Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Children’s Recreational Engagement with Nature in South Africa: Implications for Children’s Subjective Well-Being

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Leisure, Physical Activity, Sports, Recreation and Quality of Life

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life ((IHQL))

Abstract

This chapter focuses on merging positive psychology and environmental psychology (sustainability) by exploring children’s recreational engagement with nature and the influence on their subjective well-being. The chapter details two studies conducted in the Western Cape of South Africa, in one rural and two urban communities using participatory methodologies with children. Study 1 aimed to explore how children discursively construct natural spaces and the influence on their subjective well-being using focus group interviews, while Study 2 aimed to explore children’s representations and perceptions of natural spaces using photovoice and community mapping. Four overarching findings identified from both Study 1 and 2 were the following: Children’s mobility in natural spaces: The role of socio-economic status (SES) and threats to children’s safety; Nature as children’s space and the influences on their subjective well-being; Children’s rights and access to safe natural spaces; and Researching children’s environmental views and their subjective well-being in South Africa. Although a fostering and healthy environment for children is a precondition for their well-being, this right is unfulfilled for the majority of children in the South African context. The ability to develop in a safe environment which enhances children’s well-being is unjustly distributed amongst the rich and poor, alluding to the importance of considerations of the place dimension of subjective well-being (SWB). The environmental subjective well-being of children is complemented by considerations of the environmental child rights, which foremost advocates for safer recreational environments for all children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott-Chapman, J., & Robertson, M. (2009). Adolescents’ favourite places: Redefining the boundaries between private and public space. Space and Culture, 12(4), 419–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, S., & Savahl, S. (2015). Children’s perceptions of the natural environment: A South African perspective. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), 196–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alldred, P., & Burman, E. (2005). Analysing children’s accounts using discourse analysis. In S. M. Greene & D. M. Hogan (Eds.), Researching children’s experiences: Approaches and Methods. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amsden, J., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2005). Community mapping as a research tool with youth. Action Research, 3(4), 357–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In R. J. DiClimente & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and methods of behavioural interventions (pp. 25–29). New York: Plenum.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barthel, S., Parker, J., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (2014). Urban gardens: Pockets of social-ecological memory. In K. G. Tidball & M. E. Krasny (Eds.), Greening in the red zone: Disaster, resilience and community greening (pp. 145–158). Dordrecht/Heidelberg: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, F., Wilson, J. S., & Liu, G. C. (2008). Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(6), 547–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A. (2008). The child indicators movement: Past, present and future. Child Indicators Research, 1, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A., Casas, F., Frønes, I., & Korbin, J. E. (2014). Multifaceted concept of child well-being. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frones, & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being: Theories, methods and policies in global perspective (pp. 1–25). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Benwell, M. C. (2009). Challenging minority world privilege: Children’s mobilities in post-apartheid South Africa. Mobilities, 4(1), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, A., Roussouw, J., Claassens, T., & du Plessis, B. (2010). A second look at measuring inequality in South Africa: A modified gini coefficient. School of Development Studies, Working paper (58). University of Kwazulu-Natal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, D. J., & Mayer-Smith, J. (2011). Listening to children: Perceptions of nature. Journal of Natural History Education and Experience, 5, 27–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casas, F. (2000). Quality of life and the life experience of children. In E. Verhellen (Ed.), Understanding children’s rights (pp. 35–49). Ghent: University of Ghent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casas, F., Bello, A., González, M., & Aligué, M. (2013). Children’s subjective well-being measured using a composite index: What impacts Spanish first-year secondary education students’ subjective well-being? Child Indicators Research, 6, 433–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casas, F. (2016). Children, adolescents and quality of life: The social sciences perspective over two decades. In F. Maginno (Ed.), A life devoted to quality of life: Festschrift in honor of Alex C. Michalos (pp. 3–21). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall, M., & Maclaran, P. (1997). Focus group data and qualitative analysis programs: Coding the moving picture as well as the snapshots. Sociological Research Online, 2(1), 1–9. http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/1/6.html.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2002). Insight, creativbity and thoughts on the environment: Integrating children and youth into human settlement development. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2006/1998). Research methods to investigate significant life experiences: Review and recommendations. Environmental Education Research, 12(3–4), 359–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2007). Childhood experiences associated with care for the natural world: A theoretical framework for empirical results. Children, Youth and Environments, 17(4), 144–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2014). Children’s engagement with the natural world as a ground for healing. In K. G. Tidball & M. E. Krasny (Eds.), Greening in the red zone: Disaster, resilience and community greening (pp. 111–124). Springer: Dordrecht/Heidelberg.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. In S. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45–66). London: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, S., & Opotow, S. (Eds.). (2003). Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature. London: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulton, C. J., & Korbin, J. E. (2007). Indicators of child well-being through a neighbourhood lens. Social Indicators Research, 84, 349–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulton, C., & Spilsbury, J. C. (2014). Community and place-based understanding of child well-being. In K. G. Tidball & M. E. Krasny (Eds.), Greening in the red zone: Disaster, resilience and community greening (pp. 1307–1334). Springer Dordrecht: Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lannoy, A., Leibbrandt, M., & Frame, E. (2015a). A focus on Youth: An opportunity to disrupt the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In A. De Lannoy, S. Swartz, L. Lake, & C. Smith (Eds.), South African child gauge 2015 (pp. 22–33). Cape Town: Children’s Institute, UCT.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lannoy, A., Swartz, S., Lake, L., & Smith, C. (Eds.). (2015b). South African child gauge 2015. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Social Development (DSD), department of Women, Children and People with Disabilities (DWCPD), & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2012). Violenve against children in South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Social Development/Department of Women, Children and People with Disabilities/UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinisman, T., Montserrat, C., & Casas, F. (2012). The subjective well-being of Spanish adolescents: Variations according to different living arrangements. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2374–2380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorling, D. (2007). A think piece for the commission on integration and cohesion. The Commission on Integration and Cohesion. Wetherby: Communities and Local Government Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1992). Discursive psychology. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjørtoft, I. (2001). The natural environment as a playground for children: The impact of outdoor play activities in pre-primary school children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(2), 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, T. (2014). The benefits of children’s engagement with nature: A systematic literature review. Children, Youth and Environments, 24(2), 10–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, K., Woolard, I., Lake, L., & Smith, C. (Eds.). (2012). South African child gauge 2012. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M. (2014). Research ethics and the concept of children’s rights. Children & Society, 29, 569–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. (1979). Children’s experience of place. New York, Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. A. (1994). Children’s role in primary environmental care. Childhood, 2, 92–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. (1988). Affordances of children’s environments: A functional approach to environmental description. Children’s Environments Quarterly, 5(3), 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relation self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hordyk, S. R., Dulude, M., & Shema, M. (2014). When nature nurtures children: Nature as a containing and holding space. Children’s Geographies, 13, 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2014.923814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horelli, L. (2007). Constructing a framework for environmental child-friendliness. Children, Youth and Environments, 17(4), 267–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huby, M., & Bradshaw, J. (2006). A review of the environmental dimension of children and young people’s wellbeing. London: Sustainable Development Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, Q., Craig, W., Janssen, I., & Pickett, W. (2013). Exposure to public natural space as a protective factor for emotional well-being among young people in Canada. BMC Public Health, 13, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs, S., & Savahl, S. (2013). A qualitative inquiry investigating adolescents’ sense of hope within a context of violence in a disadvantaged community in Cape Town. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(2), 269–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, A., & James, A. L. (2004). Constructing childhood: Theory, policy and social practice. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • James, A., & Prout, A. (Eds.). (1990). Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, P. H. (2002). Children’s affiliation with nature: Structure, development, and the problem of environmental generational amnesia. In P. H. Kahn & S. R. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations (pp. 93–116). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). Experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York. Republished, 1995, by Ulrich’s, Ann Arbor, Michiga: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (2002). Adolescents and the natural environment: A time out? In P. H. Kahn & S. R. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations (pp. 227–257). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten, L., & van Vliet, W. (2006). Children in the city: Reclaiming the street. Children, Youth and Environments, 16(1), 151–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T. (2011). Ecological challenges, materialistic values, and social change. In R. Biswas-Diener (Ed.), Positive psychology as social change (ch.6) (pp. 89–108). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kellert, S. R. (2005). Nature and childhood development. In S. R. Kellert (Ed.), Building for life designing and understanding the human-nature connection (pp. 63–89). London: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerret, D., Ronen, T., & Orkibi, H. (2014). Green perspective for a hopeful future: Explaining green schools’ contribution to environmental subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 18(2), 82–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjørholt, A. T. (2003). Creating a place to belong: Girls’ and boys’ hut-building as a site for understanding discourses on childhood and generational relations in a Norwegian community. Children’s Geographies, 1(1), 261–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, S. (2009). Forest schools and outdoor play in the early years. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, F. E., & Faber Taylor, A. (2004). A potential natural treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1580–1586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyttä, M. (2003). Children in outdoor contexts. Espoo: Helsinki University of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyttä, M. (2004). The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 179–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littledyke, M. (2002). Primary children’s views on science and environmental cognitive and moral development. Paper presented at the European conference on educational research, University of Lisbon. Retrieved from www.leads.ac.uk/educol/document.html

  • Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. New York: Workman.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall, C., Schiller, W., & Darbyshire, P. (2009). What are our boundaries and where can we play? Perspectives from eight- to ten-year-old Australian metropolitan and rural children. Early Child Development and Care, 179(2), 189–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendrick, J. H. (2014). Geographies of children’s well-being: In, of and for space. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frones, & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being: Theories, methods and policies in global perspective (pp. 279–300). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Minkkinen, J. (2013). The structural model of child well-being. Child Indicators Research, 6(3), 547–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. C. (1986). Childhood’s domain. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montserrat, C., & Casas, F. (2006). Kinship foster care from the perspective of quality of life: Research on the satisfaction of the stakeholders. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(3), 227–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montserrat, C., Casas, F., & Moura, J. F. (2015). Children’s subjective well-being in disadvantaged situations. In E. Fernández, A. Zeira, T. Vechiatto, & C. Canali (Eds.), Theoretical and empirical insights into child and family poverty. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, S. (2008). Children and participation in South Africa: An overview. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 16, 327–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, O. E. (2012). Children and nature. In S. Clayton (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 113–127). London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro, D., Montserrat, C., Malo, S., González, M., Casas, F., & Crous, G. (2015). Subjective well-being: What do adolescents say? Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuys, O. (2003). Growing up between places of work and non-places of childhood: The uneasy relationship. In K. F. Olwig & E. Gullov (Eds.), Children’s places: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 99–118). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordström, M. (2010). Children’s views on child-friendly environments in different geographical, cultural and social neighbourhoods. Urban Studies, 47(3), 514–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkes, J. (2007). The multiple meanings of violence: Children’s talk about life in a South African neighbourhood. Childhood, 14(4), 401–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philo, C. (2000). The corner-stones of my world: Editorial introduction to special issue on spaces of childhood. Childhood, 7(3), 243–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2007). Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: Ecological cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 335(7629), 1080–1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J. & Wetherell, M. (1987/1992). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Punch, S. (2001). Multiple methods and research relations with young people in rural Bolivia. In M. Limb & C. Dwyer (Eds.), Qualitative methodologies for geographers (pp. 165–180). London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgers, N. D., Knowles, Z. R., & Sayers, J. (2012). Encouraging play in the natural environment: A child-focused case study of Forest School. Children’s Geographies, 10(1), 49–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, M. E., Cooper, D., & Walford, R. (2001). Preferred and actual futures: Optimism and pessimism in the UK Land Use Survey. Ethics, Place and Environment, 4(3), 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sancar, F. H., & Severcan, Y. C. (2010). Children’s places: Rural-urban comparisons using participatory photography in the Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey. Journal of Urban Design, 15(3), 293–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandin, B. (2014). History of children’s well-being. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frones, & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being: Theories, methods and policies in global perspective (pp. 31–86).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Savahl, S. (2010). Ideological constructions of childhood. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Bellville: University of the Western Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savahl, S., Malcolm, C., Slembrouk, S., Adams, S., Willenberg, I., & September, R. (2015a). Discourses on well-being. Child Indicators Research, 8(4), 747–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savahl, S., Adams, S., Isaacs, S., September, R., Hendricks, G., & Noordien, Z. (2015b). Subjective well-being amongst a sample of South African children: A descriptive study. Child Indicators Research, 8(1), 211–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, J. (2012). Help for children in distress: Protecting environmental child rights. Germany: Help for Children in distress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scianis, V. (2013). The influence of nature on secondary school students’ subjective well-being in England and Greece. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. London: Department of Geography and Environment, The London School of Economics and Political Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • September, R., & Dinbabo, M. (2008). Gearing up for implementation: A new children’s act for South Africa. Practice: Social Work in Action, 20(2), 113–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • September, R., & Savahl, S. (2009). Children’s perspectives on child well-being. Social Work Practitioner/Researcher, 21(1), 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainton, R. W. (2009). Promoting better childhoods: Constructions of child concern. In M. J. Kehily (Ed.), Introduction to childhood studies (2nd ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics South Africa. (2011). General household survey. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart-Kruger, J. (2000). Growing up in canaansland: Children’s recommendations on improving a squatter camp environment. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart-Kruger, J., & Chawla, L. (2002). We know something someone doesn’t know: Children speak out on local conditions in Johannesburg. Environment and Urbanisation, 14(2), 85–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, J. L., & Philo, C. (2004). Playful spaces? A social geography of children’s play in Livingston, Scotland. Children’s Geographies, 2(1), 111–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tranter, P. J., & Malone, K. (2004). Geographies of environmental learning: An exploration of children’s use of school grounds. Children’s Geographies, 2(1), 131–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venhoeven, L. A., Bolderdijk, J. W., & Steg, L. (2013). Explaining the paradox: How pro-environmental behaviour can both thwart and foster well-being. Sustainability, 5, 1372–1386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdugo, V. C. (2012). The positive psychology of sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, 651–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., & Burris, M. A. (1994). Empowerment through photo novella: Portraits of participation. Health Education & Behavior, 21(2), 171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F., & Wang, D. (2016). Place, geographical context and subjective wellbeing: State of art and future directions. In D. Wang & S. He (Eds.), Mobility, sociability and wellbeing of urban living (pp. 189–230). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C. C., & Redwood-Jones, Y. A. (2001). Photovoice ethics: Perspectives from flint photovoice. Health Education & Behavior, 28(5), 560–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M. (2000). At home with nature: Effects of greenness on children’s cognitive functioning. Environment and Behavior, 32(6), 775–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M. (2014). The role of nature in children’s resilience: Cognitive and social processes. In K. G. Tidball & M. E. Krasny (Eds.), Greening in the red zone: Disaster, resilience and community greening (pp. 95–110). Dordrecht/Heidelberg: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M., & Evans, G. W. (2003). Nearby nature: A buffer of life stress among rural children. Environment and Behavior, 35(3), 311–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M., & Donofrio, G. A. (2011). Urban planning, the natural environment, and public health. In O. N. Jerome (Ed.), Encyclopedia of environmental Health (Vol. 5, pp. 565–575). Burlington: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N. M., & Lekies, K. S. (2006). Nature and the life course: Pathways from childhood nature experiences to adult environmentalism. Children, Youth and Environments, 16(1), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (1946). Constitution of the World Health Organisation (Basic documents, supplement 2006). http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2012.

  • Wilks, J. (2010). Child-friendly cities: A place for active citizenship in geographical and environmental education. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(9), 25–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. A. (1996). Starting early: Environmental education during the early childhood years. ERIC Digest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winnicott, D. W. (1960). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 41(6), 585–595.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

    Sabirah Adams & Shazly Savahl

Authors
  1. Sabirah Adams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shazly Savahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CICS-UP and Master Program in Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Palermo, Argentina

    Lía Rodriguez de la Vega

  2. Physical Education Program, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, San Justo, Argentina

    Walter N. Toscano

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Adams, S., Savahl, S. (2018). Children’s Recreational Engagement with Nature in South Africa: Implications for Children’s Subjective Well-Being. In: Rodriguez de la Vega, L., Toscano, W. (eds) Handbook of Leisure, Physical Activity, Sports, Recreation and Quality of Life. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75529-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75529-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75528-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75529-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation