Abstract
Circadian research and diagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders rely on standardized, objective measurements of circadian rhythms. Some measurement methodologies, such as wrist actigraphy, are widely available, whereas others, e.g., endogenous circadian phase determination using the onset of melatonin secretion, are used more commonly in research settings. This chapter reviews the various tools and techniques used by researchers and clinicians to evaluate physiologic circadian measures and to assess patients presenting with circadian sleep-wake disorders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Academy of Sleep Medicine, editor. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
Roebuck A, Monasterio V, Gederi E, Osipov M, Behar J, Malhotra A, et al. A review of signals used in sleep analysis. Physiol Meas. 2014;35(1):R1–57.
Ancoli-Israel S, Cole R, Alessi C, Chambers M, Moorcroft W, Pollak CP. The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep. 2003;26(3):342–92.
Youngstedt SD, Kripke DF, Elliott JA, Klauber MR. Circadian abnormalities in older adults. J Pineal Res. 2001;31:264–72.
Cole RJ, Smith JS, Alcala YC, Elliott JA, Kripke DF. Bright-light mask treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome. J Biol Rhythms. 2002;17(1):89–101.
Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Richardson GS, Tate BA, Seifer R. An approach to studying circadian rhythms of adolescent humans. J Biol Rhythms. 1997;12(3):278–89.
Carskadon MA, Wolfson A, Acebo C, Tzischinsky O, Seifer R. Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days. Sleep. 1998;21(8):871–81.
Scargle JD. Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II – statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data. Astrophys J. 1982;263:835–53.
Refinetti R, Lissen GC, Halberg F. Procedures for numerical analysis of circadian rhythms. Biol Rhythm Res. 2007;38(4):275–325.
Enright J. The search for rhythmicity in biological time-series. J Theor Biol. 1965;8(3):426–68.
Sokolove PG, Bushell WN. The chi square periodogram: its utility for analysis of circadian rhythms. J Theor Biol. 1978;72(1):131–60.
Shono M, Shono H, Ito Y, Muro M, Maeda Y, Sugimori H. A new periodogram using one-way analysis of variance for circadian rhythms. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;54(3):307–8.
Marino M, Li Y, Rueschman MN, Winkelman JW, Ellenbogen JM, Solet JM, Dulin H, et al. Measuring sleep: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of wrist actigraphy compared to polysomnography. Sleep. 2013;36(11):1747–55.
Littner M, Kushida CA, Anderson WM, Bailey D, Berry RB, Davila DG, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms: an update for 2002. Sleep. 2003;26(3):337–41.
Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Aurora N, Boehlecke B, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the AASM. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1445–59.
Aschoff J, Fatranská M, Giedke H, Doerr P, Stamm D, Wisser H. Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness: entrainment by social cues. Science. 1971;171(3967):213–5.
Oh JH, Yoo H, Park HK, Do YR. Analysis of circadian properties and healthy levels of blue light from smartphones at night. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11325.
Higgins PA, Winkelman C, Lipson AR, Guo SE, Rodgers J. Light measurement in the hospital: a comparison of two methods. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30(1):120–8.
Mason IC, Boubekri M, Figueiro MG, Hasler BP, Hattar S, Hill SM, et al. Circadian health and light: a report on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s workshop. J Biol Rhythms. 2018;33(5):451–7.
Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A. Alteration of internal circadian phase relationships after morning versus evening carbohydrate-rich meals in humans. J Biol Rhythms. 2002;17(4):364–76.
Bonmati-Carrion MA, Middleton B, Revell V, Skene DJ, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Circadian phase assessment by ambulatory monitoring in humans: correlation with dim light melatonin onset. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(1):37–51.
Benloucif S, Burgess HJ, Klerman EB, Lewy AJ, Middleton B, Murphy PJ, et al. Measuring melatonin in humans. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(1):66–9.
Molina TA, Burgess HJ. Calculating the dim light melatonin onset: the impact of threshold and sampling rate. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28(8):714–8.
