Abstract
To protect the host against invading pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites as well as against tumor cells, the immune system of vertebrates has to distinguish between self and non-self, but also between harmless and dangerous. To do so, the immune system developed an innate and an adaptive branch that provide immediate and long-lasting protection, respectively. Furthermore, the immune system is composed of different cell types, which are specialized to combat different threats, and it is located at strategic locations to manage surveillance of the whole body. Therefore, immune cells need to communicate with each other. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) proteins are important components of intracellular signaling networks that convey messages from other cells in the receiving cell into biological responses. Within the 7 years that have passed since my first overview about Gadd45 proteins in the immune system, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the immune system and with respect to Gadd45 proteins. Therefore, it is time for an update—Gadd45 proteins in immunity 2.0. In order to put Gadd45 proteins into the context of the immune system, I will first give a brief introduction into the immune system. Afterwards, I will give a brief introduction into Gadd45 proteins. For deeper insight, I refer to the other chapters of this book. The third section discusses the role of Gadd45 proteins in myeloid and lymphoid cells. The last two sections will be on the function of Gadd45 proteins in infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunology.
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Abbreviations
- AID:
-
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
- ALV-J:
-
J subgroup avian leukemia virus
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- APC:
-
Antigen presenting cell
- ASK1:
-
Apoptosis signaling kinase 1
- ATG:
-
Autophagy-related
- BAC:
-
Bacterial artificial chromosome
- Bcl-xL:
-
B cell lymphoma x large
- Cbl-b:
-
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene b
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation
- CD4+:
-
Cluster of differentiation 4-positive
- CD40L:
-
Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand
- CD8+:
-
Cluster of differentiation 8-positive
- c-FLIP:
-
Cellular FLICE inhibitory protein
- CLR:
-
C-type lectin receptor
- CpG:
-
Cytosine phosphate guanosine dinucleotide motif
- CR6:
-
Cytokine response gene 6
- CTL:
-
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DISC:
-
Death-inducing signaling complex
- EAE:
-
Experimental autoimmune enceph-alomyelitis
- Egr:
-
Early growth response
- fMLP:
-
N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine
- Gadd45:
-
Growth arrest and DNA damage 45
- GRAIL:
-
Gene related to anergy in lymphocytes protein
- HIV-1:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus 1
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- IRF4:
-
Interferon responsive factor 4
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAP2K:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MAP3K:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MEKK4:
-
MAPK/ERK kinase kinase 4
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- MKK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- MOG:
-
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- MPN:
-
Myeloproliferative neoplasm
- MTK1:
-
MAP Three Kinase 1
- Myd118:
-
Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 118
- NFAT:
-
Nuclear factor of activated T cells
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor κB
- NKT:
-
Natural killer T cell
- NLR:
-
Nod-like receptor
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PCNA:
-
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDAC:
-
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PRR:
-
Pattern recognition receptor
- RCE1:
-
RAS converting enzyme 1
- RLR:
-
Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor
- RNP:
-
Ribonucleoprotein
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SLE:
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- SNP:
-
Single nucleotide polymorphism
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TCR:
-
T cell receptor
- TDG:
-
Thymine DNA glycosylase
- TET:
-
Ten eleven translocator
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- Th:
-
T helper
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TNFR1:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- vMIA:
-
Viral mitochondrial-localized inhibitor of apoptosis
- XPG:
-
Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G; a.k.a. RECC5
- ZAP-70:
-
Zeta-chain associated protein of 70 kDa
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Schmitz, I. (2022). Gadd45 Proteins in Immunity 2.0. In: Zaidi, M.R., Liebermann, D.A. (eds) Gadd45 Stress Sensor Genes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1360. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_5
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