Skip to main content

The Role of Bone in the Development of Osteoarthritis

  • Chapter
Bone and Osteoarthritis

Part of the book series: Topics in Bone Biology ((TBB,volume 4))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ahmad N, Chen LC, Gordon MA, Laskin JD, Laskin DL (2002) Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by nitric oxide in activated hepatic macrophages during acute endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 71:1005–1011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Aigner T, Bertling W, Stöss H, Weseloh G, von der Mark K (1993) Independent expression of fibril-forming collagens I, II, and III in chondrocytes of human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 91:829–837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aigner T, Gluckert K, von der Mark K (1997) Activation of fibrillar collagen synthesis and phenotypic modulation of chondrocytes in early human osteoarthritic cartilage lesions. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5:183–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Alford JW, Cole BJ (2005) Cartilage restoration, part 1: basic science, historical perspective, patient evaluation, and treatment options. Am J Sports Med 33:295–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aspden RM, Scheven BAA, Hutchison JD (2001) Osteoarthritis as a systemic disorder including stromal cell differentiation and lipid metabolism. Lancet 357:1118–1120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Avci D, Bachmann GA (2004) Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: clinical similarities and differences. Menopause 11:615–621.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bai Y, Zhang S, Kim KS, Lee JK, Kim KH (1996) Obese gene expression alters the ability of 30A5 preadipocytes to respond to lipogenic hormones. J Biol Chem 271:13939–13942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bailey AJ, Sims TJ, Knott L (2002) Phenotypic expression of osteoblast collagen in osteoarthritic bone: production of type I homotrimer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 34:176–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bau B, McKenna LA, Soeder S, Fan Z, Pecht A, Aigner T (2004) Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor is not a potent regulator of anabolic and catabolic gene expression in adult human articular chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316:984–990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Benya PD, Padilla SR, Nimni ME (1977) The progeny of rabbit articular chondrocytes synthesize collagen types I and III and type I trimer, but not type II. Verifications by cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. Biochemistry 16:865–872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Benya PD, Padilla SR, Nimni ME (1978) Independent regulation of collagen types by chondrocytes during the loss of differentiated function in culture. Cell 15:1313–1321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Beresford JN, Gallagher JA, Poser JW, Russell RG (1984) Production of osteocalcin by human bone cells in vitro. Effects of 1,25(OH)_2D_3, 24,25(OH)_2D_3, parathyroid hormone, and glucocorticoids. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 5:229–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bettica P, Cline G, Hart DJ, Meyer J, Spector TD (2002) Evidence for increased bone resorption in patients with progressive knee osteoarthritis: longitudinal results from the Chingford study. Arthritis Rheum 46:3178–3184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Beuf O, Ghosh S, Newitt DC, Link TM, Steinbach L, Ries M, Lane N, Majumdar S (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging of normal and osteoarthritic trabecular bone structure in the human knee. Arthritis Rheum 46:385–393.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Blanquaert F, Pereira RC, Canalis E (2000) Cortisol inhibits hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression and induces c-met transcripts in osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278:E509–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Blom AB, van Lent PL, Holthuysen AE, van der Kraan PM, Roth J, van Rooijen N, van den Berg WB (2004) Synovial lining macrophages mediate osteophyte formation during experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12:627–635.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Blumenkrantz G, Lindsey CT, Dunn TC, Jin H, Ries MD, Link TM, Steinbach LS, Majumdar S (2004) A pilot, two-year longitudinal study of the interrelationship between trabecular bone and articular cartilage in the osteoarthritic knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12:997–1005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bonnet CS, Walsh DA (2005) Osteoarthritis, angiogenesis and inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44:7–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bourguignon LY, Singleton PA, Zhu H, Zhou B (2002) Hyaluronan promotes signaling interaction between CD44 and the transforming growth factor beta receptor I in metastatic breast tumor cells. J Biol Chem 277:39703–39712.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brandt KD (1994) Insights into the natural history of osteoarthritis provided by the cruciate-deficient dog. An animal model of osteoarthritis. [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 732:199–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brighton CT, Heppenstall RB (1971) Oxygen tension in zones of the epiphyseal plate, the metaphysis and diaphysis. An in vitro and in vivo study in rats and rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Am 53A:719–728.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Brown AN, McKinley TO, Bay BK (2002) Trabecular bone strain changes associated with subchondral bone defects of the tibial plateau. J Orthop Trauma 16:638–643.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brunetti L, Orlando G, Michelotto B, Ragazzoni E, Vacca M (1999) Leptin stimulates prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha, but not nitric oxide production in neonatal rat hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 369:299–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Buckland-Wright C (2004) Subchondral bone changes in hand and knee osteoarthritis detected by radiography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 12 (suppl A):S10–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Buckland-Wright JC, Lynch JA, Macfarlane DG (1996) Fractal signature analysis measures cancellous bone organisation in macroradiographs of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 55:749–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Buckland-Wright JC, Macfarlane DG, Jasani MK, Lynch JA (1994) Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessment of osteoarthritis of the knee from weight bearing tunnel and semiflexed standing views. J Rheumatol 21:1734–1741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Buckland-Wright JC, Macfarlane DG, Lynch JA, Clark B (1990) Quantitative microfocal radiographic assessment of progression in osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum 33:57–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Buckwalter JA (1995) Osteoarthritis and articular cartilage use, disuse, and abuse: experimental studies. J Rheumatol Suppl 43:13–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Burr DB (1998) The importance of subchondral bone in osteoarthrosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 10:256–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Burr DB (2005) Increased biological activity of subchondral mineralized tissues underlies the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 32:1156–1158; discussion 1158–1159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Burr DB, Radin EL (2003) Microfractures and microcracks in subchondral bone: are they relevant to osteoarthrosis? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 29:675–685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Burr DB, Schaffler MB (1997) The involvement of subchondral mineralized tissues in osteoarthrosis: quantitative microscopic evidence. Microsc Res Tech 37:343–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Busso N, So A, Chobaz-Péclat V, Morard C, Martinez-Soria E, Talabot-Ayer D, Gabay C (2002) Leptin signaling deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses and attenuates experimental arthritis. J Immunol 168:875–882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P (1995) Recombinant mouse OB-protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 269:546–549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Carlson CS, Loeser RF, Purser CB, Gardin JF, Jerome CP (1996) Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques. III: Effects of age, gender, and subchondral bone thickness on the severity of disease. J Bone Miner Res 11:1209–1217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Carlsson A, Nillson BE, Westlin NE (1979) Bone mass in primary coxarthrosis. Acta Orthop Scand 50:187–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Carter DR, Beaupre GS, Wong M, Smith RL, Andriacchi TP, Schurman DJ (2004) The mechanobiology of articular cartilage development and degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res 427(suppl):S69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cho BC, Park JW, Baik BS, Kwon IC, Kim IS (2002) The role of hyaluronic Acid, chitosan, and calcium sulfate and their combined effect on early bony consolidation in distraction osteogenesis of a canine model. J Craniofac Surg 13:783–793.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Clark JM (1990) The structure of vascular channels in the subchondral plate. J Anat 171:105–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Coats AM, Zioupos P, Aspden RM (2003) Material properties of subchondral bone from patients with osteoporosis or osteoarthritis by microindentation testing and electron probe microanalysis. Calcif Tissue Int 73:66–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cole AA, Kuettner KE (2002) Molecular basis for differences between human joints. Cell Mol Life Sci 59:19–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Conaghan PG, Vanharanta H, Dieppe PA (2005) Is progressive osteoarthritis an atheromatous vascular disease? Ann Rheum Dis 64:1539–1541.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Crane GJ, Fazzalari NL, Parkinson IH, Vernon-Roberts B (1990) Age-related changes in femoral trabecular bone in arthrosis. Acta Orthop Scand 61:421–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cs-Szabo G, Melching LI, Roughley PJ, Glant TT (1997) Changes in messenger RNA and protein levels of proteoglycans and link protein in human osteoarthritic cartilage samples. Arthritis Rheum 40:1037–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cs-Szabo G, Roughley PJ, Plaas AH, Glant TT (1995) Large and small proteoglycans of osteoarthritic and rheumatoid articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 38:660–668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Little CB, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Wilson C, Dent CM, Otterness IG, Harwood JL, Caterson B (2002) Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n-3 fatty acids. Arthritis Rheum 46:1544–1553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Danks L, Sabokbar A, Gundle R, Athanasou NA (2002) Synovial macrophage-osteoclast differentiation in inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61:916–921.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM (1988) The role of metabolic factors and blood pressure in the association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol 15:1827–1832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dedrick DK, Goldstein SA, Brandt KD, O’Connor BL, Goulet RW, Albrecht M (1993) A longitudinal study of subchondral plate and trabecular bone in cruciate-deficient dogs with osteoarthritis followed up for 54 months. Arthritis Rheum 36:1460–1467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dequeker J (1985) The relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Clin Rheum Dis 11:271–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dequeker J, Aerssens J, Luyten FP (2003) Osteoar-thritis and osteoporosis: clinical and research evidence of inverse relationship. Aging Clin Exp Res 15:426–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dequeker J, Goris P, Uytterhoeven R (1983) Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (osteoarthrosis). JAMA 249:1448–1451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Dequeker J, Mohan R, Finkelman RD, Aerssens J, Baylink DJ (1993) Generalized osteoarthritis associated with increased insulin-like growth factor types I and II and transforming growth factor beta in cortical bone from the iliac crest. Possible mechanism of increased bone density and protection against osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum 36: 1702–1708.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Dequeker J, Mokassa L, Aerssens J (1995) Bone density and osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 43:98–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Di Nicola M, Carlo-Stella C, Magni M, Milanesi M, Longoni PD, Matteucci P, Grisanti S, Gianni AM (2002) Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli. Blood 99:3838–3843.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, Young P, Kirwan J (1993) Prediction of the progression of joint space narrowing in osteoarthritis of the knee by bone scintigraphy. Ann Rheum Dis 52:557–563.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dietrich JW, Canalis EM, Maina DM, Raisz LG (1976) Hormonal control of bone collagen synthesis in vitro: effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Endocrinology 98:943–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dodson SA, Bernard GW, Kenney EB, Carranza FA (1996) In vitro comparison of aged and young osteogenic and hemopoietic bone marrow stem cells and their derivative colonies. J Periodontol 67:184–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, Pinero G, Story B, Dunstan C, Smith E, Bonadia J, Goldstein S, Gundberg C, Bradley A, Karsenty G (1996) Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature 382:448–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dumond H, Presle N, Terlain B, Mainard D, Loeuille D, Netter P, Pottie P (2003) Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:3118–3129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Duncan H, Jundt J, Riddle JM, Pitchford W, Christopherson T (1987) The tibial subchondral plate. A scanning electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69A: 1212–1220.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Eger W, Schumacher BL, Mollenhauer J, Kuettner KE, Cole AA (2002) Human knee and ankle cartilage explants: catabolic differences. J Orthop Res 20:526–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R (2000) Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 68:437–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fazzalari NL, Forwood MR, Manthey BA, Smith K, Kolesik P (1998) Three-dimensional confocal images of microdamage in cancellous bone. Bone 23:373–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Fazzalari NL, Forwood MR, Smith K, Manthey BA, Herreen P (1998) Assessment of cancellous bone quality in severe osteoarthrosis: bone mineral density, mechanics, and microdamage. Bone 22:381–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Fazzalari NL, Parkinson IH (1998) Femoral trabecular bone of osteoarthritic and normal subjects in an age and sex matched group. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6:377–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, Hirsch R, Helmick CG, Jordan JM, Kington RS, Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Sowers M, McAlindon T, Spector TD, Poole AR, Yanovski SZ, Ateshian G, Sharma L, Buckwalter JA, Brandt KD, Fries JF (2000) Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med 133:635–646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Felson DT, McLaughlin S, Goggins J, LaValley MP, Gale ME, Totterman S, Li W, Hill C, Gale D (2003) Bone marrow edema and its relation to progression of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 139:330–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Felson DT, Zhang Y (1998) An update on the epidemiology of knee and hip osteoarthritis with a view to prevention. Arthritis Rheum 41:1343–1355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ferguson VL, Bushby AJ, Boyde A (2003) Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. J Anat 203:191–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Feuerherm AJ, Borset M, Seidel C, Sundan A, Leistad L, Ostensen M, Faxvaag A (2001) Elevated levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 30:229–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Foss MVL, Byers PD (1972) Bone density, osteoar-throsis of the hip and fracture of the upper end of the femur. Ann Rheum Dis 31:259–264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Franchimont N, Rydziel S, Delany AM, Canalis E (1997) Interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor cause a marked induction of collagenase 3 expression in rat osteoblast cultures. J Biol Chem 272:12144–12150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gallwitz WE, Mundy GR, Lee CH, Qiao M, Roodman GD, Raftery M, Gaskell SJ, Bonewald LF (1993) 5-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid stimulate isolated osteoclasts to resorb calcified matrices. J Biol Chem 268:10087–10094.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gashler A, Sukhatme VP (1995) Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1): prototype of a zinc-finger family of transcription factors. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 50:191–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gelber AC (2003) Obesity and hip osteoarthritis: the weight of the evidence is increasing. Am J Med 114:158–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang NY, Wigley FM, Klag MJ (1999) Body mass index in young men and the risk of subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Am J Med 107:542–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang NY, Wigley FM, Klag MJ (2000) Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med 133:321–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gelse K, Soder S, Eger W, Diemtar T, Aigner T (2003) Osteophyte development—molecular characterization of differentiation stages. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 11: 141–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Gevers G, Dequeker J (1987) Collagen and non-collagenous protein content (osteocalcin, sialoprotein, proteoglycan) in the iliac crest bone and serum osteocalcin in women with and without hand osteoarthritis. Coll Relat Res 7:435–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gevers G, Dequeker J, Geusens P, Nyssen-Behets C, Dhem A (1989) Physical and histomorphological characteristics of iliac crest bone differ according to the grade of osteoarthritis at the hand. Bone 10:173–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Gevers G, Dequeker J, Martens M, Van Audekercke R, Nyssen-Behets C, Dhem A (1989) Biomechanical characteristics of iliac crest bone in elderly women, according to osteoarthritis grade at the hand joints. J Rheumatol 16:660–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Girkontaite I, Frischholz S, Lammi P, Wagner K, Swoboda B, Aigner T, Von der Mark K (1996) Immunolocalization of type X collagen in normal fetal and adult osteoarthritic cartilage with monoclonal antibodies. Matrix Biol 15:231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gok S, Ulker S, Huseyinov A, Hatip FB, Cinar MG, Evinc A (2000) Role of leukotrienes on coronary vasoconstriction in isolated hearts of arthritic rats: effect of in vivo treatment with CI-986, a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Pharmacology 60:41–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gordeladze JO, Drevon CA, Syversen U, Reseland JE (2002) Leptin stimulates human osteoblastic cell proliferation, de novo collagen synthesis, and mineralization: impact on differentiation markers, apoptosis, and osteoclastic signaling. J Cell Biochem 85:825–836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gouttenoire J, Valcourt U, Ronziere MC, Aubert-Foucher E, Mallein-Gerin F, Herbage D (2004) Modulation of collagen synthesis in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Biorheology 41:535–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Grasso P, White DW, Tartaglia LA, Leinung MC, Lee DW (1999) Inhibitory effects of leptin-related synthetic peptide 116–130 on food intake and body weight gain in female C57BL/6J ob/ob mice may not be mediated by peptide activation of the long isoform of the leptin receptor. Diabetes 48:2204–2209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Grodzinsky, AJ, Kim YJ, Buschmann MD (1998) Response of the chondrocyte to mechanical stimuli. In: Brandt KD, Doherty M, Lohmander LS, eds. Osteoarthritis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Grynpas MD, Alpert B, Katz I, Lieberman I, Pritzker KPH (1991) Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 49:20–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Guermazi A, Zaim S, Taouli B, Miaux Y, Peterfy CG, Genant HG (2003) MR findings in knee osteoarthritis. Eur Radiol 13:1370–1386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Guevremont M, Martel-Pelletier J, Boileau C, Liu FT, Richard M, Fernandes JC, Pelletier JP, Reboul P (2004) Galectin-3 surface expression on human adult chondrocytes: a potential substrate for collagenase-3. Ann Rheum Dis 63:636–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Guévremont M, Martel-Pelletier J, Massicotte F, Tardif G, Pelletier J-P, Ranger P, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P (2003) Human adult chondrocytes express hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) isoforms but not HGF. Potential implication of osteoblasts for the HGF presence in cartilage. J Bone Miner Res 18:1073–1081.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hakeda Y, Nakatani Y, Kurihara N, Ikeda E, Maeda N, Kumegawa M (1985) Prostaglandin E2 stimulates collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis and prolyl hydroxylase activity in osteoblastic clone MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 126:340–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ham KD, Loeser RF, Lindgren BR, Carlson CS (2002) Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy on osteoarthritis severity in cynomolgus monkeys. Arthritis Rheum 46:1956–1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hanna FS, Wluka AE, Bell RJ, Davis SR, Cicuttini FM (2004) Osteoarthritis and the postmenopausal woman: epidemiological, magnetic resonance imaging, and radiological findings. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34:631–636.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hannan MT, Anderson JJ, Zhang Y, Levy D, Felson DT (1993) Bone mineral density and knee osteoarthritis in elderly men and women. Arthritis Rheum 36:1671–1680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Harada S-I, Rodan GA (2003) Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature 423:349–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Harrison MH, Schajowicz F, Trueta J (1953) Osteoart-hritis of the hip: a study of the nature and evolution of the disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br 35B:598–626.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hayami T, Pickarski M, Wesolowski GA, McLane J, Bone A, Destefano J, Rodan GA, Duong le T (2004) The role of subchondral bone remodeling in osteoarthritis: reduction of cartilage degeneration and prevention of osteophyte formation by alendronate in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Arthritis Rheum 50:1193–1206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hilal G, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Duval N, Lajeunesse D (1999) Abnormal regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator by insulin-like growth factor 1 in human osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts. Arthritis Rheum 42:2112–2122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hilal G, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Ranger P, Lajeunesse D (1998) Osteoblast-like cells from human subchondral osteoarthritic bone demonstrate an altered phenotype in vitro: possible role in subchondral bone sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 41:891–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hilal G, Massicotte F, Martel-Pelletier J, Fernandes JC, Pelletier JP, Lajeunesse D (2001) Endogenous prostaglandin E2 and insulin-like growth factor 1 can modulate the levels of parathyroid hormone receptor in human osteoarthritic osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 16:713–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hock JM, Centrella M, Canalis E (1988) Insulin-like growth factor I has independent effects on bone matrix formation and cell replication. Endocrinology 122:254–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Huch K (2001) Knee and ankle: human joints with different susceptibility to osteoarthritis reveal different cartilage cellularity and matrix synthesis in vitro. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 121:301–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Huebner JL, Hanes MA, Beekman B, TeKoppele JM, Kraus VB (2002) A comparative analysis of bone and cartilage metabolism in two strains of guinea-pig with varying degrees of naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:758–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hulet C, Sabatier JP, Souquet D, Locker B, Marcelli C, Vielpeau C (2002) Distribution of bone mineral density at the proximal tibia in knee osteoarthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 71:315–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hurley MV (1998) Quadriceps weakness in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 10:246–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hurley MV (1999) The role of muscle weakness in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 25:283–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hutton CW (1987) Generalised osteoarthritis: an evolutionary problem? Lancet 1:1463–1465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Idris AI, van’t Hof RJ, Greig IR, Ridge SA, Baker D, Ross RA, Ralston SH (2005) Regulation of bone mass, bone loss and osteoclast activity by cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med 11:774–779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Igarashi K, Hirafuji M, Adachi H, Shinoda H, Mitani H (1994) Role of endogenous PGE_2 in osteoblastic functions of a clonal osteoblast-like cell, MC3T3-E1. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 50:169–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Imhof H, Breitenseher M, Kainberger F, Rand T, Trattnig S (1999) Importance of subchondral bone to articular cartilage in health and disease. Top Magn Reson Imaging 10:180–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jiang J, Nicoll SB, Lu HH (2005) Co-culture of osteoblasts and chondrocytes modulates cellular differentiation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338:762–770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Jones EA, English A, Henshaw K, Kinsey SE, Markham AF, Emery P, McGonagle D (2004) Enumeration and phenotypic characterization of synovial fluid multipotential mesenchymal progenitor cells in inflammatory and degenerative arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50:817–827.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kadam UT, Jordan K, Croft PR (2004) Clinical comorbidity in patients with osteoarthritis: a case-control study of general practice consulters in England and Wales. Ann Rheum Dis 63:408–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kaneki H, Takasugi I, Fujieda M, Kiriu M, Mizuochi S, Ide H (1999) Prostaglandin E_2 stimulates the formation of mineralized bone nodules by a cAMP-independent mechanism in the culture of adult rat calvarial osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 73:36–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kirsch T, Swoboda B, Nah H (2000) Activation of annexin II and V expression, terminal differentiation, mineralization and apoptosis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 8:294–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kougias P, Chai H, Lin PH, Yao Q, Lumsden AB, Chen C (2005) Effects of adipocyte-derived cytokines on endothelial functions: implication of vascular disease. J Surg Res 126:121–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Krampera M, Glennie S, Dyson J, Scott D, Laylor R, Simpson E, Dazzi F (2003) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the response of naive and memory antigen-specific T cells to their cognate peptide. Blood 101:3722–3729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kuettner KE (1992) Biochemistry of articular cartilage in health and disease. Clin Biochem 25:155–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kuroiwa T, Kakishita E, Hamano T, Kataoka Y, Seto Y, Iwata N, Kaneda Y, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Ueki T, Fujimoto J, Iwasaki T (2001) Hepatocyte growth factor ameliorates acute graft-versus-host disease and promotes hematopoietic function. J Clin Invest 107:1365–1373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kusano K, Miyaura C, Inada M, Tamura T, Ito A, Nagase H, Kamoi K, Suda T (1998) Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -3, -9, and -13) by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in mouse calvaria: association of MMP induction with bone resorption. Endocrinology 139: 1338–1345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Lajeunesse D (2002) Altered subchondral osteoblast cellular metabolism in osteoarthritis: cytokines, eicosanoids, and growth factors. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 2:504–506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lajeunesse D, Aoulad-Aissa M, Delalandre A, Fernandes JC (2005) Increased expression and production of leptin by subchondral osteoblasts form osteoarthritic patients could play a role in cartilage degradation. Arthritis Rheum 52 Suppl:S44–S45.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Lajeunesse D, Busque L, Ménard P, Brunette MG, Bonny Y (1996) Demonstration of an osteoblast defect in two cases of human malignant osteopetrosis: correction of the phenotype after bone marrow transplant. J Clin Invest 98:1835–1842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Lajeunesse D, Delalandre A, Fernandes JC (2004) Subchondralosteoblasts from osteoarthritic patients show abnormal expression and production of leptin: possible role in cartilage degradation. J Bone Miner Res 19:S149(abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  127. Lajeunesse D, Delalandre A, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier J-P (2003) Hyaluronic acid reverses the abnormal synthetic activity of human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts. Bone 33:703–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lajeunesse D, Martel-Pelletier J, Fernandes JC, Laufer S, Pelletier JP (2004) Treatment with licofelone prevents abnormal subchondral bone cell metabolism in experimental dog osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 63:78–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lajeunesse D, Reboul P (2003) Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: a biologic link with articular cartilage leading to abnormal remodeling. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15:628–633.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lane LB, Villacin A, Bullough PG (1977) The vascularity and remodelling of subchondrial bone and calcified cartilage in adult human femoral and humeral heads. An age- and stress-related phenomenon. J Bone Joint Surg Br 5B:272–278.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Lane NE, Nevitt MC (2002) Osteoarthritis, bone mass, and fractures: how are they related? Arthritis Rheum 46:1–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Laurent UB, Fraser JR, Engstrom-Laurent A, Reed RK, Dahl LB, Laurent TC (1992) Catabolism of hyaluronan in the knee joint of the rabbit. Matrix 12:130–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Lee TH, Hoover RL, Williams JD, Sperling RI, Ravalese J 3rd, Spur BW, Robinson DR, Corey EJ, Lewis RA, Austen KF (1985) Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. N Engl J Med 312:1217–1224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Li B, Aspden RM (1997) Composition and mechanical properties of cancellous bone from the femoral head of patients with osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Res 12:641–651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lisignoli G, Cristino S, Toneguzzi S, Grassi F, Piacentini A, Cavallo C, Facchini A, Mariani E (2004) IL1beta and TNFalpha differently modulate CXCL13 chemokine in stromal cells and osteoblasts isolated from osteoarthritis patients: evidence of changes associated to cell maturation. Exp Gerontol 39:659–665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lisignoli G, Toneguzzi S, Grassi F, Piacentini A, Tschon M, Cristino S, Gualtieri G, Facchini A (2002) Different chemokines are expressed in human arthritic bone biopsies: IFN-gamma and IL-6 differently modulate IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES production by arthritic osteoblasts. Cytokine 20:231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Livshits G (2005) Genetic epidemiology of skeletal system aging in apparently healthy human population. Mech Ageing Dev 126:269–279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Loeser RF (2003) Systemic and local regulation of articular cartilage metabolism: where does leptin fit in the puzzle? Arthritis Rheum 48:3009–3012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Los M, Schenk H, Hexel K, Baeuerle PA, Droge W, Schulze-Osthoff K (1995) IL-2 gene expression and NF-kappa B activation through CD28 requires reactive oxygen production by 5-lipoxygenase. EMBO J 14:3731–3740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Luyten FP (2004) Mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 16:599–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Malinin T, Ouellette EA (2000) Articular cartilage nutrition is mediated by subchondral bone: a long-term autograft study in baboons. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 8:483–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Manacu CA, Martel-Pelletier J, Roy-Beaudry M, Pelletier JP, Fernandes JC, Shipkolye FS, Mitrovic DR, Moldovan F (2005) Endothelin-1 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes triggers nitric oxide production and upregulates collagenase production. Arthritis Res Ther 7:R324–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Mancuso P, Gottschalk A, Phare SM, Peters-Golden M, Lukacs NW, Huffnagle GB (2002) Leptin-deficient mice exhibit impaired host defense in gram-negative pneumonia. J Immunol 168:4018–4024.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Mansell JP, Bailey AJ (1998) Abnormal cancellous bone collagen metabolism in osteoarthritis. J Clin Invest 101: 1596–1603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Mansell JP, Tarlton JF, Bailey AJ (1997) Biochemical evidence for altered subchondral bone collagen metabolism in osteoarthritis of the hip. Br J Rheumatol 36:16–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Marks R, Allegrante JP (2002) Comorbid disease profiles of adults with end-stage hip osteoarthritis. Med Sci Monit 8:CR305–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Martel-Pelletier J, Di Battista JA, Lajeunesse D, Pelletier JP (1998) IGF/IGFBP axis in cartilage and bone in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Inflamm Res 47:90–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Massicotte F, Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Lajeunesse D (2006) Modulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts. Bone 38:333–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Massicotte F, Lajeunesse D, Benderdour M, Pelletier J-P, Hilal G, Duval N, Martel-Pelletier J (2002) Can altered production of interleukin 1β, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandin E_2 by isolated human subchondral osteoblasts identify two subgroups of osteoarthritic patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10: 491–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Massicotte F, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier J-P, Lajeunesse D (2000) Abnormal modulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in human osteoarthritic bone osteoblasts. Arthritis Rheum 43:S206(abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  151. Massicotte F, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier J-P, Sabouret P, Lajeunesse D (2001) Abnormal insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in human osteoarthritic osteoblasts. Arthritis Rheum 44:S233(abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  152. Matarese G (2000) Leptin and the immune system: how nutritional status influences the immune response. Eur Cytokine Network 11:7–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Matsui H, Shimizu M, Tsuji H (1997) Cartilage and subchondral bone interaction in osteoarthrosis of human knee joint: a histological and histomorphometric study. Microsc Res Tech 37:333–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. McKinley TO, Bay BK (2003) Trabecular bone strain changes associated with subchondral stiffening of the proximal tibia. J Biomech 36:155–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. McKinley TO, Callendar PW, Bay BK (2002) Trabecular bone strain changes associated with subchondral comminution of the distal tibia. J Orthop Trauma 16:709–716.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. McMahon AP, Champion JE, McMahon JA, Sukhatme VP (1990) Developmental expression of the putative transcription factor Egr-1 suggests that Egr-1 and c-fos are coregulated in some tissues. Development 108:281–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Menkes CJ, Lane NE (2004) Are osteophytes good or bad? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12 (suppl A):S53–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Milarski KL, Saltiel AR (1994) Expression of catalytically inactive Syp phosphatase in 3T3 cells blocks stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by insulin. J Biol Chem 269:21239–21243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Milz S, Putz R (1994) Luckenbildung der subchondralen mineralisierungszone des tibia plateaus. Osteologie 3:110–118.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Mital MA, Millington PF (1970) Osseous pathway of nutrition to articular cartilage of the human femoral head, abstr. Lancet 1: 842(abstr).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Mitchell PG, Magna HA, Reeves LM, Lopresti-Morrow LL, Yocum SA, Rosner PJ, Geoghegan KF, Hambor JE (1996) Cloning, expression, and type II collagenolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-13 from human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 97:761–768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Miyakoshi N, Kobayashi M, Nozaka K, Okada K, Shimada Y, Itoi E (2005) Effects of intraarticular administration of basic fibroblast growth factor with hyaluronic acid on osteochondral defects of the knee in rabbits. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 125:683–692.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Moldovan F, Pelletier JP, Hambor J, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J (1997) Collagenase-3 (matrix metalloprotease 13) is preferentially localized in the deep layer of human arthritic cartilage in situ: In vitro mimicking effect by transforming growth factor beta. Arthritis Rheum 40:1653–1661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Mollenhauer J, Mok MT, King KB, Gupta M, Chubinskaya S, Koepp H, Cole AA (1999) Expression of anchorin CII (cartilage annexin V) in human young, normal adult, and osteoarthritic cartilage. J Histochem Cytochem 47: 209–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Moore RJ, Fazzalari NL, Manthey BA, Vernon-Roberts B (1994) The relationship between head-neck-shaft angle, calcar width, articular cartilage thickness and bone volume in arthrosis of the hip. Br J Rheumatol 33:432–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Mori S, Harruff R, Burr DB (1993) Microcracks in articular calcified cartilage of human femoral heads. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:196–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Muir P, McCarthy J, Radtke CL, Markel MD, Santschi EM, Scollay MC, Kalscheur VL (2006) Role of endochondral ossification of articular cartilage and functional adaptation of the subchondral plate in the development of fatigue microcracking of joints. Bone (Epub ahead of print).

    Google Scholar 

  168. Murphy JM, Dixon K, Beck S, Fabian D (2002) Reduced chondrogenic and adipogenic activity of mesenchymal stem cells from patients with advanced osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 46:704–713.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Muschler GF, Nitto H, Boehm CA, Easley KA (2001) Age- and gender-related changes in the cellularity of human bone marrow and the prevalence of osteoblastic progenitors. J Orthop Res 19:117–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Nelson AE, Mason RS, Robinson BG, Hogan JJ, Martin EA, Ahlstrom H, Astrom G, Larsson T, Jonsson K, Wibell L, Ljunggren O (2001) Diagnosis of a patient with oncogenic osteomalacia using a phosphate uptake bioassay of serum and magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Endocrinol 145:469–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Nerlich AG, Wiest I, von der Mark K (1993) Immunohistochemical analysis of interstitial collagens in cartilage of different stages of osteoarthrosis. Virchows Archiv B, Cell Pathol Mol Pathol 63:249–255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Nishida Y, Shinomura T, Iwata H, Miura T, Kimata K (1994) Abnormal occurrence of a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, PG-M/versican in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2: 43–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Olsen, BR (1996) Role of cartilage collagens in formation of the skeleton. In: de Crombrugghe B, Horton WA, Olsen BR,Ramirez F, eds. Molecular and Developmental Biology of Cartilage. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 124–130.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Oreffo RO, Bennett A, Carr AJ, Triffitt JT (1998) Patients with primary osteoarthritis show no change with ageing in the number of osteogenic precursors. Scand J Rheumatol 27:415–424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Palcy S, Goltzman D (1999) Protein kinase signalling pathways involved in the up-regulation of the rat alpha1(I) collagen gene by transforming growth factor beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 in osteoblastic cells. Biochem J 343:21–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Paredes Y, Massicotte F, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Laufer S, Lajeunesse D (2002) Study of role of leukotriene B4 in abnormal function of human subchondral osteoarthritis osteoblasts. Effects of cyclooxygenase and/or 5-lipoxygenase inhibition. Arthritis Rheum 46:1804–1812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Peach CA, Carr AJ, Loughlin J (2005) Recent advances in the genetic investigation of osteoar-thritis. Trends Mol Med 11:186–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Pelletier JP, Boileau C, Brunet J, Boily M, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P, Laufer S, Martel-Pelletier J (2004) The inhibition of subchondral bone resorption in the early phase of experimental dog osteoarthritis by licofelone is associated with a reduction in the synthesis of MMP-13 and cathepsin K. Bone 34:527–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Pelletier JP, Lajeunesse D, Jovanovic DV, Lascau-Coman V, Jolicoeur FC, Hilal G, Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J (2000) Carprofen simultaneously reduces progression of morphological changes in cartilage and subchondral bone in experimental dog osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 27:2893–2902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Abramson SB (2001) Osteoarthritis, an inflammatory disease: potential implication for the selection of new therapeutic targets. Arthritis Rheum 44:1237–1247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Penrose JF, Austen KF (1999) The biochemical, molecular, and genomic aspects of leukotriene C4 synthase. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 111:537–546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Pfander D, Cramer T, Weseloh G, Pullig O, Schuppan D, Bauer M, Swoboda B (1999) Hepatocyte growth factor in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 7:548–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Pfander D, Rahmanzadeh R, Scheller EE (1999) Presence and distribution of collagen II, collagen I, fibronectin, and tenascin in rabbit normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. J Rheumatol 26:386–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Pompeia C, Lopes LR, Miyasaka CK, Procopio J, Sannomiya P, Curi R (2000) Effect of fatty acids on leukocyte function. Braz J Med Biol Res 33:1255–1268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Pottenger LA, Phillips FM, Draganich LF (1990) The effect of marginal osteophytes on reduction of varus-valgus instability in osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis Rheum 33:853–858.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Pufe T, Petersen W, Tillmann B, Mentlein R (2001) The splice variants VEGF121 and VEGF189 of the angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor are expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 44:1082–1088.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Pullig O, Weseloh G, Gauer S, Swoboda B (2000) Osteopontin is expressed by adult human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: protein and mRNA analysis of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Matrix Biol 19:245–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Puzas, J. E. (1993) The osteoblast. In: Favus MJ, ed. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Quarto R, Dozin B, Bonaldo P, Cancedda R, Colombatti A (1993) Type VI collagen expression is upregulated in the early events of chondrocyte differentiation. Development 117:245–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Radin EL, Paul IL, Lowy M (1970) A comparison of the dynamic force transmitting properties of subchondral bone and articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 52A: 444–456.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Radin EL, Paul IL, Rose RM (1972) Role of mechanical factors in pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis. Lancet 1:519–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Radin EL, Paul IL, Tolkoff MJ (1970) Subchondral changes in patients with early degenerative joint disease. Arthritis Rheum 13:400–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Radin EL, Rose RM (1986) Role of subchondral bone in the initiation and progression of cartilage damage. Clin Orthop 213:34–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Raisz LG, Fall PM (1990) Biphasic effects of prostaglandin E2 on bone formation in cultured fetal rat calvariae: interaction with cortisol. Endocrinology 126: 1654–1659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Raso GM, Pacilio M, Esposito E, Coppola A, Di Carlo R, Meli R (2002) Leptin potentiates IFN-gamma-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in murine macrophage J774A.1. Br J Pharmacol 137:799–804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Raymaekers