Abstract
Under the peaceful appearance of lovely green meadow, the different plant communities are engaged in a continuous struggle for life. Plants use every imaginable mechanism to enhance their defenses in order to survive attacks from an enormous number of pathogens. Plant innate immunity strongly relies on signal transduction pathways connecting pathogen recognition with the establishment of specific defense responses. Heterotrimeric and small GTP-binding proteins provide such signaling between plasma membrane receptors and cytoplasm localized effector molecules. Recent studies, mostly in Arabidopsis and rice, have revealed very important roles for G proteins in plant resistance to fungal pathogens. Experimental evidence implicating G proteins in plant innate immunity and putative signaling mechanisms is presented and discussed in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Goedhart J, Gadella TWJ Jr (2006) Plant G protein heterotrimers require dual lipidation motifs of Ga and Gg and do not dissociate upon activation. J Cell Sci 119:5087–5097
Adie BAT, Perez-Perez J, Perez-Perez MM, Godoy M, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Schmelz EA, Solano R (2007) ABA is an essential signal for plant resistance to pathogens affecting JA biosynthesis and the activation of defenses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:1665–1681
Agrawal GK, Iwahashi H, Rakwal R (2003) Small GTPase 'Rop': molecular switch for plant defense responses. FEBS Letts 546:173–180
Anderson JP, Badruzsaufari E, Schenk PM, Manners JM, Desmond OJ, Ehlert C, Maclean DJ, Ebert PR, Kazan K (2004) Antagonistic interaction between abscisic acid and jasmonate-ethylene signaling pathways modulates defense gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:3460–3479
Anthony RG, Henriques R, Helfer A, Meszaros T, Rios G, Testerink C, Munnik T, Deak M, Koncz C, Bogre L (2004) A protein kinase target of a PDK1 signalling pathway is involved in root hair growth in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 23:572–581
Anthony RG, Khan S, Costa J, Pais MS, Bogre L (2006) The Arabidopsis protein kinase PTI1–2 is activated by convergent phosphatidic acid and oxidative stress signaling pathways downstream of PDK1 and OXI1. J Biol Chem 281:37536–37546
Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Ann Rev Plant Biol 55:373–399
Asai T, Tena G, Plotnikova J, Willmann MR, Chiu WL, Gomez-Gomez L, Boller T, Ausubel FM, Sheen J (2002) MAP kinase signalling cascade in Arabidopsis innate immunity. Nature 415:977–83
Ashikari M, Wu JZ, Yano M, Sasaki T, Yoshimura A (1999) Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the a-subunit of GTP-binding protein. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 96:10284–10289
Assaad FF, Qiu JL, Youngs H, Ehrhardt D, Zimmerli L, Kalde M, Wanner G, Peck SC, Edwards H, Ramonell K, Somerville CR, Thordal-Christensen H (2004) The PEN1 syntaxin defines a novel cellular compartment upon fungal attack and is required for the timely assembly of papillae. Mol Biol Cell 15:5118–5129
Asselbergh B, De Vleesschauwer D, Hofte M (2008) Global switches and fine-tuning-ABA modulates plant pathogen defense. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 21:709–719
Ausubel FM (2005) Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nature Immunology 6:973–979
Beffa R, Szell M, Meuwly P, Pay A, Vogeli-Lange R, Metraux J-P, Neuhaus G, Meins F Jr, Nagy F (1995) Cholera toxin elevates pathogen resistance and induces pathogenesis-related gene expression in tobacco. EMBO J 14:5753–5761
Beindl W, Mitterauer T, Hohenegger M, Ijzerman AP, Nanoff C, Freissmuth M (1996) Inhibition of receptor/G protein coupling by suramin analogues. Mol Pharmacol 50:415–423
Berrocal-Lobo M, Molina A (2008) Arabidopsis defense response against Fusarium oxysporum. Trends Plant Sci 13:145–150
Bhat RA, Miklis M, Schmelzer E, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R (2005) Recruitment and interaction dynamics of plant penetration resistance components in a plasma membrane microdomain. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 102:3135–3140
Bilgin DD, Liu Y, Schiff M, Dinesh-Kumar SP (2003) P58(IPK), a plant ortholog of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR inhibitor, functions in viral pathogenesis. Dev Cell 4:651–661
Bos JL (1989) RAS oncogenes in human cancer. Canc Res 49:4682–4689
Burns DL (1988) Subunit structure and enzymic activity of pertussis toxin. Microbiol Sci 5:285–287
Chang CC, Ball L, Fryer MJ, Baker NR, Karpinski S, Mullineaux PM (2004) Induction of ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE 2 expression in wounded Arabidopsis leaves does not involve known wound-signalling pathways but is associated with changes in photosynthesis. Plant J 38:499–511
Chen J-G, Gao Y, Jones AM (2006) Differential roles of Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein subunits in modulating cell division in roots. Plant Physiol 141:887–897
Chen YL, Huang R, Xiao YM, Lu P, Chen J, Wang XC (2004) Extracellular calmodulin-induced stomatal closure is mediated by heterotrimeric G protein and H2O2. Plant Physiol 136:4096–4103
Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nurnberger T, Jones JD, Felix G, Boller T (2007) A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence. Nature 448:497–500
Chini A, Fonseca S, Fernandez G, Adie B, Chico JM, Lorenzo O, Garcia-Casado G, Lopez-Vidriero I, Lozano FM, Ponce MR, Micol JL, Solano R (2007) The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling. Nature 448:666–671
Collins NC, Thordal-Christensen H, Lipka V, Bau S, Kombrink E, Qiu JL, Huckelhoven R, Stein M, Freialdenhoven A, Somerville SC, Schulze-Lefert P (2003) SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature 42:973–977
Dangl JL, Jones JDG (2001) Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature 411:826–833
Delmer DP, Pear JR, Andrawis A, Stalker DM (1995) Genes encoding small GTP-binding proteins analogous to mammalian rac are preferentially expressed in developing cotton fibers. Mol Gen Genet 248:43–51
Dorjgotov D, Jurca ME, Fodor-Dunai C, Szucs A, Otvos K, Klement E, Biro J, Feher A (2009) Plant Rho-type (Rop) GTPase-dependent activation of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases in vitro. FEBS Letts 583:1175–1182
Edgar CI, Mcgrath KC, Dombrecht B, Manners JM, Maclean DC, Schenk PM, Kazan K (2006) Salicylic acid mediates resistance to the vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in the model host Arabidopsis thaliana. Australasian Plant Pathology 35:581–591
Farfel Z, Bourne HR, Iiri T (1999) The expanding spectrum of G protein diseases. New Engl J Med 340:1012–1020
Fryer MJ, Ball L, Oxborough K, Karpinski S, Mullineaux PM, Baker NR (2003) Control of Ascorbate Peroxidase 2 expression by hydrogen peroxide and leaf water status during excess light stress reveals a functional organisation of Arabidopsis leaves. Plant J 33:691–705
Fryer MJ, Oxborough K, Mullineaux PM, Baker NR (2002) Imaging of photo-oxidative stress responses in leaves. J Exp Bot 53:1249–1254
Fujisawa Y, Kato H, Iwasaki Y (2001) Structure and function of heterotrimeric G proteins in plants. Plant Cell Physiol 42:789–794
Galletti R, Denoux C, Gambetta S, Dewdney J, Ausubel FM, De Lorenzo G, Ferrari S (2008) The AtrbohD-mediated oxidative burst elicited by oligogalacturonides in Arabidopsis is dispensable for the activation of defense responses effective against Botrytis cinerea. Plant Physiol 148:1695–1706
Gautam N, Downes GB, Yan K, Kisselev O (1998) The G-protein bg complex. Cell Signal 10:447–455
Gelli A, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E (1997) Activation of plant plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable channels by race-specific fungal elicitors. Plant Physiol 113:269–279
Glazebrook J (2005) Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 43:205–227
Grant M, Lamb C (2006) Systemic immunity. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9:414–420
Groom QJ, Torres MA, Fordham-Skelton AP, Hammond-Kosack KE, Robinson NJ, Jones JD (1996) rbohA, a rice homologue of the mammalian gp91phox respiratory burst oxidase gene. Plant J 10:515–522
