Abstract
Sexuality remains an essential aspect of life in older adults and substantially contributes to health outcomes. It is important for healthcare workers to be aware of challenges older adults face in the context of sexuality, to consider possible barriers, and to adequately address issues concerning sexuality when working with older adults. This chapter addresses some of the issues that healthcare workers face in the context of sexuality in older adults and to provide guidance on how to approach them. Barriers to communication often include common misconceptions, such as “older adults do not engage in sex”, “sex is defined as penile-vaginal intercourse”, “orgasm is the only goal of sex”, and “risk of sexually transmitted infections and HIV among older populations is low” and healthcare workers’ awareness of their own knowledge and experience with the subject are discussed. Tools including an evaluation of sexual health services, practical communication tools, and ways to initiate a conversation on sexuality are provided. Guidelines on sexual history taking, an important part of an exam for the patient’s health including sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual activities, potential risk behavior, romantic and sexual partner(s), and signs or symptoms of sexual problems or dysfunctions, are presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
World Health Organization. Aging and health. 2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health#:~:text=By%202050%2C%20the%20world's%20population,in%20this%20age%20group%20worldwide.
World Health Organization. Defining sexual health: report of a technical consultation of sexual health, 28–31 January 2002. Geneva: Sexual health document series; 2006. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/sexual_health/defining_sexual_health.pdf.
Hyde Z, Flicker L, Hankey GJ, Almeida OP, McCaul KA, Chubb SA, Yeap BB. Prevalence of sexual activity and associated factors in men aged 75 to 95 years: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(11):693–702. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-11-201012070-00002.
Grabovac I, Smith L, McDermott DT, Stefanac S, Yang L, Veronese N, Jackson SE. Well-being among older gay and bisexual men and women in England: a cross-sectional population study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(9):1080–1085.e1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.01.119.
Knochel KA, Croghan CF, Moone RP, Quam JK. Training, geography, and provision of aging services to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2012;55(5):426–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2012.665158.
World Health Organization. WHO meeting on ethical, legal, human rights and social accountability implications of self-care interventions for sexual and reproductive health: 12–14 March 2018, Brocher Foundation, Hermance, Switzerland: summary report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
Matthias RE, Lubben JE, Atchison KA, Schweitzer SO. Sexual activity and satisfaction among very old adults: results from a community-dwelling Medicare population survey. Gerontologist. 1997;37(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.1.6.
Smith LJ, Mulhall JP, Deveci S, Monaghan N, Reid MC. Sex after seventy: a pilot study of sexual function in older persons. J Sex Med. 2007;4(5):1247–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00568.x.
Ambler DR, Bieber EJ, Diamond MP. Sexual function in elderly women: a review of current literature. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012;5(1):16–27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582123.
Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, Paik A, Gingell C, Moreira E, Wang T. Sexual problems among women and men aged 40–80y: prevalence and correlates identified in the global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17:39–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901250.
Mulhall JP, Luo X, Zou KH, Stecher V, Galaznik A. Relationship between age and erectile dysfunction diagnosis or treatment using real-world observational data in the USA. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70(12):1012–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12908.
Camacho ME, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Sexual dysfunction in the elderly: age or disease? Int J Impot Res. 2005;17:S52–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901429.
Ni Lochlainn M, Kenny RA. Sexual activity and aging. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(8):565–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.01.022.
Dorner TE, Berner C, Haider S, Grabovac I, Lamprecht T, Fenzl KH, Erlacher L. Sexual health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the association between physical fitness and sexual function: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(6):1103–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-018-4023-3.
Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Association between low back pain and various everyday performances: activities of daily living, ability to work and sexual function. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2019;131(21–22):541–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-01542-7.
Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Esposito K. Diabetes and sexual dysfunction: current perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2014;7:95–105. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S36455.
Palacios S, Castaño R, Grazziotin A. Epidemiology of female sexual dysfunction. Maturitas. 2009;63(2):119–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.04.002.
Tiefer L. Medicalizations and demedicalizations of sexuality therapies. J Sex Res. 2012;49(4):311–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.678948.
Marshall BL. Medicalization and the refashioning of age-related limits on sexuality. J Sex Res. 2012;49(4):337–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.644597.
Goldstein I, Fisher WA, Sand M, Rosen RC, Mollen M, Brock G, et al. Women’s sexual function improves when partners are administered vardenafil for erectile dysfunction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2005;2(6):819–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00147.x.
Skałacka K, Gerymski R. Sexual activity and life satisfaction in older adults. Psychogeriatrics. 2019;19(3):195–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12381.
Nicolosi A, Laumann EO, Glasser DB, Moreira ED, Paik A, Gingell C, Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Investigators' Group. Sexual behavior and sexual dysfunctions after age 40: the global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. Urology. 2004;64(5):991–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.055.
Lindau ST, Gavrilova N. Sex, health, and years of sexually active life gained due to good health: evidence from two US population based cross sectional surveys of ageing. BMJ. 2010;340:c810. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c810.
Bosland MC. The etiopathogenesis of prostatic cancer with special reference to environmental factors. Adv Cancer Res. 1988;51:1–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60220-1.
Brody S. The relative health benefits of different sexual activities. J Sex Med. 2010;7(4 Pt 1):1336–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01677.x.
Brody S, Costa RM. Satisfaction (sexual, life, relationship, and mental health) is associated directly with penile-vaginal intercourse, but inversely with other sexual behavior frequencies. J Sex Med. 2009;6(7):1947–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01303.x.
Brody S, Preut R. Vaginal intercourse frequency and heart rate variability. J Sex Marital Ther. 2003;29(5):371–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230390224747.
Ebrahim S, May M, Ben Shlomo Y, McCarron P, Frankel S, Yarnell J, Davey Smith G. Sexual intercourse and risk of ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease: the Caerphilly study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(2):99–102. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.2.99.
Flynn TJ, Gow AJ. Examining associations between sexual behaviours and quality of life in older adults. Age Ageing. 2015;44(5):823–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv083.
Lê MG, Bachelot A, Hill C. Characteristics of reproductive life and risk of breast cancer in a case-control study of young nulliparous women. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(12):1227–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(89)90121-2.
Palmore EB. Predictors of the longevity difference: a 25-year follow-up. Gerontologist. 1982;22(6):513–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/22.6.513.
Lemieux L, Kaiser S, Pereira J, Meadows LM. Sexuality in palliative care: patient perspectives. Palliat Med. 2004;18(7):630–7. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269216304pm941oa.
Rouanne M, Massard C, Hollebecque A, Rousseau V, Varga A, Gazzah A, et al. Evaluation of sexuality, health-related quality-of-life and depression in advanced cancer patients: a prospective study in a phase I clinical trial unit of predominantly targeted anticancer drugs. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(2):431–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.08.008.
Vitrano V, Catania V, Mercadante S. Sexuality in patients with advanced cancer: a prospective study in a population admitted to an acute pain relief and palliative care unit. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2011;28(3):198–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909110386044.
Tristano AG. Impact of rheumatoid arthritis on sexual function. World J Orthop. 2014;5(2):107–11. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v5.i2.107.
Zhao S, Li E, Wang J, Luo L, Luo J, Zhao Z. Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and Metaanalysis. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(10):1375–82. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170956.
Kelemen A, Cagle J, Chung J, Groninger H. Assessing the impact of serious illness on patient intimacy and sexuality in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2019;58(2):282–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.04.015.
Chung E. Sexuality in ageing male: review of pathophysiology and treatment strategies for various male sexual dysfunctions. Med Sci (Basel). 2019;7(10):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7100098.
Moreira ED, Glasser DB, Gingell C, GSSAB Investigators’ Group. Sexual activity, sexual dysfunction and associated help-seeking behaviours in middle-aged and older adults in Spain: a population survey. World J Urol. 2005;23(6):422–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-005-0035-1.
Smith L, Yang L, Forwood S, Lopez-Sanchez G, Koyanagi A, Veronese N, et al. Associations between sexual activity and weight status: findings from the English longitudinal study of ageing. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0221979. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221979.
Lindau ST, Schumm LP, Laumann EO, Levinson W, O'Muircheartaigh CA, Waite LJ. A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(8):762–74. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa067423.
Træen B, Štulhofer A, Janssen E, Carvalheira AA, Hald GM, Lange T, Graham C. Sexual activity and sexual satisfaction among older adults in four European countries. Arch Sex Behav. 2019;48(3):815–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1256-x.
Owen BN, Brock PM, Butler AR, Pickles M, Brisson M, Baggaley RF, Boily MC. Prevalence and frequency of heterosexual anal intercourse among young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(7):1338–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-0997-y.
Meston CM, Buss DM. Why humans have sex. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(4):477–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2.
Mark K, Herbenick D, Fortenberry D, Sanders S, Reece M. The object of sexual desire: examining the "what" in "what do you desire?". J Sex Med. 2014;11(11):2709–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12683.
Kalra G, Subramanyam A, Pinto C. Sexuality: desire, activity and intimacy in the elderly. Indian J Psychiatry. 2011;53(4):300–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.91902.
Helgason AR, Adolfsson J, Dickman P, Arver S, Fredrikson M, Göthberg M, Steineck G. Sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions and their importance to elderly Swedish men: a population-based study. Age Ageing. 1996;25(4):285–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/25.4.285.
Sandberg L. Just feeling a naked body close to you: men, sexuality and intimacy in later life. Sexualities. 2013;16(3/4):261–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460713481726.
Blumenstock SM, Quinn-Nilas C, Milhausen RR, McKay A. High emotional and sexual satisfaction among partnered midlife Canadians: associations with relationship characteristics, sexual activity and communication, and health. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(3):953–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01498-9.
Roels R, Janssen E. Sexual and relationship satisfaction in young, heterosexual couples: the role of sexual frequency and sexual communication. J Sex Med. 2020;17(9):1643–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.06.013.
Gillespie BJ. Sexual synchronicity and communication among partnered older adults. J Sex Marital Ther. 2017;43(5):441–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2016.1182826.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) Atlas Plus: HIV, hepatitis, STD, TB, social determines of health data. https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/atlas/index.htm.
Johnson BK. Sexually transmitted infections and older adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 2013;39(11):53–60. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20130918-01.
Tillman JL, Mark HD. HIV and STI testing in older adults: an integrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24(15–16):2074–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12797.
Gott M, Hinchliff S, Galena E. General practitioner attitudes to discussing sexual health issues with older people. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58(11):2093–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.025.
Dogan S, Demir B, Eker E, Karim S. Knowledge and attitudes of doctors toward the sexuality of older people in Turkey. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(5):1019–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610208007229.
Mahieu L, de Casterlé BD, Acke J, Vandermarliere H, Van Elssen K, Fieuws S, Gastmans C. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward aged sexuality in Flemish nursing homes. Nurs Ethics. 2016;23(6):605–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733015580813.
Fürst J, Krall H. Sexualität – ein vernachlässigtes Thema in der psychodrama Ausbildung? [sexuality – a neglected topic in psychodrama training?]. Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie. 2012;11:25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11620-012-0141-1.
Roberts M. Balint groups: a tool for personal and professional resilience. Can Fam Physician. 2012;58(3):245–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22423015.
Barrett C. Auditing organisational capacity to promote the sexual health of older people. Electron J Appl Psychol. 2011;7(1):31–6. https://doi.org/10.7790/ejap.v7i1.233.
Watzlawick P, Beavin Bavelas J, Jackson D. Pragmatics of human communication - a study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York: W. W. Norton; 2011.
Lambert MJ, Barley DE. Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy. 2001;38:357–61.
Rogers CR. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. J Consult Psychol. 1957;21(2):95–103.
Rogers CR, Farson RE. Active listening. Chicago: University of Chicago Industrial Relations Center; 1957.
Bachmair S, Faber J, Henning C, Kolb R, Willig W. Beraten will gelernt sein. Ein praktisches Lehrbuch für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene. 3rd ed. Weinheim: Beltz; 1999.
Dahmer H, Dahmer J. Gesprächsführung. Eine praktische Anleitung. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1999.
Schulz von Thun F. Miteinander reden: Störungen und Klärungen. Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation. Reinbek: Rowohlt; 1981.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) A guide to taking a sexual history. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/12303.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mües, H.M., Kirchheiner, K., Grabovac, I. (2023). Promotion of Sex in Older Adults. In: Smith, L., Grabovac, I. (eds) Sexual Behaviour and Health in Older Adults. Practical Issues in Geriatrics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21029-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21029-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-21028-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-21029-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)