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Implementing Car-Free Cities: Rationale, Requirements, Barriers and Facilitators

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Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning

Abstract

Cities across the world are beginning to shift away from private cars and towards more sustainable, healthy, just and inclusive mobilities. Hamburg, Oslo and Madrid have recently announced their plans to become (partly) car free. Despite the accepted importance of moving towards such transport systems, many cities struggle with the transition towards becoming car free. We describe the rationale, prerequisites, barriers, facilitators and strategies for car free cities. We describe 9 prerequisites to facilitate the transition towards becoming car free. Compact cities may be easier to refit to car free cities than sprawled cities. The main challenges will be how to change existing infrastructure that was mainly designed for cars to infrastructure for active and public transport, and how to change people’s perceptions, attitudes and behaviors. Retail interest and the car industry may be some of the biggest barriers. More research on cities in the vanguard of becoming car free is needed to urge this transition. Some cities have initiated strategies to create car free spaces. There is a need for creating good and feasible strategies and scenarios, and research evidence which can facilitate the move towards healthier cities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.eltis.org/resources/videos/no-ridiculous-car-trips-malmo-sweden

  2. 2.

    The use of the word efficient can also be a barrier to communication as without defining it, it may refer to traffic flow, government expenses, emissions/pollutants per trip, personal cost per trip, health benefits per trip, etc.

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Acknowledgement

The review was conducted without any specific funding source. We thank James Woodcock for some helpful comments and input into the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain

    Mark Nieuwenhuijsen & Haneen Khreis

  2. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain

    Mark Nieuwenhuijsen & Haneen Khreis

  3. CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

    Mark Nieuwenhuijsen & Haneen Khreis

  4. Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Jeroen Bastiaanssen & Haneen Khreis

  5. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Vancouver, Canada

    Stephanie Sersli

  6. Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada

    E. Owen D. Waygood

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  1. Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
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  3. Stephanie Sersli
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  4. E. Owen D. Waygood
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Correspondence to Mark Nieuwenhuijsen .

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  1. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain

    Mark Nieuwenhuijsen

  2. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health, College Station, Texas, USA

    Haneen Khreis

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Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Bastiaanssen, J., Sersli, S., Waygood, E.O.D., Khreis, H. (2019). Implementing Car-Free Cities: Rationale, Requirements, Barriers and Facilitators. In: Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Khreis, H. (eds) Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9_11

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