Han RB, Yuan YJ (2004) Oxidative burst in suspension culture of Taxus cuspidata induced by a laminar shear stress in short-term. Biotech Prog 20:507–513
Hematy K, Hofte H (2008) Novel receptor kinases involved in growth regulation. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:321–328
Hernandez-Blanco C, Feng DX, Hu J, Sanchez-Vallet A, Deslandes L, Llorente F, Berrocal-Lobo M, Keller H, Barlet X, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Anderson LK, Somerville S, Marco Y, Molina A (2007) Impairment of cellulose synthases required for Arabidopsis secondary cell wall formation enhances disease resistance. Plant Cell 19:890–903
Higashijima T, Uzu S, Nakajima T, Ross EM (1988) Mastoparan, a peptide toxin from wasp venom, mimics receptors by activating GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins). J Biol Chem 263:6491–6494
Hong Z, Zhang Z, Olson JM, Verma DP (2001) A novel UDP-glucose transferase is part of the callose synthase complex and interacts with phragmoplastin at the forming cell plate. Plant Cell 13:769–779
Jelitto-Van Dooren EP, Vidal S, Denecke J (1999) Anticipating endoplasmic reticulum stress. A novel early response before pathogenesis-related gene induction. Plant Cell 11:1935–1944
Joo J, Wang S, Chen J, Jones A, Fedoroff N (2005) Different signaling and cell death roles of heterotrimeric G protein a and b subunits in the Arabidopsis oxidative stress response to ozone. Plant Cell 17:957–970
Joo JH, Bae YS, Lee JS (2001) Role of auxin-induced reactive oxygen species in root gravitropism. Plant Physiol 126:1055–1060
Jung YH, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Kim JA, Lee MO, Choi PG, Kim YJ, Kim MJ, Shibato J, Kim SH, Iwahashi H, Jwa NS (2006) Functional characterization of OsRacB GTPase–a potentially negative regulator of basal disease resistance in rice. Plant Physiol Biochem 44:68–77
Kachroo A, Kachroo P (2007) Salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid- and ethylene-mediated regulation of plant defense signaling. Genetic engineering 28:55–83
Katou S, Yoshioka H, Kawakita K, Rowland O, Jones JD, Mori H, Doke N (2005) Involvement of PPS3 phosphorylated by elicitor-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases in the regulation of plant cell death. Plant Physiology 139:1914–26
Katsir L, Schilmiller AL, Staswick PE, He SY, Howe GA (2008) COI1 is a critical component of a receptor for jasmonate and the bacterial virulence factor coronatine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7100–7105
Kawasaki T, Henmi K, Ono E, Hatakeyama S, Iwano M, Satoh H, Shimamoto K (1999) The small GTP-binding protein Rac is a regulator of cell death in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10922–10926
Kawasaki T, Koita H, Nakatsubo T, Hasegawa K, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Urnemura K, Urnezawa T, Shimamoto K (2006) Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, is an effector of small GTPase Rac in defense signaling in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:230–235
Kemmerling B, Schwedt A, Rodriguez P, Mazzotta S, Frank M, Qamar SA, Mengiste T, Betsuyaku S, Parker JE, Mussig C, Thomma BP, Albrecht C, De Vries SC, Hirt H, Nurnberger T (2007) The BRI1-associated kinase 1, BAK1, has a brassinolide-independent role in plant cell-death control. Curr Biol 17:1116–1122
Klusener B, Young JJ, Murata Y, Allen GJ, Mori IC, Hugouvieux V, Schroeder JI (2002) Convergence of calcium signaling pathways of pathogenic elicitors and abscisic acid in Arabidopsis guard cells. Plant Physiol 130:2152–2163
Kunkel BN, Brooks DM (2002) Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:325–331
Kurosaki F, Yamashita A, Arisawa M (2001) Involvement of GTP-binding protein in the induction of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured carrot cells. Plant Sci 161:273–278
Kwak JM, Mori IC, Pei ZM, Leonhardt N, Torres MA, Dangl JL, Bloom RE, Bodde S, Jones JD, Schroeder JI (2003) NADPH oxidase AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes function in ROS-dependent ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 22:2623–2633
Lamb C, Dixon RA (1997) The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:251–275
Lease KA, Wen J, Li J, Doke JT, Liscum E, Walker JC (2001) A mutant Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein b subunit affects leaf, flower, and fruit development. Plant Cell 13:2631–2641
Legendre L, Heinstein P, Low P (1992) Evidence for participation of GTP-binding proteins in elicitation of the rapid oxidative burst in cultured soybean cells. J Biol Chem 267:20140–20147
Legendre L, Rueter S, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1993a) Characterization of the oligogalacturonide-induced oxidative burst in cultured soybean (Glycine max) cells. Plant Physiol 102:233–240
Legendre L, Yueh Y, Crain R, Haddock N, Heinstein P, Low P (1993b) Phospholipase C activation during elicitation of the oxidative burst in cultured plant cells. J Biol Chem 268:24559–24563
Lemichez E, Wu Y, Sanchez JP, Mettouchi A, Mathur J, Chua NH (2001) Inactivation of AtRac1 by abscisic acid is essential for stomatal closure. Genes Dev 15:1808–1816
Li H, Wu G, Ware D, Davis KR, Yang Z (1998) Arabidopsis Rho-related GTPases: differential gene expression in pollen and polar localization in fission yeast. Plant Physiol 118:407–417
Li J, Wang DY, Li Q, Xu YJ, Cui KM, Zhu YX (2004) PPF1 inhibits programmed cell death in apical meristems of both G2 pea and transgenic Arabidopsis plants possibly by delaying cytosolic Ca2+ elevation. Cell Calcium 35:71–77
Li JH, Liu YQ, Lu P, Lin HF, Bai Y, Wang XC, Chen YL (2009) A signaling pathway linking nitric oxide production to heterotrimeric G protein and H2O2 regulates extracellular calmodulin induction of stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 150(1):114–124
Lieberherr D, Thao NP, Nakashima A, Umemura K, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K (2005) A sphingolipid elicitor-inducible mitogen-activated protein kinase is regulated by the small GTPase OsRac1 and heterotrimeric G-protein in rice. Plant Physiol 138:1644–1652
Llorente F, Alonso-Blanco C, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Jorda L, Molina A (2005) ERECTA receptor-like kinase and heterotrimeric G protein from Arabidopsis are required for resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Plant J 43:165–180
Llorente F, Muskett P, Sanchez-Vallet A, Lopez G, Ramos B, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Jorda L, Parker J, Molina A (2008) Repression of the auxin response pathway increases Arabidopsis susceptibility to necrotrophic fungi. Mol Plant 1:496–509
Lorenzo O, Chico JM, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Solano R (2004) Jasmonate-insensitive1 encodes a MYC transcription factor essential to discriminate between different jasmonate-regulated defense responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:1938–1950
Ma H (2001) Plant G proteins: the different faces of GPA1. Curr Biol 11:R869–R871
Ma H, Yanofsky MF, Meyerowitz EM (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of GPA1, a G protein a subunit gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:3821–3825
Mahady GB, Liu C, Beecher CW (1998) Involvement of protein kinase and G proteins in the signal transduction of benzophenanthridine alkaloid biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 48:93–102
Maleck K, Dietrich RA (1999) Defense on multiple fronts: how do plants cope with diverse enemies? Trends In Plant Science 4:215–219
Mason MG, Botella J (2000) Completing the heterotrimer: Isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana G protein g-subunit cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14784–14788
Mason MG, Botella J (2001) Isolation of a novel G-protein g-subunit from Arabidopsis thaliana and its interaction with Gb. Biochim Biophys Acta 1520:147–153
Mayrose M, Bonshtien A, Sessa G (2004) LeMPK3 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase with dual specificity induced during tomato defense and wounding responses. J Biol Chem 279:14819–14827
McDowell JM, Dangl JL (2000) Signal transduction in the plant immune response. Trends Biochem Sci 25:79–82
