Abstract
A machine vision system for detecting apples in orchards was developed. The system designed for use in harvesting robots is based on a YOLOv3 algorithm modification with pre- and postprocessing. As a result, apples that are blocked by leaves and branches, green apples on a green background, darkened apples are detected. Apple detection time averaged 19 ms with 90.8% Recall (fruit detection rate), and 7.8% FPR.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bechar, A., Vigneault, C.: Agricultural robots for field operations: concepts and components. Biosyst. Eng. 149, 94–111 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.06.014
Sistler, F.E.: Robotics and intelligent machines in agriculture. IEEE J. Robot. Autom. 3(1), 3–6 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087074
Ceres, R., Pons, J., Jiménez, A., Martín, J., Calderón, L.: Design and implementation of an aided fruit-harvesting robot (Agribot). Ind. Robot 25(5), 337–346 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1108/01439919810232440
Edan, Y., Han, S.F., Kondo, N.: Automation in agriculture. In: Springer Handbook of Automation, pp. 1095–1128. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_63
Grift, T., Zhang, Q., Kondo, N., Ting, K.C.: A review of automation and robotics for the bio-industry. J. Biomechatronics Eng. 1(1), 37–54 (2008). http://journal.tibm.org.tw/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2.-automation-and-robotics-for-the-bio-industry.pdf. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Mao, W.H., Ji, B.P., Zhan, J.C., Zhang, X.C., Hu, X.A.: Apple location method for the apple harvesting robot. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing – CIPE 2009, Tianjin, China, 7–19 October 2009, pp. 17–19 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2009.5305224
Bulanon, D.M., Kataoka, T.: A fruit detection system and an end effector for robotic harvesting of Fuji apples. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J. 12(1), 203–210 (2010). https://cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/1285/1319. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Wei, X., Jia, K., Lan, J., Li, Y., Zeng, Y., Wang, C.: Automatic method of fruit object extraction under complex agricultural background for vision system of fruit picking robot. Optics 125(12), 5684–5689 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.07.001
Zhao, Y.S., Gong, L., Huang, Y.X., Liu, C.L.: A review of key techniques of vision-based control for harvesting robot. Comput. Electron. Agric. 127, 311–323 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.06.022
Bulanon, D.M., Burks, T.F., Alchanatis, V.: Image fusion of visible and thermal images for fruit detection. Biosyst. Eng. 103(1), 12–22 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.02.009
Wachs, J.P., Stern, H.I., Burks, T., Alchanatis, V.: Low and high-level visual feature-based apple detection from multi-modal images. Precision Agric. 11, 717–735 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-010-9198-x
Wachs, J.P., Stern, H.I., Burks, T., Alchanatis, V.: Apple detection in natural tree canopies from multimodal images. In: Proceedings of the 7th Joint International Agricultural Conference – JIAC 2009, Wageningen, Netherlands, 6–8 July 2009, pp. 293–302 (2009). http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~jpwachs/papers/2009/ApplesDetection_FullPaper_revised.pdf. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Whittaker, A.D., Miles, G.E., Mitchell, O.R.: Fruit location in a partially occluded image. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 30(3), 591–596 (1987). https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.30444
Xie, Z.Y., Zhang, T.Z., Zhao, J.Y.: Ripened strawberry recognition based on Hough transform. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach. 38(3), 106–109 (2007)
Xie, Z., Ji, C., Guo, X., Zhu, S.: An object detection method for quasi-circular fruits based on improved Hough transform. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach. 26(7), 157–162 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.7.028
Kelman, E.E., Linker, R.: Vision-based localization of mature apples in tree images using convexity. Biosyst. Eng. 118(1), 174–185 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.11.007
Xie, Z., Ji, C., Guo, X., Zhu, S.: Detection and location algorithm for overlapped fruits based on concave spots searching. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach. 42(12), 191–196 (2011)
Zhao, J., Tow, J., Katupitiya, J.: On-tree fruit recognition using texture properties and color data. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Edmonton, Canada, 2–6 August 2005, pp. 263–268 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/iros.2005.1545592
Parrish, E.A., Goksel, J.A.K.: Pictorial pattern recognition applied to fruit harvesting. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 20(5), 822–827 (1977). https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.35657
Sites, P.W., Delwiche, M.J.: Computer vision to locate fruit on a tree. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 31(1), 257–263 (1988). https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.30697
Bulanon, D.M., Kataoka, T., Okamoto, H., Hata, S.: Development of a real-time machine vision system for apple harvesting robot. In: Society of Instrument and Control Engineers Annual Conference, Sapporo, Japan, 4–6 August 2004, pp. 595–598 (2004). https://doi.org/10.11499/sicep.2004.0_108_5
Seng, W.C., Mirisaee, S.H.: A new method for fruits recognition system. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics – ICEEI 2009, Selangor, Malaysia, 5–7 August 2009, vol. 1, pp. 130–134 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/iceei.2009.5254804
Linker, R., Cohen, O., Naor, A.: Determination of the number of green apples in RGB images recorded in orchards. Comput. Electron. Agric. 81(1), 45–57 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2011.11.007
Ji, W., Zhao, D., Cheng, F.Y., Xu, B., Zhang, Y., Wang, J.: Automatic recognition vision system guided for apple harvesting robot. Comput. Electr. Eng. 38(5), 1186–1195 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2011.11.005
Tao, Y., Zhou, J.: Automatic apple recognition based on the fusion of color and 3D feature for robotic fruit picking. Comput. Electron. Agric. 142(A), 388–396 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.09.019
Zhan, W.T., He, D.J., Shi, S.L.: Recognition of kiwifruit in field based on Adaboost algorithm. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. 29(23), 140–146 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.23.019
Zhao, Y.S., Gong, L., Huang, Y.X., Liu, C.L.: Robust tomato recognition for robotic harvesting using feature images fusion. Sensors 16(2), 173–185 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/s16020173
Zhao, Y.S., Gong, L., Huang, Y.X., Liu, C.L.: Detecting tomatoes in greenhouse scenes by combining AdaBoost classifier and colour analysis. Biosyst. Eng. 148(8), 127–137 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.05.001
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 – NIPS 2012, Harrahs and Harveys, Lake Tahoe, Canada, 3–8 December 2012, pp. 1–9 (2012). https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks.pdf. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In: International Conference on Learning Representations – ICLR 2015, San Diego, California, USA, 7–9 May 2015, pp. 1–14 (2015). https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Williams, H.A.M., Jones, M.H., Nejati, M., Seabright, M.J., MacDonald, B.A.: Robotic kiwifruit harvesting using machine vision, convolutional neural networks, and robotic arms. Biosyst. Eng. 181, 140–156 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.03.007
Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., Farhadi, A.: You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In: 29th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition – CVPR 2016, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 26 June–1 July 2016, pp. 779–788 (2016). https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02640. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., Farhadi, A.: YOLOv3: an incremental improvement. In: 31th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition – CVPR 2018, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 18–22 June 2018, pp. 1–6 (2018). https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02767. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Tian, Y., Yang, G., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Li, E., Liang, Z.: Apple detection during different growth stages in orchards using the improved YOLO-V3 model. Comput. Electron. Agric. 157, 417–426 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.01.012
Tian, Y., Yang, G., Wang, Z., Li, E., Liang, Z.: Detection of apple lesions in orchards based on deep learning methods of CycleGAN and YOLO-V3-Dense. J. Sens. 2019, 1–14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7630926
Huang, G., Liu, Zh., van der Maaten, L., Weinberger, K.Q.: Densely connected convolutional networks. In: 30th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition – CVPR 2017, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 22–25 July 2017, pp. 1–9 (2017). https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06993. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Kang, H., Chen, C.: Fruit detection, segmentation and 3D visualization of environments in apple orchards. Comput. Electron. Agric. 171, article 105302 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105302
Wan, S., Goudos, S.: Faster R-CNN for multi-class fruit detection using a robotic vision system. Comput. Netw. 168, article 107036 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2019.107036
COCO: Common Objects in Context Dataset. http://cocodataset.org/#overview. Accessed 19 Apr 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kuznetsova, A., Maleva, T., Soloviev, V. (2020). Detecting Apples in Orchards Using YOLOv3. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2020. ICCSA 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12249. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58799-4_66
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58799-4_66
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58798-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58799-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)