Skip to main content

Working for Two: A Bidirectional Grammar for a Controlled Natural Language

  • Conference paper
AI 2008: Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI 2008)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 5360))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

This paper introduces the controlled natural language PENG Light together with a language processor that is based on a bidirectional grammar. The language processor has the following interesting properties: (a) it translates declarative sentences written in PENG Light into a first-order logic notation (TPTP); (b) it generates declarative sentences in PENG Light taking syntactically annotated TPTP formulas as input; and (c) it translates questions written in PENG Light into (conjunctive) queries in TPTP notation and uses the TPTP representation of the query as a starting point for generating answers in PENG Light. Moreover, the controlled natural language processor can be interfaced directly with an automated reasoner in order to resolve anaphoric references and to answer questions stated in PENG Light.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Kittredge, R.I.: Sublanguages and controlled languages. In: Mitkov (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics, pp. 430–447. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fuchs, N.E., Schwertel, U., Schwitter, R.: Attempto Controlled English – not just another logic specification language. In: Flener, P. (ed.) LOPSTR 1998. LNCS, vol. 1559, pp. 1–20. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Fuchs, N.E., Kaljurand, K., Kuhn, T.: Attempto Controlled English for Knowledge Representation. In: Baroglio, C., Bonatti, P.A., Małuszyński, J., Marchiori, M., Polleres, A., Schaffert, S. (eds.) Reasoning Web. LNCS, vol. 5224, pp. 104–124. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Clark, P., Harrison, P., Jenkins, T., Thompson, T., Wojcik, R.: Acquiring and Using World Knowledge Using a Restricted Subset of English. In: Proceedings of FLAIRS 2005, pp. 506–511 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Clark, P., Harrison, P., Thompson, J., Wojcik, R., Jenkins, T., Israel, D.: Reading to Learn: An Investigation into Language Understanding. In: Proceedings of AAAI 2007 Spring Symposium on Machine Reading, pp. 29–35 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sowa, J.F.: Common Logic Controlled English. Draft (February 24, 2004) (2004), http://www.jfsowa.com/clce/specs.htm

  7. Sowa, J.F.: Common Logic Controlled English. Draft (March 15, 2007) (2007), http://www.jfsowa.com/clce/clce07.htm

  8. Schwitter, R.: English as a Formal Specification Language. In: Proceedings of DEXA 2002, Aix-en-Provence, France, September 2-6, 2002, pp. 228–232 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schwitter, R., Tilbrook, M.: Meaningful Web Annotations for Humans and Machines using Controlled Natural Language. Expert Systems 25(3), 253–267 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Schwitter, R., Ljungberg, A., Hood, D.: ECOLE – A Look-ahead Editor for a Controlled Language. In: Proceedings of EAMT-CLAW 2003, Dublin City University, Ireland, May 15-17, pp. 141–150 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  11. ASD STMG: ASD Simplified Technical English. Specification ASD-STE100, International specification for the preparation of maintenance documentation in a controlled language, Issue 4 (January 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Thompson, C.W., Pazandak, P., Tennant, H.R.: Talk to Your Semantic Web. IEEE Internet Computing 9(6), 75–79 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kamp, H., Reyle, U.: From Discourse to Logic. In: Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pereira, F.C.N., Shieber, S.M.: Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis, CSLI Lecture Notes, Number 10 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sutcliffe, G., Suttner, C.B.: The TPTP Problem Library: CNF Release v1.2.1. Journal of Automated Reasoning 21(2), 177–203 (1998)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Patel-Schneider, P.F., Swartout, B.: Description-Logic Knowledge Representation System Specification from the KRSS Group of the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort, November 1 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Haarslev, V., Möller, R.: Racer: A Core Inference Engine for the Semantic Web. In: Proceedings of EON 2003, pp. 27–36 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Racer Systems: RacerPro User’s Guide, Version 1.9.2, Technical report (2007), http://www.racersystems.com

  19. Parsons, T.: Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Noy, N., Rector, A.: Defining N-ary Relations on the Semantic Web, W3C Working Group Note (April 12, 2006) (2006), http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Schwitter, R. (2008). Working for Two: A Bidirectional Grammar for a Controlled Natural Language. In: Wobcke, W., Zhang, M. (eds) AI 2008: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. AI 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 5360. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89378-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89378-3_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-89377-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-89378-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics