Abstract
In order to predict the risk of a drug-induced side effect prior to the start of a clinic trial, studies in valid pre-clinical models are essential. In the area of neuropsychiatric symptoms, animal models are severely limited and novel approaches are essential if such risks are to be identified before expensive clinical studies are initiated. One of the most serious neuropsychiatric side effects is suicidal ideation and behaviour. A major issue with this area as a whole is that the current methods used in pre-clinical drug safety development are not designed to assess neuropsychiatric side effects, and suitable animal models for suicidal ideation and behaviour have not been well validated. Animal models of depression represent a potentially useful starting point as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder carry the highest risk of suicide. Other behavioural traits associated with suicidal behaviour in man, such as impulsivity and aggression, can also be modelled in animals. This chapter considers the different methodological approaches currently available for rodent studies associated with these behaviours. In particular, translational studies investigating whether changes in cognitive processes implicated in depression may also provide a basis for predicting pro-depressant risk will be considered. We also review the available literature relating to animal studies investigating pro-depressant drug treatments to gauge the degree of predictive validity which these animal models can deliver.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adamczyk P, Gołda A, McCreary AC, Filip M, Przegaliński E (2008) Activation of endocannabinoid transmission induces antidepressant-like effects in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 59:217–228
Ahmed AI, Ali AN, Kramers C, Härmark LV, Burger DM, Verhoeven WM (2013) Neuropsychiatric adverse events of varenicline: a systematic review of published reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 33(1):55–62
Anderson MH, Munafò M, Robinson EJ (2013) Investigating the psychopharmacology of cognitive affective bias in rats using an affective tone discrimination task. Psychopharmacology 226:601–613
Anderson MH, Hardcastle C, Munafò MR, Robinson ES (2012) Evaluation of a novel translational task for assessing emotional biases in different species. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 12:373–381
Anisman H, Matheson K (2005) Stress, depression, and anhedonia: caveats concerning animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29(4–5):525–546
Anisman H, Remington G, Sklar LS (1979) Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 61:107–124
Askew BM (1963) A simple screening procedure for imipramine-like antidepressant agents. Life Sci 2:725–730
Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Fergusson DM, Deavoll BJ, Nightingale SK (1996) Prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders in persons making serious suicide attempts: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry 153:1009–1014
Beck AT (1967) Depression: clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Harper and Row, New York
Beck AT (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New American Library, New York
Berton O, Hahn CG, Thase ME (2012) Are we getting closer to valid translational models for major depression? Science 338:75–79
Berton O, Nestler EJ (2006) New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:137–151
Beyer CE, Dwyer JM, Piesla MJ, Platt BJ, Shen R et al (2010) Depression-like phenotype following chronic CB1 receptor antagonism. Neurobiol Dis 39:148–155
Bizot J, Le Bihan C, Puech AJ, Hamon M, Thiebot M (1999) Serotonin and tolerance to delay of reward in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146:400–412
Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ (2003) What can animal aggression research tell us about human aggression? Horm Behav 44:171–177
Bortolato M, Pivac N, Muck Seler D, Nikolac Perkovic M, Pessia M, Di Giovanni G (2013) The role of the serotonergic system at the interface of aggression and suicide. Neuroscience 16(236):160–185
Bremner JD, McCaffery P (2008) The neurobiology of retinoic acid in affective disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(2):315–331
Brezo J, Paris J, Tremblay R, Vitaro F, Zoccolillo M, Hébert M, Turecki G (2006) Personality traits as correlates of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in young adults. Psychol Med 36:191–202
Cai L, Yan XB, Chen XN, Meng QY, Zhou JN (2010) Chronic all-trans retinoic acid administration induced hyperactivity of HPA axis and behavioral changes in young rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:839–847
Caldarone BJ, Wang D, Paterson NE, Manzano M, Fedolak A et al (2011) Dissociation between duration of action in the forced swim test in mice and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occupancy with sazetidine, varenicline, and 5-I-A85380. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 217:199–210
Cardinal RN, Winstanley WA, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2004) Limbic corticostriatal systems and delayed reinforcement. Ann NY Acad Sci 1021:33–50
Chan SW, Goodwin GM, Harmer CJ (2007) Highly neurotic never-depressed students have negative biases in information processing. Psychol Med 37:1281–1291
Christensen R, Kristensen PK, Bartels EM, Bliddal H, Astrup A (2007) Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 370(9600):1706–1713
Clark L, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ (2009) Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: implications for treatment. Ann Rev Neurosci 32:57–74
Cryan JF, Holmes A (2005) The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:775–790
Cryan JF, Mombereau C, Vassout A (2005a) The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:571–625
Cryan JF, Slattery DA (2007) Animal models of mood disorders: Recent developments. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20:1–7
Cryan JF, Valentino RJ, Lucki I (2005b) Assessing substrates underlying the behavioral effects of antidepressants using the modified ratforced swimming test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29(4–5):547–569
Dalley JW, Mar AC, Economidou D, Robbins TW (2008) Neurobehavioral mechanisms of impulsivity: fronto-striatal systems and functional neurochemistry. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 90(2):250–260
Dearing K, Gotlib I (2009) Interpretation of ambiguous information in girls at risk for depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol 37:79–91
Deroche-Gamonet V, Le Moal M, Piazza PV, Soubrié P (2001) SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, decreases the sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 157(3):254–259
Detke MJ, Rickels M, Lucki I (1995) Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology 121:66–72
DiazGranados N, Ibrahim LA, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Henter ID, Luckenbaugh DA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA Jr (2010) Rapid resolution of suicidal ideation after a single infusion of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 71(12):1605–1611
DSM-V. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington
Eagle DM, Baunez C (2010) Is there an inhibitory-response-control system in the rat? Evidence from anatomical and pharmacological studies of behavioral inhibition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(1):50–72
Elliott R, Zahn R, Deakin JF, Anderson IM (2011) Affective cognition and its disruption in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:153–182
Enkel T, Gholizadeh D, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Sanchis-Segura C, Hurlemann R, Spanagel R et al (2010) Ambiguous-cue interpretation is biased under stress- and depression-like states in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1008–1015
Evenden JL (1999) Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146:348–361
FDA draft guidance, Prospective assessment of occurrence in clinical trials, Revision 1, August 2012 http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/UCM225130.pdf
Ferguson SA, Cisneros FJ, Gough B, Hanig JP, Berry KJ (2005) Chronic oral treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) or all-trans-retinoic acid does not alter depression-like behaviors in rats. Toxicol Sci 87:451–459
Fernando AB, Robbins TW (2011) Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 7:39–61
Flaisher-Grinberg S, Einat H (2007) Strain-specific battery of tests for domains of mania: effects of valproate, lithium and imipramine. Front Psychiatry 1:10
Gamble-George JC, Conger JR, Hartley ND, Gupta P, Sumislawski JJ, Patel S (2013) Dissociable effects of CB1 receptor blockade on anxiety-like and consummatory behaviors in the novelty-induced hypophagia test in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 228:401–409
Garcia LS, Comim CM, Valvassori SS, Réus GZ, Stertz L, Kapczinski F, Gavioli EC, Quevedo J (2009) Ketamine treatment reverses behavioral and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33(3):450–455
Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Morgan LC, Thaler K, Lux L, Van Noord M, Mager U, Thieda P, Gaynes BN, Wilkins T, Strobelberger M, Lloyd S, Reichenpfader U, Lohr KN (2011) Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants for treating major depressive disorder: an updated meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 155(11):772–785
Geyer M, Markou A (1995) Animal Models of psychiatric disorders. In: Bloom F, Kupfer D (eds) Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 787–798
Gotlib IH, Joormann J (2010) Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 6:285–312
Griebel G, Stemmelin J, Scatton B (2005) Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant in models of emotional reactivity in rodents. Biol Psychiatry 57:261–267
Halcomb ME, Gould TD, Grahame NJ (2013) Lithium, but not valproate, reduces impulsive choice in the delay-discounting task in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:1937–1944
Hales CA, Stuart SA, Anderson MH, Robinson ESJ (2014) Modelling cognitive affective biases in major depressive disorder using rodents. Br J Pharmacol. doi: 10.1111/bph.12603
Harding EJ, Paul ES, Mendl M (2004) Animal behaviour: cognitive bias and affective state. Nature 427:312
Harmer CJ, Hill SA, Taylor MJ, Cowen PJ, Goodwin GM (2003) Toward a neuropsychological theory of antidepressant drug action: increase in positive emotional bias after potentiation of norepinephrine activity. Am J Psychiatry 160(5):990–992
Harmer CJ, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ (2009a) Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Br J Psychiatry 195:102–108
Harmer CJ, O’Sullivan U, Favaron E, Massey-Chase R, Ayres R, Reinecke A et al (2009b) Effect of acute antidepressant administration on negative affective bias in depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 166:1178–1184
Harmer CJ (2013) Emotional processing and antidepressant action. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 14:209–222
Hayward G, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2005) Low-dose tryptophan depletion in recovered depressed patients induces changes in cognitive processing without depressive symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 57:517–524
Hendrie C, Pickles A, Stanford SC, Robinson E (2013) The failure of the antidepressant drug discovery process is systemic. J Psychopharmacol 27:407–416
Horder J, Browning M, Di Simplicio M, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2012) Effects of 7 days of treatment with the cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, on emotional processing. J Psychopharmacol 26(1):125–132
Horder J, Cowen PJ, Di Simplicio M, Browning M, Harmer CJ (2009) Acute administration of the cannabinoid CB1 antagonist rimonabant impairs positive affective memory in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 205(1):85–91
Humpston CS, Wood CM, Robinson ES (2013) Investigating the roles of different monoamine transmitters and impulse control using the 5-choice serial reaction time task. J Psychopharmacol 27(2):213–221
Igari M, Alexander JC, Ji Y, Qi X, Papke RL, Bruijnzeel AW (2014) Varenicline and cytisine diminish the dysphoric-like state associated with spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 39(2):455–465
Joormann J, Talbot L, Gotlib IH (2007) Biased processing of emotional information in girls at risk for depression. J Abnorm Psychol 116:135–143
Kelly JP, Wrynn AS, Leonard BE (1997) The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: an update. Pharmacol Ther 74:299–316
Kentner AC, James JS, Miguelez M, Bielajew C (2007) Investigating the hedonic effects of interferon-alpha on female rats using brain-stimulation reward. Behav Brain Res 177:90–99
Kudryavtseva NN, Bakshtanovskaya IV, Koryakina LA (1991) Social model of depression in mice of C57BL/6J strain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:315–320
Leonard BE (1984) The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 36:561–569
Liebman JM (1983) Discriminating between reward and performance: a critical review of intracranial self-stimulation methodology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 17(1):45–72
Magin P, Pond D, Smith W (2005) Isotretinoin, depression and suicide: a review of the evidence. Br J Gen Pract 55(511):134–138
Maier SF, Seligman MEP (1976) Learned helplessness: theory and evidence. J Exp Psychol Gen 105:3–46
Makino M, Kitano Y, Komiyama C, Hirohashi M, Takasuna K (2000) Involvement of central opioid systems in human interferon-alpha induced immobility in the mouse forced swimming test. Br J Pharmacol 130:1269–1274
Malkesman O, Pine DS, Tragon T, Austin DR, Henter ID, Chen G, Manji HK (2009) Animal models of suicide-trait-related behaviors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 30(4):165–173
Marqueling AL, Zane LT (2007) Depression and suicidal behavior in acne patients treated with isotretinoin: a systematic review. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 26(4):210–220
Martin P, Soubrie P, Puech AJ (1990) Reversal of helpless behavior by serotonin uptake blockers in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 101:403–407
Mathews A, MacLeod C (2005) Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 1:167–195
Mathews A, Ridgeway V, Williamson DA (1996) Evidence for attention to threatening stimuli in depression. Behav Res Ther 34:695–705
McArthur and Borsini (2006) Animal models of depression in drug discovery: a historical perspective. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 84(3):436–452
McKinney WT (2001) Overview of the past contributions in animal models and their changing place in psychiatry. Semin Clin Psychiatry 6:68–78
Miczek KA, Maxson SC, Fish EW, Faccidomo S (2001) Aggressive behavioral phenotypes in mice. Behav Brain Res 125:167–181
Mitchell PJ (2005) Antidepressant treatment and rodent aggressive behaviour. Eur J Pharmacol 526:147–162
Mocking RJ, Patrick Pflanz C, Pringle A, Parsons E, McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2013) Effects of short-term varenicline administration on emotional and cognitive processing in healthy, non-smoking adults: a randomized, double-blind, study. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(3):476–484
Moreau JL, Jenck F, Martin JR, Mortas P, Haefely WE (1992) Antidepressant treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anhedonia as assessed by ventral tegmentum self-stimulation behavior in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2:43–49
Mula M, Kanner AM, Schmitz B, Schachter S (2013) Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality: an expert consensus statement from the Task Force on Therapeutic Strategies of the ILAE Commission on Neuropsychobiology. Epilepsia 54(1):199–203
Nathan PJ, O’Neill BV, Napolitano A, Bullmore ET (2011) Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of centrally acting antiobesity drugs. CNS Neurosci Ther 17(5):490–505
Nestler EJ, Gould E, Manji H, Buncan M, Duman RS, Greshenfeld HK et al (2002) Preclinical models: status of basic research in depression. Biol Psychiatry 52:503–528
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2010) Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 13:1161–1169
O'Reilly KC, Shumake J, Gonzalez-Lima F, Lane MA, Bailey SJ (2006) Chronic administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid increases depression-related behavior in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:1919–1927
Ohmura Y, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Kumamoto H, Minami M, Izumi T, Yamaguchi T, Yoshida T, Yoshioka M (2011) Lithium, but not valproic acid or carbamazepine, suppresses impulsive-like action in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 219:421–432
Osman A, Bagge CL, Gutierrez PM, Konick LC, Kopper BA, Barrios FX (2001) The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment 8(4):443–454
Papciak J, Popik P, Fuchs E, Rygula R (2013) Chronic psychosocial stress makes rats more ‘pessimistic’ in the ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm. Behav Brain Res 256:305–310
Paul ES, Harding EJ, Mendl M (2005) Measuring emotional processes in animals: the utility of a cognitive approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:469–491
Pellis SM, McKenna MM (1992) Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on play fighting in rats: effects of dominance, partner’s playfulness, temperament and neonatal exposure to testosterone propionate. Behav Brain Res 50:135–145
Phillips AG, Broekkamp CL, Fibiger HC (1983) Strategies for studying the neurochemical substrates of drug reinforcement in rodents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7(4–6):585–590
Platt JE, Stone EA (1982) Chronic restraint stress elicits a positive antidepressant response on the forced swim test. Eur J Pharmacol 82:179–181
Pollak DD, Rey CE, Monje FJ (2010) Rodent models in depression research: classical strategies and new directions. Ann Med 42:252–264
Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M (1977) Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266:730–732
Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B et al (2011) The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS): internal validity and internal consistency findings from three multi-site studies with adolescents and adults. Am J Psychiatry 168:1266–1277
Posner K, Oquendo MA, Gould M, Stanley B, Davies M (2007) Columbia Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment (C-CASA): classification of suicidal events in the FDA’s pediatric suicidal risk analysis of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 164:1035–1043
Preti A (2011) Animal model and neurobiology of suicide. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(4):818–830
Pringle A, Browning M, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2011) A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:1586–1592
Pumariega, A, U Millsaps, K Posner et al (2011) C-SSRS: Evidence-based method for hospital-based suicide screening. Presented at Eastern nursing research society 23rd annual scientific sessions, Philadelphia, PA
Rademacher DJ, Hillard CJ (2007) Interactions between endocannabinoids and stress-induced decreased sensitivity to natural reward. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31(3):633–641
Reith DM, Edmonds L (2007) Assessing the role of drugs in suicidal ideation and suicidality. CNS Drugs 21(6):463–472
Robbins TW (2002) The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163(3–4):362–380
Robinson OJ, Sahakian BJ (2008) Recurrence in major depressive disorder: a neurocognitive perspective. Psychol Med 38:315–318
Roiser JP, Elliott R, Sahakian BJ (2012) Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:117–136
Roiser JP, Sahakian BJ (2013) Hot and cold cognition in depression. CNS Spectr 18:139–149
Rollema H, Guanowsky V, Mineur YS, Shrikhande A, Coe JW et al (2009) Varenicline has antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test and augments sertraline's effect. Eur J Pharmacol 605:114–116
Rygula R, Abumaria N, Flugge G, Fuchs E, Ruther E, Havemann-Reinecke U (2005) Anhedonia and motivational deficits in rats: impact of chronic social stress. Behav Brain Res 162:127–134
Rygula R, Papciak J, Popik P (2013) Trait pessimism predicts vulnerability to stress-induced anhedonia in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:2188–2196
Rygula R, Pluta H, Popik P (2012) Laughing rats are optimistic. PLoS One 7:e51959
Sammut S, Bethus I, Goodall G, Muscat R (2002) Antidepressant reversal of interferon-alpha-induced anhedonia. Physiol Behav 75:765–772
Sammut S, Goodall G, Muscat R (2001) Acute interferon-alpha administration modulates sucrose consumption in the rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26:261–272
Schaefer GJ, Michael RP (1983) Morphine withdrawal produces differential effects on the rate of lever-pressing for brain self-stimulation in the hypothalamus and midbrain in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18(4):571–577
Schmidt MV, Wang XD, Meijer OC (2011) Early life stress paradigms in rodents: potential animal models of depression? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214:131–140
Semba J, Kuroda Y, Takahashi R (1989) Potential antidepressant properties of subchronic GABA transaminase inhibitors in the forced swimming test in mice. Neuropsychobiology 21:152–156
Sherman AD, Petty F (1982) Additivity of neurochemical changes in learned helplessness and imipramine. Behav Neural Biol 35:344–353
Slattery DA, Cryan JF (2012) Using the rat forced swim test to assess antidepressant-like activity in rodents. Nat Protoc 7:1009–1014
Sockalingam S, Links PS, Abbey SE (2011) Suicide risk in hepatitis C and during interferon-alpha therapy: a review and clinical update. J Viral Hepat 18(3):153–160
Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simo P (1985) The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 85:367–370
Stone M, Laughren T, Jones ML, Levenson M, Holland PC, Hughes A, Hammad TA, Temple R, Rochester G (2009) Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ 339:b2880
Stuart SA, Butler P, Munafò MR, Nutt DJ, Robinson ESJ (2013) A translational rodent assay of affective biases in depression and antidepressant therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:1625–1635
Takamori K, Yoshida S, Okuyama S (2001) Repeated treatment with imipramine, fluvoxamine and tranylcypromine decreases the number of escape failures by activating dopaminergic systems in a rat learned helplessness test. Life Sci 69:1919–1926
Tomasiewicz HC, Mague SD, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA Jr (2006) Behavioral effects of short-term administration of lithium and valproic acid in rats. Brain Res 1093:83–94
Topol EJ, Bousser MG, Fox KA, Creager MA, Despres JP, Easton JD et al (2010) Rimonabant for prevention of cardiovascular events (CRESCENDO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 376:517–523
Trent S, Drew CJ, Mitchell PJ, Bailey SJ (2009) Chronic treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid changes aggressive behaviours in the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19:876–886
Turner JR, Castellano LM, Blendy JA (2010) Nicotinic partial agonists varenicline and sazetidine-A have differential effects on affective behavior. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 334:665–672
Vogel GW, Minter K, Woolwine B (1986) Effects of chronically administered antidepressant drugs on animal behavior. Physiol Behav 36:659–666
Willner P, Muscat R, Papp M (1992) Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16:525–534
Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R (1987) Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 93:358–364
Willner P (1984) The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 83:1–16
Willner P (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134:319–329
Willner P (2005) Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiology 52:90–110
Winstanley CA, Eagle DM, Robbins TW (2006) Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies. Clin Psychol Rev 26:379–395
Wiskerke J, Stoop N, Schetters D, Schoffelmeer AN, Pattij T (2011) Cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation mediates the opposing effects of amphetamine on impulsive action and impulsive choice. PLoS One 6:e25856
Wright WF, Bower GH (1992) Mood effects on subjective probability assessment. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 52:276–291
Zacharko RM, Anisman H (1991) Stressor-induced anhedonia in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 15:391–405
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stuart, S.A., Butler, P., Robinson, E.S.J. (2014). Animal Models of Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Behaviour. In: Cannon, K., Hudzik, T. (eds) Suicide: Phenomenology and Neurobiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09964-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09964-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09963-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09964-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)