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Industrial Uses of Opuntia spp. By-products

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Opuntia spp.: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Industrial Applications

Abstract

Prickly pear cactus stems, better known as Nopal (Opuntia spp.), is spread around the world as feedstock. It has multiple functional compounds which could be applied in functional foods or as source of nutraceuticals. Nopal application in sugar-based confectionery, bakery and dairy products improved the quality and sensorial attributes and provided bio-functional activities. In addition to applications in pharmaceuticals industry, the stems have been used since ancient time mainly as cattle fodder, fence, to purify water and to restore or control erosion of arid and semiarid lands. As cattle fodder, solid-state fermentation of stems increased the crude protein content up to 26%. As coagulant-bioflocculant nopal biopolymers are applied to water treatment to remove turbidity, suspended solids, organic carbon, kaolin, lead, arsenic, heavy metal ions, pesticide, dyes, and bacteria. Restoration of natural ecosystems with nopal produces besides a tolerant forage to drought conditions, ecological benefits like carbon capture and decreasing the global warming. Another application of nopal is to improve house paint. It is friendly with environment and works for waterproofing. Natural dyes present in fruits, like betalains, are used as natural food colorants. The mucilage of Opuntia spp. has been used to fix colors of dyed fabrics. The stems and their polysaccharides could be used in (a) bio-nano-packaging for the elaboration of coatings and biodegradable-edible films to extend shelf life of fresh, frozen and processed food, and (b) vegan leather with adequate softness. The stems also could be used as a source of enzymes in the dairy sector. In construction, cactus provides benefits in adobes, mortars and concrete reinforcing steel, improves water absorption, enhances freeze-salt resistance, and delays corrosion. In restoring historical buildings and monolith, nopal is used for impregnation of minerals (consolidation). Nopal extracts, mucilage and pectin are used as redox agent to synthetized metal nanoparticles (Li, Ag, Au, hydroxyapatite and ZnFe2O4). Nopal has been assessed as resource to generate biofuels: bioethanol from lignocellulosic material, biogas from polysaccharides, biodiesel form seed oils, and electricity from nopal biogas effluent. An electrochemical cell has been fabricated using cactus stems as an electrolyte. Betacyanin from fruit and aerobic fermented nopal extracts showed photosensitizer properties with applications as dye-sensitized solar cell and holography. The industrial uses of Opuntia spp. stems are described in this chapter. The potential technological uses of these plant and its derivatives are also discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phytochemical and Bioproducts Laboratory, National Autonomous University of México, México City, México

    Juan Carlos Guevara-Arauza

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  1. Juan Carlos Guevara-Arauza
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  1. Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan

  2. Food Technology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Tamer E. Moussa Ayoub

  3. Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Sascha Rohn

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Guevara-Arauza, J.C. (2021). Industrial Uses of Opuntia spp. By-products. In: Ramadan, M.F., Ayoub, T.E.M., Rohn, S. (eds) Opuntia spp.: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Industrial Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78444-7_37

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