Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 5248))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Maps are an important, everyday medium to communicate spatial information. We are faced with a great variety of different maps used for different purposes. While many of these maps are task-specific and concentrate on specific pieces of information, often they do not support map reading to extract the information relevant for the task at hand. In this paper, we explore the concept of focus maps. This concept has been previously presented with a restricted scope, however it covers a range of different kinds of maps that all focus a map user’s attention on the relevant information, be it specific features or areas. We discuss their general properties and the importance of context for designing such maps, and introduce a toolbox for constructing schematic maps that provides a generic way of generating the different kinds of maps discussed. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence supporting our approach and outline how navigation in 3D virtual environments may benefit from a transfer of the proposed concept of focus maps from 2D to 3D.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Zipf, A., Richter, K.-F.: Using focus maps to ease map reading — developing smart applications for mobile devices. KI Special Issue Spatial Cognition 02(4), 35–37 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tversky, B.: Some ways that maps and diagrams communicate. In: Freksa, C., Brauer, W., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds.) Spatial Cognition II - Integrating Abstract Theories, Empirical Studies, Formal Methods, and Practical Applications, pp. 72–79. Springer, Berlin (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Stea, D., Blaut, J.M., Stephens, J.: Mapping as a cultural universal. In: Portugali, J. (ed.) The Construction of Cognitive Maps, pp. 345–358. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1996)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Mijksenaar, P.: Maps as public graphics: About science and craft, curiosity and passion. In: Zwaga, H.J., Boersema, T., Hoonhout, H.C. (eds.) Visual Information for Everyday Use: Design and Research Perspectives, pp. 211–223. Taylor & Francis, London (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tversky, B., Lee, P.U.: Pictorial and verbal tools for conveying routes. In: Freksa, C., Mark, D.M. (eds.) Spatial Information Theory - Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geopraphic Information Science, Berlin, International Conference COSIT, pp. 51–64. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. MacEachren, A.: How Maps Work: Representation, Visualization and Design. Guilford Press, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hirtle, S.C.: The use of maps, images and ”gestures” for navigation. In: Freksa, C., Brauer, W., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds.) Spatial Cognition II - Integrating Abstract Theories, Empirical Studies, Formal Methods, and Practical Applications, pp. 31–40. Springer, Berlin (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wahlster, W., Baus, J., Kray, C., Krüger, A.: REAL: Ein ressourcenadaptierendes mobiles Navigationssystem. Informatik Forschung und Entwicklung 16, 233–241 (2001)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Schmidt-Belz, B.P.S., Nick, A., Zipf, A.: Personalized and location-based mobile tourism services. In: Workshop on Mobile Tourism Support Systems, Pisa, Italy (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kray, C., Laakso, K., Elting, C., Coors, V.: Presenting route instructions on mobile devices. In: International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2003), pp. 117–124. ACM Press, New York (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Baus, J., Krüger, A., Wahlster, W.: A resource-adaptive mobile navigation system. In: IUI 2002: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, pp. 15–22. ACM Press, New York (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Reichenbacher, T.: The world in your pocket — towards a mobile cartography. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Beijing, China (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Zipf, A.: User-adaptive maps for location-based services (LBS) for tourism. In: Woeber, K., Frew, a., Hitz, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 9th International Conference for Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Innsbruck, Austria, ENTER 2002. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Berendt, B., Barkowsky, T., Freksa, C., Kelter, S.: Spatial representation with aspect maps. In: Freksa, C., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds.) Spatial Cognition 1998. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 1404, pp. 157–175. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Klippel, A., Richter, K.-F., Barkowsky, T., Freksa, C.: The cognitive reality of schematic maps. In: Meng, L., Zipf, A., Reichenbacher, T. (eds.) Map-based Mobile Services - Theories, Methods and Implementations, pp. 57–74. Springer, Berlin (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Freksa, C.: Spatial aspects of task-specific wayfinding maps - a representation-theoretic perspective. In: Gero, J.S., Tversky, B. (eds.) Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, pp. 15–32. University of Sidney, Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Barkowsky, T., Freksa, C.: Cognitive requirements on making and interpreting maps. In: Hirtle, S.C., Frank, A.U. (eds.) COSIT 1997. LNCS, vol. 1329, pp. 347–361. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Berendt, B., Rauh, R., Barkowsky, T.: Spatial thinking with geographic maps: An empirical study. In: Czap, H., Ohly, P., Pribbenow, S. (eds.) Herausforderungen an die Wissensorganisation:Visualisierung, multimediale Dokumente, Internetstrukturen, pp. 63–73. Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Dey, A.K.: Understanding and using context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 5(1), 4–7 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Sarjakoski, L.T., Nivala, A.M.: Adaptation to context - a way to improve the usability of topographic mobile maps. In: Meng, L., Zipf, A., Reichenbacher, T. (eds.) Map-based Mobile Services - Theories, Methods and Implementations, pp. 107–123. Springer, Berlin (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Freksa, C., Klippel, A., Winter, S.: A cognitive perspective on spatial context. In: Cohn, A.G., Freksa, C., Nebel, B. (eds.) Spatial Cognition: Specialization and Integration. Number 05491 in Dagstuhl Seminar Proceedings, Dagstuhl, Germany, Internationales Begegnungs- und Forschungszentrum für Informatik (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Peters, D., Richter, K.F.: Taking off to the third dimension — schematization of virtual environments. International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research (accepted); Special Issue GI-DAYS 2007. Young Researchers Forum, Münster

    Google Scholar 

  23. Elias, B., Paelke, V., Kuhnt, S.: Concepts for the cartographic visualization of landmarks. In: Gartner, G. (ed.) Location Based Services & Telecartography - Proceedings of the Symposium 2005. Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen, TU Vienna, pp. 1149–1155 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Neis, P., Zipf, A.: Realizing focus maps with landmarks using OpenLS services. In: Mok, E., Gartner, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Location Based Services & TeleCartography, Department of Land Surveying & Geo-Informatics. HongKong Polytechnic University (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Klippel, A.: Wayfinding choremes. In: Kuhn, W., Worboys, M.F., Timpf, S. (eds.) COSIT 2003. LNCS, vol. 2825, pp. 320–334. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Klippel, A., Richter, K.-F., Hansen, S.: Wayfinding choreme maps. In: Bres, S., Laurini, R. (eds.) VISUAL 2005. LNCS, vol. 3736, pp. 94–108. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Klippel, A., Richter, K.F.: Chorematic focus maps. In: Gartner, G. (ed.) Location Based Services & Telecartography. Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. Technische Universität Wien, Wien, pp. 39–44 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Schmid, F.: Personalized maps for mobile wayfinding assistance. In: 4th International Symposium on Location Based Services and Telecartography, Hong Kong (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Barkowsky, T., Latecki, L.J., Richter, K.-F.: Schematizing maps: Simplification of geographic shape by discrete curve evolution. In: Freksa, C., Brauer, W., Habel, C., Wender, K.F. (eds.) Spatial Cognition II - Integrating Abstract Theories, Empirical Studies, Formal Methods, and Practical Applications, pp. 41–53. Springer, Berlin (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Li, Z., Ho, A.: Design of multi-scale and dynamic maps for land vehicle navigation. The Cartographic Journal 41(3), 265–270 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kuhnmünch, G., Strube, G.: Wayfinding with schematic maps. Data taken from an article in preparation (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ahles, J., Scherrer, S., Steiner, C.: Selbstlokalisation mit Karten und Orientierung im Gelände. Unpublished report from a seminar held in 2007/08 by C. Hölscher and G. Strube. University of Freiburg (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Slocum, T., Blok, C., Jiangs, B., Koussoulakou, A., Montello, D., Fuhrmann, S., Hedley, N.: Cognitive and usability issues in geovisualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 28(1), 61–75 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Montello, D.R., Hegarty, M., Richerdson, A.E.: Spatial memory of real environments, virtual environments, and maps. In: Allen, G. (ed.) Human spatial memory: Remembering where, pp. 251–285. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Nash, E.B., Edwards, G.W., Thompson, J.A., Barfield, W.: A review of presence and performance in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-computer Interaction 12(1), 1–41 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Darken, R.P., Sibert, J.L.: A toolset for navigation in virtual environments. In: UIST, pp. 158–165 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Darken, R.P., Sibert, J.L.: Wayfinding strategies and behaviours in large virtual worlds. In: CHI, pp. 142–149 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Wiener, J.M., Mallot, H.A.: ’fine-to-coarse’ route planning and navigation in regionalized environments. Spatial Cognition and Computation 3, 331–358 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Coors, V.: Resource-adaptive interactive 3d maps. In: SMARTGRAPH 2002: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Smart graphics, pp. 140–144. ACM, New York (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Christian Freksa Nora S. Newcombe Peter Gärdenfors Stefan Wölfl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Richter, KF., Peters, D., Kuhnmünch, G., Schmid, F. (2008). What Do Focus Maps Focus On?. In: Freksa, C., Newcombe, N.S., Gärdenfors, P., Wölfl, S. (eds) Spatial Cognition VI. Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space. Spatial Cognition 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 5248. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87600-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87601-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics