Abstract
There is not yet sufficient knowledge on how people want to be driven in a highly automated vehicle. Currently, trajectory behaviour as one part of the driving style is mostly implemented as a lane-centric position of the vehicle in the lane, but drivers show quite different preferences, especially with oncoming traffic and in curves. A driving simulator study was conducted to investigate seemingly natural reactive driving trajectories in curves on rural roads in an oncoming traffic scenario to better understand people’s preferences regarding driving styles. 46 subjects experienced different lateral offsets in curves in three different oncoming traffic scenarios either on a 3.00 m or on a 3.50 m lane width. The test track consisted of 12 right and 18 left curves with an oncoming truck, car or none oncoming vehicle in balanced order. Results show that reactive trajectory behaviour and wider lane widths lead to significantly higher perceived safety. Even though drivers tend to shift their lateral position in curves in manual driving situations, they do not want the automated vehicle to cut curves and hit the apex. On the other hand, they also do not wish to get close to the road side, as seen in manual driving, too. We recommend an adaptive driving trajectory, which modifies trajectory behaviour on different lane widths and adjusts its behaviour on type and position of oncoming vehicles. The results of the study help to design an accepted, preferred and trustfully trajectory behaviour for highly automated vehicles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Banks, V.A., Stanton, N.A.: Keep the driver in control: automating automobiles of the future. Appl. Ergon. 53, 389–395 (2015)
Elbanhawi, M., Simic, M., Jazar, R.: In the passenger seat: investigating ride comfort measures in autonomous cars. IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag. 7(3), 4–17 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2015.2405571
Gasser, T.M.: Herausforderung automatischen Fahrens und Forschungsschwerpunkte. 6. Tagung Fahrerassistenz, München (2013)
Radlmayr, J., Bengler, K.: Literaturanalyse und Methodenauswahl zur Gestaltung von Systemen zum hochautomatisierten Fahren. FAT-Schriftenreihe, vol. 276. VDA, Berlin (2015)
Siebert, F.W., Oehl, M., Höger, R., Pfister, H.-R.: Discomfort in automated driving – the disco-scale. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) HCI International 2013 - Posters’ Extended Abstracts, vol. 374, pp. 337–341. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39476-8_69
Festner, M., Baumann, H., Schramm, D.: Der Einfluss fahrfremder Tätigkeiten und Manöverlängsdynamik auf die Komfort- und Sicherheitswahrnehmung beim hochautomatisierten Fahren. In: 32nd VDI/VW- Gemeinschaftstagung Fahrerassistenz und automatisiertes Fahren, Wolfsburg (2016)
Griesche, S., Nicolay, E., Assmann, D., Dotzauer, M., Käthner, D.: Should my car drive as i do? What kind of driving style do drivers prefer for the design of automated driving functions? In: Contribution to 17th Braunschweiger Symposium Automatisierungssysteme, Assistenzsysteme und eingebettete Systeme für Transportmittel (AAET), ITS automotive nord e.V., pp. 185–204 (2016). ISBN: 978-3-937655-37-6
Bellem, H., Schönenberg, T., Krems, J.F., Schrauf, M.: Objective metrics of comfort: developing a driving style for highly automated vehicles. Transp. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 41, 45–54 (2016)
Hartwich, F., Beggiato, M., Dettmann, A., Krems, J.F.: Drive me comfortable: customized automated driving styles for younger and older drivers. 8. VDI-Tagung “Der Fahrer im 21. Jahrhundert“ (2015)
Bellem, H., Klüver, M., Schrauf, M., Schöner, H.-P., Hecht, H., Krems, J.F.: Can we study autonomous driving comfort in moving-base driving simulators? A Valid. Stud. Hum. Factors 59(3), 442–456 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816682647
Lex, C., et al.: Objektive Erfassung und subjektive Bewertung menschlicher Trajektoriewahl in einer Naturalistic Driving Study. VDI-Berichte Nr. 2311, pp. 177–192 (2017)
Spacek, P.: Track behavior in curve areas: attempt at typology. J. Transp. Eng. 131(9), 669–676 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:9(669)
Dijksterhuis, C., Stuiver, A., Mulder, B., Brookhuis, K.A., de Waard, D.: An adaptive driver support system: user experiences and driving performance in a simulator. Hum. Factors 54(5), 772–785 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720811430502
Mecheri, S., Rosey, F., Lobjois, R.: The effects of lane width, shoulder width, and road cross-sectional reallocation on drivers’ behavioral adaptations. Accid. Anal. Prev. 104, 65–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.019
