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Central and Southern Andean Tectonic Evolution Inferred from Arc Magmatism

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The Andes

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

Patterns of spatial distribution, and geochemical and isotopic evolution from subduction-related igneous rocks provide tools for scaling, balancing and predicting orogenic processes and mechanisms. We discuss patterns from two Andean key arc segments, which developed into fundamentally different types of orogens: (1) A plateau-type orogen with thick crust in the central Andes, and (2) a non-plateau orogen with normal crust in the southern Andes.

Northern Chile (21–26° S) shows a collage of stepwise, eastwardmigrating arc axes from 200 Ma to the Present. Each arc is characterized by a repeating sequence of magmatic-tectonic events: Magmatism for 30–40 million years with increasing REE fractionation (increasing La/Yb, La/Sm and Sm/Yb ratios); increasing crust-like initial Sr and Nd isotopes; early-stage, back-arc, alkaline magmatism; and late-stage tectonic activity and (mainly) crustal shortening followed by intra-arc strike-slip fault motion, followed by mineralization and magmatic quiescence for 5–12 million years, before the next main-arc evolved up to 100 km further east. Increasing REE fractionation and crust-like Sr and Nd isotopes correlate with crustal thickening by tectonic shortening and magmatic underplating, from 30–35 km (Jurassic) to 45 km (Eocene) to 70 km thick in the modern central Andes. Episodes of magmatic quiescence for 5–12 million years reflect episodes of flat subduction; the repeated nature of these episodes reflects dynamic subduction cycles including flat subduction, slab steepening, and slab breakoff.

Southern Chile (41–46° S) shows stationary arc magmatism from 200 to 50 Ma; followed by trench retreat and arc widening from 50–28 Ma; arc narrowing from 28–8 Ma; and magmatic quiescence from 8–3 Ma. Volcanism from the Pliocene to the Present was concentrated in a narrow volcanic arc. Moderate crustal shortening occurred from 70–55 Ma (mainly back-arc) and ∼9–8 Ma (intra-arc). REE fractionation patterns (low and constant La/Yb ratios) are similar to those of Jurassic rocks from northern Chile, consistent with crustal thicknesses of 30-35 km. Initial Sr and Nd isotopes between 200 and 20 Ma evolved from crust-like to mantle-like ratios, with a reversal at 20 Ma to more diffuse and crust-like ratios. This pattern can be related to successive isotopic shielding and/or asthenospheric depletion (200-20 Ma), and increasing crustal assimilation (20 Ma to Recent) due to moderate crustal thickening. Similarly to northern Chile, magmatic quiescence from 8-3 Ma may reflect an episode of flat subduction.

The cyclicity of magmatic, isotopic, and tectonic features in northern Chile suggests that rheologic weakening of the lithosphere plays an important role. Shared magmatic-tectonic features of paleo-arcs in northern Chile and regions of subhorizontal in southern Chile suggests that flat slab episodes may be a typical feature of Andean-type margins.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ocean and Planetary Sciences, University School of Earth, Cardiff, UK

    Michael Haschke

  2. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Andreas Günther

  3. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Daniel Melnick, Helmut Echtler & Onno Oncken

  4. Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Klaus-Joachim Reutter

  5. Fachrichtung Geologie, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Ekkehard Scheuber

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  1. Michael Haschke
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  6. Ekkehard Scheuber
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  7. Onno Oncken
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Onno Oncken

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  3. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  4. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Götze

  5. Departamento Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Victor A. Ramos

  6. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Manfred R. Strecker

  7. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Wigger

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© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Haschke, M. et al. (2006). Central and Southern Andean Tectonic Evolution Inferred from Arc Magmatism. In: Oncken, O., et al. The Andes. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_16

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