G, Aerssens J, Van den Eynde R, Peeters J, Geusens P, Devos P, Dequeker J (1992) Alterations of the mineralization profile and osteocalcin concentrations in osteoarthritic cortical iliac crest bone. Calcif Tissue Int 51:269–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Raynauld J-P, Martel-Pelletier J, Berthiaume M-J, Beaudoin G, Choquette D, Haraoui B, tennenbaum H, Meyer JM, Beary JF, Cline GA, Pelletier J-P (2005) Long term evaluation of disease proression through the quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis patients: Correlation with clinical symptoms and radiographic changes. Arthritis Res Ther 8:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  198. Raynauld JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Berthiaume MJ, Labonte F, Beaudoin G, de Guise JA, Bloch DA, Choquette D, Haraoui B, Altman RD, Hochberg MC, Meyer JM, Cline GA, Pelletier JP (2004) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of knee osteoarthritis progression over two years and correlation with clinical symptoms and radiologic changes. Arthritis Rheum 50:476–487.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Reboul P, Pelletier JP, Tardif G, Benderdour M, Ranger P, Bottaro DP, Martel-Pelletier J (2001) Hepatocyte growth factor induction of collagenase 3 production in human osteoarthritic cartilage: involvement of the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and a sensitive p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor cascade. Arthritis Rheum 44:73–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Reboul P, Pelletier JP, Tardif G, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J (1996) The new collagenase, collagenase-3, is expressed and synthesized by human chondrocytes but not by synoviocytes: a role in osteoarthritis. J Clin Invest 97:2011–2019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Reichenberger E, Aigner T, von der Mark K, Stoss H, Bertling W (1991) In situ hybridization studies on the expression of type X collagen in fetal human cartilage. Dev Biol 148: 562–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Reseland JE, Syversen U, Bakke I, Qvigstad G, Eide LG, Hjertner O, Gordeladze JO, Drevon CA (2001) Leptin is expressed in and secreted from primary cultures of human osteoblasts and promotes bone mineralization. J Bone Miner Res 16:1426–1433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Richette P, Corvol M, Bardin T (2003) Estrogens, cartilage, and osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 70:257–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Rizkalla G, Reiner A, Bogoch E, Poole AR (1992) Studies of the articular cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan in health and osteoarthritis. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity and extensive molecular changes in disease. J Clin Invest 90:2268–2277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Roh YS, Dequeker J, Muiler JC (1974) Bone mass is osteoarthrosis, measured in vivo by photon absorption. J Bone Joint Surg Am 54A: 587–591.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Rydziel S, Delany AM, Canalis E (1997) Insulin-like growth factor I inhibits the transcription of collagenase 3 in osteoblast cultures. J Cell Biochem 67:176–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Sanchez C, Deberg MA, Piccardi N, Msika P, Reginster JY, Henrotin YE (2005) Osteoblasts from the sclerotic subchondral bone downregulate aggrecan but upregulate metalloproteinases expression by chondrocytes. This effect is mimicked by interleukin-6, -1beta and oncostatin M pre-treated nonsclerotic osteoblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:979–987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Sanchez C, Deberg MA, Piccardi N, Msika P, Reginster JY, Henrotin YE (2005) Subchondral bone osteoblasts induce phenotypic changes in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:988–997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sandell LJ, Aigner T (2001) Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis. An introduction: cell biology of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res 3:107–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Scharstuhl A, Glansbeek HL, van Beuningen HM, Vitters EL, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB (2002) Inhibition of endogenous TGF-beta during experimental osteoarthritis prevents osteophyte formation and impairs cartilage repair. J Immunol 169:507–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Scharstuhl A, Vitters EL, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB (2003) Reduction of osteophyte formation and synovial thickening by adenoviral overexpression of transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein inhibitors during experimental osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:3442–3451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Schmid, TM, Linsenmayer TF (1987) Type X collagen. In: Mayne R, Burgeson RE, eds. Structure and Functions of Collagen Types. New York: Academic Press, 223–257.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Setton LA, Elliott DM, Mow VC (1999) Altered mechanics of cartilage with osteoarthritis: human osteoarthritis and an experimental model of joint degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 7:2–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Shalitin S, Phillip M (2003) Role of obesity and leptin in the pubertal process and pubertal growth—a review. Int J Obes 27:869–874.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Sharif M, George E, Dieppe PA (1995) Correlation between synovial fluid markers of cartilage and bone turnover and scintigraphic scan abnormalities in osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 38:78–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Shimabukuro M, Koyama K, Chen G, Wand MY, Trieu F, Lee Y, Newgard CB, Unger RH (1997) Direct antidiabetic effect of leptin through triglyceride depletion of tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4637–4641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Shimizu M, Tsuji H, Matsui H, Katoh Y, Sano A (1993) Morphometric analysis of subchondral bone of the tibial condyle in osteoarthrosis. Clin Orthop 293:229–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Silver IA (1975) Measurement of pH and ionic composition of pericellular sites. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 271:261–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kelley M, Chang MS, Luthy R, Nguyen HQ, Wooden S, Bennett L, Boone T, Shimamoto G, DeRose M, Elliott R, Colombero A, Tan HL, Trail G, Sullivan J, Davy E, Bucay N, Renshaw-Gegg L, Hughes TM, Hill D, Pattison W, Campbell P, Sander S, Van G, Tarpley J, Derby P, Lee R, Boyle WJ (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89:309–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Singh G, Miller JD, Lee FH, Pettitt D, Russell MW (2002) Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among US adults with self-reported osteoarthritis: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Manag Care 8:S383–391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Skrtic S, Ohlsson C (2000) Cortisol decreases hepatocyte growth factor levels in human osteoblast-like cells. Calcif Tissue Int 66:108–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Smith AJ, Gidley J, Sandy JR, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Spector TD, Doherty M, Bidwell JL, Mansell JP (2005) Haplotypes of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene: are they a risk factor in osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:608–613.