Menke FL, Van Pelt JA, Pieterse CM, Klessig DF (2004) Silencing of the mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK6 compromises disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:897–907
Miles GP, Samuel MA, Jones AM, Ellis BE (2004) Mastoparan rapidly activates plant MAP kinase signaling independent of heterotrimeric G proteins. Plant Physiol 134:1332–1336
Molendijk AJ, Ruperti B, Singh MK, Dovzhenko A, Ditengou FA, Milia M, Westphal L, Rosahl S, Soellick TR, Uhrig J, Weingarten L, Huber M, Palme K (2008) A cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase NCRK and a pathogen-induced protein kinase RBK1 are Rop GTPase interactors. Plant J 53:909–923
Morel J, Fromentin J, Blein JP, Simon-Plas F, Elmayan T (2004) Rac regulation of NtrbohD, the oxidase responsible for the oxidative burst in elicited tobacco cell. Plant J 37:282–293
Munnik T, Arisz SA, De Vrije T, Musgrave A (1995) G protein activation stimulates phospholipase D signaling in plants. Plant Cell 7:2197–2210
Navarro L, Dunoyer P, Jay F, Arnold B, Dharmasiri N, Estelle M, Voinnet O, Jones JD (2006) A plant miRNA contributes to antibacterial resistance by repressing auxin signaling. Science 312:436–439
Nibau C, Wu HM, Cheung AY (2006) RAC/ROP GTPases: ‘hubs’ for signal integration and diversification in plants. Trends Plant Sci 11:309–315
Ono E, Wong HL, Kawasaki T, Hasegawa M, Kodama O, Shimamoto K (2001) Essential role of the small GTPase Rac in disease resistance of rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:759–764
Opalski KS, Schultheiss H, Kogel KH, Huckelhoven R (2005) The receptor-like MLO protein and the RAC/ROP family G-protein RACB modulate actin reorganization in barley attacked by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. Plant J 41:291–303
Ortega X, Polanco R, Castaneda P, Perez LM (2002) Signal transduction in lemon seedlings in the hypersensitive response against Alternaria alternata: participation of calmodulin, G-protein and protein kinases. Biol Res 35:373–383
Overmyer K, Brosche M, Kangasjarvi J (2003) Reactive oxygen species and hormonal control of cell death. Trends Plant Sci 8:335–342
Patel S, Caplan J, Dinesh-Kumar SP (2006) Autophagy in the control of programmed cell death. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:391–396
Pathuri IP, Zellerhoff N, Schaffrath U, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Kogel KH, Eichmann R, Huckelhoven R (2008) Constitutively activated barley ROPs modulate epidermal cell size, defense reactions and interactions with fungal leaf pathogens. Plant Cell Rep 27:1877–1887
Pei ZM, Murata Y, Benning G, Thomine S, Klusener B, Allen GJ, Grill E, Schroeder JI (2000) Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature 406:731–734
Perekhod EA, Chalenko GI, Il'inskaya LI, Vasyukova NI, Gerasimova NG, Babakov AV, Usov AI, Mel'nikova TM, Ozeretskovskaya OL (1998) Modulation of potato resistance by means of xyloglucan fragments. Appl Biochem Microbiol 34:91–96
Philip B, Levin DE (2001) Wsc1 and Mid2 are cell surface sensors for cell wall integrity signaling that act through Rom2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho1. Mol Cell Biol 21: 271–280
Pieterse CM, Van Loon LC (2004) NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:456–464
Rajasekhar VK, Lamb C, Dixon RA (1999) Early events in the signal pathway for the oxidative burst in soybean cells exposed to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea. Plant Physiol 120:1137–1146
Ren D, Liu Y, Yang KY, Han L, Mao G, Glazebrook J, Zhang S (2008) A fungal-responsive MAPK cascade regulates phytoalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:5638–5643
Rentel MC, Lecourieux D, Ouaked F, Usher SL, Petersen L, Okamoto H, Knight H, Peck SC, Grierson CS, Hirt H, Knight MR (2004) OXI1 kinase is necessary for oxidative burst-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature 427:858–861
Robert-Seilaniantz A, Navarro L, Bari R, Jones JD (2007) Pathological hormone imbalances. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 10:372–379
Roos W, Dordschbal B, Steighardt J, Hieke M, Weiss D, Saalbach G (1999) A redox-dependent, G-protein-coupled phospholipase A of the plasma membrane is involved in the elicitation of alkaloid biosynthesis in Eschscholtzia californica. Biochim Biophys Acta 1448:390–402
Ropers HH, Hamel BCJ (2005) X-linked mental retardation. Nat Rev Genet 6:46–57
Sagi M, Fluhr R (2001) Superoxide production by plant homologues of the gp91(phox) NADPH oxidase. Modulation of activity by calcium and by tobacco mosaic virus infection. Plant Physiol 126:1281–1290
Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Estévez JM, Llorente F, Hernández-Blanco C, Jordá L, Pagán I, Berrocal-Lobo M, Marco Y, Somerville S, Molina A (2009) The ERECTA receptor-like kinase regulates cell wall-mediated resistance to pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 22(8):953–963
Schenk PM, Kazan K, Wilson I, Anderson JP, Richmond T, Somerville SC, Manners JM (2000) Coordinated plant defense responses in Arabidopsis revealed by microarray analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:11655–11660
Schenk PM, Kazan K, Manners JM, Anderson JP, Simpson RS, Wilson IW, Somerville SC, Maclean DJ (2003) Systemic gene expression in Arabidopsis during an incompatible interaction with Alternaria brassicicola. Plant Physiology 132:999–1010
Schiene K, Puhler A, Niehaus K (2000) Transgenic tobacco plants that express an antisense construct derived from a Medicago sativa cDNA encoding a Rac-related small GTP-binding protein fail to develop necrotic lesions upon elicitor infiltration. Mol Gen Genet 263:761–770
Schopfer P, Liszkay A, Bechtold M, Frahry G, Wagner A (2002) Evidence that hydroxyl radicals mediate auxin-induced extension growth. Planta 214:821–828
Schroder M, Kaufman RJ (2005) The mammalian unfolded protein response. Ann Rev Biochem 74:739–789
Schultheiss H, Preuss J, Pircher T, Eichmann R, Huckelhoven R (2008) Barley RIC171 interacts with RACB in planta and supports entry of the powdery mildew fungus. Cell Microbiol 10:1815–1826
Schutz I, Gus-Mayer S, Schmelzer E (2006) Profilin and Rop GTPases are localized at infection sites of plant cells. Protoplasma 227:229–235
Schwechheimer C, Calderon Villalobos LI (2004) Cullin-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases in plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:677–686
Seifert R, Rosenthal W, Schultz G (1986) Guanine nucleotides stimulate NADPH oxidase in membranes of human neutrophils. FEBS Letts 205:161–165
Sessa G, D'ascenzo M, Loh YT, Martin GB (1998) Biochemical properties of two protein kinases involved in disease resistance signaling in tomato. J Biol Chem 273:15860–15865
Sharp GW, Hynie S (1971) Stimulation of intestinal adenyl cyclase by cholera toxin. Nature 229:266–269
Shiu SH, Karlowski WM, Pan R, Tzeng YH, Mayer KF, Li WH (2004) Comparative analysis of the receptor-like kinase family in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Cell 16:1220–1234
Shoji T, Ogawa T, Hashimoto T (2008) Jasmonate-induced nicotine formation in tobacco is mediated by tobacco COI1 and JAZ genes. Plant Cell Physiol 49:1003–12
Spiegel AM (1996) Defects in G protein-coupled signal transduction in human disease. Ann Rev Physiol 58:143–170
Suh PG, Park JI, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Peak JC, Katan M, Fukami K, Kataoka T, Yun S, Ryu SH (2008) Multiple roles of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isozymes. BMB Rep 41:415–434
Suharsono U, Fujisawa Y, Kawasaki T, Iwasaki Y, Satoh H, Shimamoto K (2002) The heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit acts upstream of the small GTPase Rac in disease resistance of rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13307–13312
Tao LZ, Cheung AY, Nibau C, Wu HM (2005) RAC GTPases in tobacco and Arabidopsis mediate auxin-induced formation of proteolytically active nuclear protein bodies that contain AUX/IAA proteins. Plant Cell 17:2369–2383
Takahashi H, Kanayama Y, Zheng MS, Kusano T, Hase S, Ikegami M, Shah J (2004) Antagonistic interactions between the SA and JA signaling pathways in Arabidopsis modulate expression of defense genes and gene-for-gene resistance to cucumber mosaic virus. Plant Cell Physiol 45:803–809
