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Shaping Theoretic Foundations of Holobiont-Like Systems

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Progress in Botany 77

Part of the book series: Progress in Botany ((BOTANY,volume 77))

Abstract

Acknowledging the fact that organisms never evolve in isolation, Zilber-Rosenberg and Rosenberg emphasized the concept of the holobiont, comprising a host organism together with all of its associated microorganisms. Considering the holobiont as being a unit of selection, the hologenome theory of evolution then leads to incorporate Lamarckian aspects into the cycle of adaptation and selection. Nevertheless, the concept of the holobiont carries an implicit temporal dependency. Similar contingencies can be identified for other ideas, e.g., the notion of a supraorganism. Building on ideas from computational thermodynamics and information theory leads to the concept of a holobiont-like system. This notion aims at capturing the essentials of a system of interacting biological agents, being driven by an evolutionary algorithm. The concept can be applied upon several scales, allowing to consider the holobiont sensu stricto as well as full ecosystems. It nicely frames within the metaphor of the adaptive cycle and, thus, leads to deeper insights into sustainability of biological systems.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We use the word “symbiotic” in the original sense of de Bary, i.e., in a neutral sense. Thus, symbiotic relations include mutualistic, commensalistic, and parasitic relationships.

  2. 2.

    Note that etymologically, the Latin word “supra” means “higher” in the sense of ordination, whereas “super” implies a spatial order. Thus, in contrast to the mainly used notion of “superorganism,” we prefer to stay with the notion of a “supraorganism.”

  3. 3.

    Therefore, “natural adaptation” in the genetic context of the theory of evolution is one example of adaptation of a system.

  4. 4.

    “Function” to be understood in the (abstract) mathematical/physical sense not as biological function. To be precise, the term “function of a variable” is used for a mapping of the variable into some space, without the need to further specify the concrete nature of the mapping.

  5. 5.

    The landscape is “coupled” since it results from the superposition of the local fitness landscapes of each individual organism.

  6. 6.

    Note in passing that self-similarity is one of the defining properties of fractals.

  7. 7.

    In contrast to volatile.

  8. 8.

    Holland uses the notion of constrained generating procedures.

  9. 9.

    “Self-similarity” in the sense that the agents in both their states and their rules adapt as well as the system as a whole adapts in its composition of agents and their interactions.

  10. 10.

    In the sense of adaptation through absorption of information (i.e., experience).

  11. 11.

    The authors argue for the invention of a new term: “Since the word hierarchy is so burdened by the rigid, top-down nature of its common meaning, we prefer to invent another term that captures the adaptive and evolutionary nature of adaptive cycles that are nested one within the other across space and time scales. We call them panarchies, drawing on the image of the Greek god Pan—the universal god of nature” (Gunderson and Holling 2002, p. 74).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scientific Computing Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Wolfgang zu Castell

  2. Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

    Wolfgang zu Castell

  3. Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

    Frank Fleischmann

  4. Restoration Ecology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, München, Germany

    Tina Heger

  5. Technische Universitðt Mﺰnchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, 85354, Freising, Germany

    Rainer Matyssek

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  1. Wolfgang zu Castell
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Correspondence to Wolfgang zu Castell .

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  1. FB Biologie, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

    Ulrich Lüttge

  2. Depto. Biología Molecular y, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain

    Francisco M. Cánovas

  3. Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz Wissenscha, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany

    Rainer Matyssek

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zu Castell, W., Fleischmann, F., Heger, T., Matyssek, R. (2016). Shaping Theoretic Foundations of Holobiont-Like Systems. In: Lüttge, U., Cánovas, F., Matyssek, R. (eds) Progress in Botany 77. Progress in Botany, vol 77. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25688-7_7

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