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Sokoloff L (1993) Microcracks in the calcified layer of articular cartilage. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:191–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Spessotto P, Rossi FM, Degan M, Di Francia R, Perris R, Colombatti A, Gattei V (2002) Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction hampers migration of osteoclast-like cells by down-regulating MMP-9. J Cell Biol 158:1133–1144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Sturmer T, Sun Y, Sauerland S, Zeissig I, Gunther KP, Puhl W, Brenner H (1998) Serum cholesterol and osteoarthritis. The baseline examination of the Ulm Osteoarthritis Study. J Rheumatol 25:1827–1832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, Liu X, Zhao L, Parker KL, Armstrong D, Ducy P, Karsenty G (2002) Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system. Cell 111:305–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Thomas T, Gori F, Khosla S, Jensen MD, Burguera B, Riggs BL (1999) Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes. Endocrinology 140:1630–1638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Ueno M, Shibata A, Yasui S, Yasuda K, Ohsaki K (2003) A proposal on the hard tissue remineralization in osteoarthritis of the knee joint investigated by FT-IR spectrometry. Cell Mol Biol 49:613–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. van Beuningen HM, Glansbeek HL, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB (1998) Differential effects of local application of BMP-2 or TGF-beta 1 on both articular cartilage composition and osteophyte formation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 6:306–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. van Beuningen HM, Glansbeek HL, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB (2000) Osteoarthritis-like changes in the murine knee joint resulting from intra-articular transforming growth factor-beta injections. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 8:25–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. van Beuningen HM, van der Kraan PM, Arntz OJ, van den Berg WB (1994) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 stimulates articular chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis and induces osteophyte formation in the murine knee joint. Lab Invest 71:279–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. van Osch GJ, van der Kraan PM, van Valburg AA, van den Berg WB (1996) The relation between cartilage damage and osteophyte size in a murine model for osteoarthritis in the knee. Rheumatol Int 16:115–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Verstraeten A, van Ermen H, Haghebaert G, Mijs J, Geusens P, Dequeker J (1991) Osteoarthrosis retards the development of osteoporosis. Clin Orthop 264:169–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Villanueva AR, Longo JA 3rd, Weiner G (1994) Staining and histomorphometry of microcracks in the human femoral head. Biotech Histochem 69:81–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. von der Mark K, Gauss V, von der Mark H, Muller P (1977) Relationship between cell shape and type of collagen synthesised as chondrocytes lose their cartilage phenotype in culture. Nature 267:531–532.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. von der Mark K, Kirsch T, Nerlich A, Kuss A, Weseloh G, Gluckert K, Stoss H (1992) Type X collagen synthesis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Indication of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Arthritis Rheum 35:806–811.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Wakitani S, Imoto K, Kimura T, Ochi T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T (1997) Hepatocyte growth factor facilitates cartilage repair. Full thickness articular cartilage defect studied in rabbit knees. Acta Orthop Scand 68:474–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Wallace JM, Turley E, Gilmore WS, Strain JJ (1995) Dietary fish oil supplementation alters leukocyte function and cytokine production in healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:185–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Walsh DA (2004) Angiogenesis in osteoarthritis and spondylosis: successful repair with undesirable outcomes. Curr Opin Rheumatol 16:609–615.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Wang FL, Connor JR, Dodds RA, James IE, Kumar S, Zou C, Lark MW, Gowen M, Nuttall ME (2000) Differential expression of egr-1 in osteoarthritic compared to normal adult human articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 8:161–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Westacott CI, Webb GR, Warnock MG, Sims JV, Elson CJ (1997) Alteration of cartilage metabolism by cells from osteoarthritic bone. Arthritis Rheum 40:1282–1291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Young RD, Lawrence PA, Duance VC, Aigner T, Monaghan P (2000) Immunolocalization of collagen types II and III in single fibrils of human articular cartilage. J Histochem Cytochem 48:423–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Zabolotny JM, Bence-Hanulec KK, Stricker-Krongrad A, Haj F, Wang Y, Minokoshi Y, Kim YB, Elmquist JK, Tartaglia LA, Kahn BB, Neel BG (2002) PTP1B regulates leptin signal transduction in vivo. Dev Cell 2:489–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Zhang Y, Procenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372:425–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Zhou S, Cui Z, Urban JP (2004) Factors influencing the oxygen concentration gradient from the synovial surface of articular cartilage to the cartilage-bone interface: a modeling study. Arthritis Rheum 50:3915–3924.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Zysset PK, Sonny M, Hayes WC (1994) Morphology-mechanical property relations in trabecular bone of the osteoarthritic proximal tibia. J Arthroplasty 9:203–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lajeunesse, D., Reboul, P. (2007). The Role of Bone in the Development of Osteoarthritis. In: Bronner, F., Farach-Carson, M.C. (eds) Bone and Osteoarthritis. Topics in Bone Biology, vol 4. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-701-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-701-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-513-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-701-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics