Skip to main content

Attempto Controlled English — Not Just Another Logic Specification Language

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR 1998)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 1559))

Abstract

The specification language Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e. a subset of standard English with a domain-specific vocabulary and a restricted grammar. The restriction of full natural language to a controlled subset is essential for ACE to be suitable for specification purposes. The main goals of this restriction are to reduce ambiguity and vagueness inherent in full natural language and to make ACE computer processable. ACE specifications can be unambiguously translated into logic specification languages, and can be queried and executed. In brief, ACE allows domain specialists to express specifications in familiar natural language and combine this with the rigour of formal specification languages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. H. Alshawi, The Core Language Engine, MIT Press, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  2. R. M. Balzer, A 15 Year Perspective on Automatic Programming, IEEE Transactions Software Engineering, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1257–1268, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. J. P. Bowen, M. G. Hinchey, Seven More Myths of Formal Methods, IEEE Software, July 1995, pp. 34–41, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. P. Bowen, M. G. Hinchey, Ten Commandments of Formal Methods, IEEE Computer, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 56–63, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  5. F. Bry, N. Eisinger, H. Schütz, S. Torge, SIC: Satisfiability Checking for Integrity Constraints, Research Report PMS-FB-1998-3, Institut für Informatik, Universität München, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. Businger, Expert Systems for the Configuration of Elevators at Schindler AG, Talk at Department of Computer Science, University of Zurich, July 1994

    Google Scholar 

  7. B. LeCharlier, P. Flener, Specifications Are Necessarily Informal, or: The Ultimate Myths of Formal Methods, Journal of Systems and Software, Special Issue on Formal Methods Technology Transfer, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 275–296, March 1998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Second International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications CLAW’98, Carnegie Mellon University, 21–22 May 1998

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. A. Covington, GULP 3.1: An Extension of Prolog for Unification-Based Grammars, Research Report AI-1994-06, Artificial Intelligence Center, University of Georgia, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Deville, Logic Programming, Systematic Program Development, Addison-Wesley, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  11. N. E. Fuchs, Specifications Are (Preferably) Executable, Software Engineering Journal, vol. 7, no. 5 (September 1992), pp. 323–334, 1992; reprinted in: J. P. Bowen, M. G. Hinchey, High-Integrity System Specification and Design, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., 1999 (to appear)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. N. E. Fuchs, U. Schwertel, R. Schwitter, Attempto Controlled English (ACE), Language Manual, Version 2.0, Institut für Informatik, Universität Zürich, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  13. A. Hall, Seven Myths of Formal Methods, IEEE Software, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 11–19, 1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. D. Hindle, M. Rooth, Structural Ambiguity and Lexical Relations, Computational Linguistics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 103–120, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  15. G. Hirst, Context as a Spurious Concept, AAAI Fall Symposium on Context in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language, Cambridge, Mass., 8 November 1997

    Google Scholar 

  16. IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, Corrected Edition, February 1991 (IEEE Std 610.12-1990)

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. Jackson, Software Requirements & Specifications: A Lexicon of Practice, Principles and Prejudices, Addison-Wesley, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  18. H. Kamp, U. Reyle, From Discourse to Logic, Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 42, Kluwer, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. Kowalski, English as a Logic Programming Language, New Generation Computing, no. 8, pp. 91–93, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  20. B. Macias, S. G. Pulman, A Method for Controlling the Production of Specifications in Natural Language, The Computer Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 310–318, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  21. B. Meyer, On Formalism in Specifications, IEEE Software, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 6–26, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. T. F. Münte, K. Schiltz, M. Kutas, When temporal terms belie conceptual order, Nature, no. 395, p. 71, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  23. T. Parsons, Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics, Current Studies in Linguistics, MIT Press, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  24. U. Reyle, Dealing with Ambiguities by Underspecification: Construction, Representation and Deduction, Journal of Semantics, 10, pp. 123–178, 1993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. U. Reyle, D. M. Gabbay, Direct Deductive Computation on Discourse Representation Structures, Linguistics and Philosophy, 17, August 94, pp. 343–390, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  26. F. Sadri, R. Kowalski, Variants of the Event Calculus, in: L. Sterling(ed.), Proc. ICLP’95, 12th International Conference on Logic Programming, MIT Press, pp. 67–82, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. Schwitter, Kontrolliertes Englisch für Anforderungsspezifikationen, Dissertation, Universität Zürich, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  28. J. M. Wing, A Specifiers’s Introduction to Formal Methods, IEEE Computer, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 8–24, 1990

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Fuchs, N.E., Schwertel, U., Schwitter, R. (1999). Attempto Controlled English — Not Just Another Logic Specification Language. In: Flener, P. (eds) Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation. LOPSTR 1998. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1559. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48958-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48958-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-65765-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48958-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics