C. (2010). Neuronale Plastizität bei gesundem und pathologischem Altern. In: Häfner, H., Beyreuther, K., Schlicht, W. (eds) Altern gestalten. Schriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol 21. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14353-3_4

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