Thao NP, Chen L, Nakashima A, Hara S, Umemura K, Takahashi A, Shirasu K, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K (2007) RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/Rop GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice. Plant Cell 19:4035–4045
Thatcher LF, Manners JM, Kazan K (2009) Fusarium oxysporum hijacks COI1-mediated jasmonate signaling to promote disease development in Arabidopsis. Plant J 58:927–939
Thomma BPHJ, Eggermont K, A., PIAM, Mauch-Mani B, Vogelsang R, A., CBP, Broekaert WF (1998) Separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense response pathways in Arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95:15107–15111
Thomma BPHJ, Eggermont K, Tierens KFMJ, Broekaert WF (1999) Requirement of functional ethylene-insensitive 2 gene for efficient resistance of Arabidopsis to infection by Botrytis cinerea. Plant Physiology 121:1093–1101
Thomma BPHJ, Penninckx IAMA, Cammue BPA, Broekaert WF (2001a) The complexity of disease signaling in Arabidopsis. Current Opinion in Immunology 13:63–68
Thomma BPHJ, Tierens KFM, Penninckx IAMA, Mauch-Mani B, Broekaert WF, Cammue BPA (2001b) Different micro-organisms differentially induce Arabidopsis disease response pathways. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 39:673–680
Torres MA, Dangl JL (2005) Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic interactions, abiotic stress and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:397–403
Trotochaud AE, Hao T, Wu G, Yang Z, Clark SE (1999) The CLAVATA1 receptor-like kinase requires CLAVATA3 for its assembly into a signaling complex that includes KAPP and a Rho-related protein. Plant Cell 11:393–406
Trusov Y, Rookes JE, Chakravorty D, Armour D, Schenk PM, Botella JR (2006) Heterotrimeric G-proteins facilitate Arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic pathogens and are involved in jasmonate signaling. Plant Physiol 140:210–220
Trusov Y, Rookes JE, Tilbrook K, Chakravorty D, Mason MG, Anderson D, Chen JG, Jones AM, Botella JR (2007) Heterotrimeric G protein g subunits provide functional selectivity in G bg dimer signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:1235–1250
Trusov Y, Sewelam N, Rookes JE, Kunkel M, Nowak E, Schenk PM, Botella JR (2009) Heterotrimeric G proteins-mediated resistance to necrotrophic pathogens includes mechanisms independent of salicylic acid-, jasmonic acid/ethylene- and abscisic acid-mediated defense signaling. Plant J 58:69–81
Trusov Y, Zhang W, Assmann SM, Botella JR (2008) Gg1+Gg2 not equal Gb: heterotrimeric G protein Gg-deficient mutants do not recapitulate all phenotypes of Gb-deficient mutants. Plant Physiol 147:636–649
Ullah H, Chen J-G, Temple B, Boyes DC, Alonso JM, Davis KR, Ecker JR, Jones AM (2003) The b-Subunit of the Arabidopsis G protein negatively regulates auxin-induced cell division and affects multiple developmental processes. Plant Cell 15:393–409
Van Wees SCM, Chang HS, Zhu T, Glazebrook J (2003) Characterization of the early response of Arabidopsis to Alternaria brassicicola infection using expression profiling. Plant Physiology 132:606–617
Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E (1994a) Plant defense response to fungal pathogens (activation of host-plasma membrane H+-ATPase by elicitor-iInduced enzyme dephosphorylation). Plant Physiol 104:209–215
Vera-Estrella R, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E (1994b) Plant defense response to fungal pathogens 2. G-protein-mediated changes in host plasma-membrane redox reactions. Plant Physiol 106: 97–102
Wang D, Weaver ND, Kesarwani M, Dong X (2005) Induction of protein secretory pathway is required for systemic acquired resistance. Science 308:1036–1040
Wang S, Narendra S, Fedoroff N (2007) Heterotrimeric G protein signaling in the Arabidopsis unfolded protein response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:3817–3822
Wei Q, Zhou W, Hu G, Wei J, Yang H, Huang J (2008) Heterotrimeric G-protein is involved in phytochrome A-mediated cell death of Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Cell Res 18:949–960
Weiss C, Garnaat C, Mukai K, Hu Y, Ma H (1994) Isolation of cDNAs encoding guanine nucleotide-binding protein b-subunit homologues from maize (ZGB1) and Arabidopsis (AGB1). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9554–9558
Wengier D, Valsecchi I, Cabanas ML, Tang WH, Mccormick S, Muschietti J (2003) The receptor kinases LePRK1 and LePRK2 associate in pollen and when expressed in yeast, but dissociate in the presence of style extract. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6860–6865
Winge P, Brembu T, Bones AM (1997) Cloning and characterization of rac-like cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 35:483–495
Wong HL, Pinontoan R, Hayashi K, Tabata R, Yaeno T, Hasegawa K, Kojima C, Yoshioka H, Iba K, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K (2007) Regulation of rice NADPH oxidase by binding of Rac GTPase to its N-terminal extension. Plant Cell 19:4022–4034
Wong HL, Sakamoto T, Kawasaki T, Umemura K, Shimamoto K (2004) Down-regulation of metallothionein, a reactive oxygen scavenger, by the small GTPase OsRac1 in rice. Plant Physiol 135:1447–1456
Xin Z, Zhao Y, Zheng ZL (2005) Transcriptome analysis reveals specific modulation of abscisic acid signaling by ROP10 small GTPase in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 139:1350–1365
Yang KY, Liu Y, Zhang S (2001) Activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in disease resistance in tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:741–746
Yang Z, Fu Y (2007) ROP/RAC GTPase signaling. Curr OpinPlant Biol 10:490–494
Yang Z, Watson JC (1993) Molecular cloning and characterization of rho, a ras-related small GTP-binding protein from the garden pea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8732–8736
Zeng Q, Wang X, Running MP (2007) Dual lipid modification of Arabidopsis Gg-subunits is required for efficient plasma membrane targeting. Plant Physiol 143:1119–1131
Zhang S, Liu Y (2001) Activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, induces multiple defense responses in tobacco. Plant Cell 13:1877–1889
Zhang X, Zhang L, Dong F, Gao J, Galbraith DW, Song CP (2001) Hydrogen peroxide is involved in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba. Plant Physiol 126:1438–1448
Zhao J, Sakai K (2003) Multiple signalling pathways mediate fungal elicitor-induced b-thujaplicin biosynthesis in Cupressus lusitanica cell cultures. J Exp Bot 54:647–656
Zheng Z, Qamar SA, Chen Z, Mengiste T (2006) Arabidopsis WRKY33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Plant J 48:592–605
Zheng ZL, Nafisi M, Tam A, Li H, Crowell DN, Chary SN, Schroeder JI, Shen J, Yang Z (2002) Plasma membrane-associated ROP10 small GTPase is a specific negative regulator of abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14:2787–2797
Zheng ZL, Yang Z (2000) The Rop GTPase: an emerging signaling switch in plants. Plant Mol Biol 44:1–9
Zhou J, Loh YT, Bressan RA, Martin GB (1995) The tomato gene Pti1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is phosphorylated by Pto and is involved in the hypersensitive response. Cell 83:925–935
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Miguel Angel Torres for helpful discussions. Heterotrimeric G protein work in A. Molina’s laboratory is supported by Spanish MEC (Grant BIO2006-00488). G-protein research in J. Botella’s laboratory is supported by the Australian Research Council (grant DP0772145).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trusov, Y., Jordá, L., Molina, A., Botella, J.R. (2010). G Proteins and Plant Innate Immunity. In: Yalovsky, S., Baluška, F., Jones, A. (eds) Integrated G Proteins Signaling in Plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03524-1_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03524-1_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-03523-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-03524-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)