Schlag, B., Voigt, J.: Auswirkungen von Querschnittsgestaltung und längsgerichteten Markierungen auf das Fahrverhalten auf Landstrassen. Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen. Unterreihe Verkehrstechnik (249) (2015)
Rossner, P., Bullinger, A.C.: Drive me naturally: design and evaluation of trajectories for highly automated driving manoeuvres on rural roads. Technology for an Ageing Society, Postersession Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter 2018 Annual Conference, Berlin (2018)
Rossner, P., Bullinger, A.C.: Do you shift or not? Influence of trajectory behaviour on perceived safety during automated driving on rural roads. In: Krömker, H. (ed.) HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems, vol. 11596, pp. 245–254. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22666-4_18
Roßner, P., Bullinger, A.C.: Does driving experience matter? Influence of trajectory behaviour on drivers’ trust, acceptance and perceived safety in automated driving. Understanding human behaviour in complex systems, In: de Waard, D., et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter 2019 Annual Conference (2020). ISSN: 2333-4959
Rossner, P., Bullinger, A.C.: I care who and where you are – influence of type, position and quantity of oncoming vehicles on perceived safety during automated driving on rural roads. In: Krömker, H. (ed.) HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems. Driving Behavior, Urban and Smart Mobility. LNCS, vol. 12213, pp. 61–71. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50537-0_6
Rosey, F., Auberlet, J.M., Moisan, O., Dupré, G.: Impact of narrower lane width comparison between fixed-base simulator and real data. Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board 2138(1), 112–119 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3141/2138-15
Spacek, P.: Fahrverhalten und Unfälle in Kurven - Fahrverhalten in Kurvenbereichen (Straßenverkehrstechnik, Bd. 2). VSS. Verfügbar unter, Zürich (1999). https://books.google.de/books?id=rCD1HgAACAAJ
Bella, F.: Speeds and lateral placements on two-lane rural roads: analysis at the driving simulator. In: 13th International Conference “Road Safety on Four Continents” (2005)
Bella, F.: Driver perception of roadside configurations on two-lane rural roads: effects on speed and lateral placement. Accid. Anal. Prev. 50, 251–262 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.04.015
Triggs, T.J.: The effect of approaching vehicles on the lateral position of cars travelling on a twolane rural road. Aust. Psychol. 32(3), 159–163 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069708257375
Räsänen, M.: Effects of a rumble strip barrier line on lane keeping in a curve. Accid. Anal. Prev. 37(3), 575–581 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.02.001
Vetters, A.: Die neuen “Richtlinien für die Anlage von Landstraßen” RAL - Stand 2012. Zugriff am 28.10.2019. Verfügbar unter (2012). http://www.vsvi-mv.de/fileadmin/Medienpool/Seminarunterlagen/Seminare_2012/Vortrag_1_-_neue_RAL_Frau_Vetters.pdf
Voß, G., Schwalm, M.: Bedeutung kompensativer Fahrerstrategien im Kontext automatisierter Fahrfunktionen. Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Fahrzeugtechnik Heft F 118 (2017). ISBN 978-3-95606-327-5
Leutzbach, W., Maier, W., Döhler, M.: Untersuchung des Spurverhaltens von Kraftfahrzeugen auf Landstraßen durch Verfolgungsfahrten. Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen und Verkehrswesen. Straße und Autobahn, Heft 8 (1981)
Köhler, B.: Auswirkungen der Wahrnehmung von Markierungskonstellationen auf das Fahrverhalten in Arbeitsstellen auf Bundesautobahnen. Diss., Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie. Karlsruhe (2017)
Acknowledgements
This research was partially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (research project: KomfoPilot, funding code: 16SV7690K). The sponsor had no role in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the submission of the paper for publication. We are very grateful to Maximilian Hentschel for his assistance in driving simulation programming.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rossner, P., Friedrich, M., Bullinger, A.C. (2021). Hitting the Apex Highly Automated? – Influence of Trajectory Behaviour on Perceived Safety in Curves. In: Stephanidis, C., et al. HCI International 2021 - Late Breaking Papers: HCI Applications in Health, Transport, and Industry. HCII 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13097. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90966-6_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90966-6_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90965-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90966-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)