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Part of the book series: Springer International Handbooks of Education ((SIHE))

Abstract

The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory had – and has – important influence for the philosophy of education and its different understandings of ‘criticism’. With its aim of being not only socio-critical but also self-reflexive, the concept stands for the objective of questioning forms of power and domination embedded in modern society. Critique thereby focuses on the dialectical analysis of social forms of domination whilst simultaneously searching for possibilities to change and overcome them. In the contribution, we focus on the development of Critical Theory at different points in time, especially on central aspects of the works of Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Jürgen Habermas and Axel Honneth. These comprehensive theories have opened up new ways of rethinking basic subjects of education – like, for example, the relation of individual experiences and social conditions. The second focus lies on the educational discussion, how it has profited from a new political climate influenced by Critical Theory and how the reception made use of certain motifs and works. Finally, we emphasise possibilities to connect Critical Theory with other critical perspectives in the philosophy of education.

Translated by Teresa Behrends.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this chapter, we refer exclusively to the developments of theoretical approaches following the research of the IfS. For this we outline, in particular, the German-speaking reception.

  2. 2.

    Because of the complexities of institutional and other relationships, we will not elaborate on the comings and goings of employees and associates of the IfS from different disciplines like psychology, sociology, (social) philosophy, economics and political science, art, literature and music studies.

  3. 3.

    Early on, Walter Benjamin, who was only loosely associated with the IfS throughout his lifetime, sometimes with tragic consequences, demanded a revision of the Marxian thesis of the historical conditioning of all interpretation – applying not only to the phenomena to be analysed but also to the position of the researcher himself. For any proposition claiming to be true remains “bound to a nucleus of time lying hidden within the knower and the known alike” (Benjamin 2002: 463).

  4. 4.

    From the very beginning, Herbert Marcuse had been contributing to the work on the programmatic integration of psychoanalysis into a critical theory of society. His contributions to the studies of the IfS initially focused on the history of ideas. It was not until 1955 that he tried to combine this integration of psychoanalysis and critical theory with a utopian idea of the “liberated eros” (cf. Marcuse 1955).

  5. 5.

    For current contributions to this debate, see Jaeggi 2005; Honneth 2015.

  6. 6.

    Habermas succeeded Horkheimer in 1964 and was appointed chair of philosophy and sociology at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Honneth has been a professor for social philosophy in Frankfurt since 1996 and has served as director of the IfS since 2001.

  7. 7.

    This concept reflects the fact that societal integration is imposed primarily by economic principles – a fact which is, throughout society, ideologically obscured, so that the experience of the corresponding contradictions, for example, between processes of alienation and the postulate of self-realisation, cannot be adequately expressed (cf. Adorno 1966a/97: 364).

  8. 8.

    It is still a matter of debate whether Honneth’s work itself can live up to these standards. For an overview of the development of Honneth’s theory of recognition, see: cf. Iser 2008: 162ff. For a critical examination, see Fraser and Honneth 2003; Bedorf 2010.

  9. 9.

    Especially Fromm was interested in educational concepts, and from the 1950s onward he became involved in educational projects, for example, in Cuernavaca, Mexiko: “He propagated A. S. Neills ‘Summerhill’, cooperated with Ivan Illich and Paolo Freire in Illichs ‘Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC)’ and reflected on the pedagogy of Father Wasson, who managed an orphanage in his neighbourhood in Cuernavaca” (Funk 1983: 114; cf. Claßen 1991).

  10. 10.

    Although this has not kept readers from ‘finding’ both in the texts (see section “Translations: from critique to educational programmes”).

  11. 11.

    In the following section, we will focus on the German-speaking field of social sciences since the Frankfurt School was considerably influential here, though its impact went further than that. The writings and ideas of Critical Theory have been widely received in many different international contexts, as well, which cannot be discussed here in detail. For further reading, see, for example, the contributions in Kohli 1996, Sünker and Krüger 1999 and Gur-Ze’ev 2005 as well as further references in Peukert 2015; for an overview of the Brazilian sources, see Pucci and de Oliveira Silva (2015).

  12. 12.

    See Adornos lecture of 1959b (2005): The Meaning of Working through the Past (Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit).

  13. 13.

    Moreover, different perspectives aiming at a sociocritical reflection of education and/or Bildung also referred to Marx and Hegel. Especially, the critical philosophy of education of Heinz-Joachim Heydorn (1970/2004; cf. Bünger et al. 2009) can be read in light of parallels and differences to the educational reception of Critical Theory.

  14. 14.

    Important sources are: Dahmer and Klafki (1968); Mollenhauer (1968); Blankertz (1963/1985).

  15. 15.

    In particular, the expansion of the secondary and tertiary education sector, which was developed up to the mid-1970s, and the expansion of comprehensive schools, through which the Federal Republic of Germany sought to connect with international structures in the education system (see Peukert 2015: 187).

  16. 16.

    In his critique of the educational reception of Habermas, Jan Masschelein (1991: 196ff.) has pointed out that such problems are related to a traditional philosophical understanding of action centred around the subject, which obscures the ethical implications of the Habermasian concept of intersubjectivity.

  17. 17.

    Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory (1973) tackles the related question, whether modern art can be the place where the issue of impeded experience can or ought to be broached so that experience becomes accessible by way of its inaccessibility.

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Bünger, C., Mayer, R. (2018). Critical Theory and Its Aftermath. In: Smeyers, P. (eds) International Handbook of Philosophy of Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72761-5_45

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