Voultsios A, Kennaway DJ, Dawson D. Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: validation and comparison to plasma melatonin. J Biol Rhythms. 1997;12(5):457–66.
Rahman SA, Kayumov L, Tchmoutina EA, Shapiro CM. Clinical efficacy of dim light melatonin onset testing in diagnosing delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep Med. 2009;10(5):549–55.
Keijzer H, Smits MG, Duffy JF, Curfs LM. Why the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) should be measured before treatment of patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(4):333–9.
Gierse A. Quaeniam sit ratio caloris organici, M. D. Thesis. 1842. Halle.
Kräuchi K. How is the circadian rhythm of core body temperature regulated? Clin Auton Res. 2002;12(3):147–9.
Coyne MD, Kesick CM, Doherty TJ, Kolka MA, Stephenson LA. Circadian rhythm changes in core temperature over the menstrual cycle: method for noninvasive monitoring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;279(4):R1316–20.
Takekawa H, Miyamoto M, Miyamoto T, Yokota N, Hirata K. Alteration of circadian periodicity in core body temperatures of patients with acute stroke. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;56(3):221–2.
Carpenter JS, Robillard R, Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Gordon C, Scott EM, et al. Sleep-wake profiles and circadian rhythms of core temperature and melatonin in young people with affective disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;94:131–8.
Lilly JK, Boland JP, Zekan S. Urinary bladder temperature monitoring: a new index of body core temperature. Crit Care Med. 1980;8(12):742–4.
Lefrant JY, Muller L, de La Coussaye JE, Benbabaali M, Lebris C, Zeitoun N, et al. Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(3):414–8.
Niven DJ, Gaudet JE, Laupland KB, Mrklas KJ, Roberts DJ, Stelfox HT. Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(10):768–77.
Huang M, Tamura T, Tang Z, Chen W, Kanaya S. A wearable thermometry for core body temperature measurement and its experimental verification. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2017;21(3):708–14.
Hasselberg MJ, McMahon J, Parker K. The validity, reliability, and utility of the iButton® for measurement of body temperature circadian rhythms in sleep/wake research. Sleep Med. 2013;14(1):5–11.
Nakano T, Koyama E, Imai T, Hagiwara H. Circadian rhythm estimation by core body temperature filtered with simultaneously recorded physiological data. Methods Inf Med. 1997;36(4–5):306–10.
Jones CR, Campbell SS, Zone SE, Cooper F, DeSano A, Murphy PJ, et al. Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: a short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans. Nat Med. 1999;5(9):1062–5.
Jones CR, Huang AL, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Genetic basis of human circadian rhythm disorders. Exp Neurol. 2013;243:28–33.
Hirano A, Shi G, Jones CR, Lipzen A, Pennacchio LA, Xu Y, et al. A Cryptochrome 2 mutation yields advanced sleep phase in humans. Elife. 2016;5:pii:e16695.
He Y, Jones CR, Fujiki N, Xu Y, Guo B, Holder JL Jr, et al. The transcriptional repressor DEC2 regulates sleep length in mammals. Science. 2009;325(5942):866–70.
Zhang L, Jones CR, Ptacek LJ, Fu YH. The genetics of the human circadian clock. Adv Genet. 2011;74:231–47.
Akashi M, Soma H, Yamamoto T, et al. Noninvasive method for assessing the human circadian clock using hair follicle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:15643–8.
Kolodyazhniy V, Späti J, Frey S, Götz T, Wirz-Justice A, Kräuchi K, et al. Estimation of human circadian phase via a multi-channel ambulatory monitoring system and a multiple regression model. J Biol Rhythms. 2011;26(1):55–67.
Sim SY, Joo KM, Kim HB, Jang S, Kim B, Hong S, et al. Estimation of circadian body temperature rhythm based on heart rate in healthy, ambulatory subjects. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2017;21(2):407–15.
Kräuchi K, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am J Physiol. 1994;267(3 Pt 2):R819–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
LaBarbera, V.A., Sharkey, K.M. (2020). Physiologic Methods of Assessment Relevant to Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders. In: Auger, R. (eds) Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43802-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43803-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)