Skip to main content

Histochemistry and Lipid Profiling Combine for Insights into Aging and Age-Related Maculopathy

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Lipidomics

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 580))

Summary

Aging is the major risk factor for age-related maculopathy (ARM), the biggest cause of vision loss among the elderly in industrialized societies, and a major change in the affected tissues is the age-related accumulation of neutral lipid in Bruch’s membrane (BrM) of the eye throughout adulthood. Here we show that esterified cholesterol (EC) is the major neutral lipid species in this tissue, which has implications for potential sources of this material. The combination of filipin histochemistry and comprehensive lipid profiling made possible this insight on a complex tissue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ethier, C.R., M. Johnson, and J. Ruberti. 2004. Ocular biomechanics and biotransport. Ann Rev Biomed Eng 6: 249–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Klein, R., T. Peto, A. Bird, and M.R. Vannewkirk. 2004. The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 137: 486–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Montezuma, S.R., L. Sobrin, and J.M. Seddon. 2007. Review of genetics in age related macular degeneration. Semin Ophthalmol. 22: 229–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Smith, E.B., and R.S. Slater. 1972. The microdissection of large atherosclerotic plaques to give morphologically and topographically defined fractions for analysis. Atherosclerosis 15: 37–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Selkoe, D.J., Y. Ihara, and F.J. Salazar. 1982. Alzheimer’s disease: Insolubility of partially purified paired helical filaments in sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea. Science 215: 1243–1245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mullins, R.F., S.R. Russell, D.H. Anderson, and G.S. Hageman. 2000. Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. FASEB J. 14: 835–846.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Crabb, J.W., M. Miyagi, X. Gu, K. Shadrach, K.A. West, H. Sakaguchi, M. Kamei, A. Hasan, L. Yan, M.E. Rayborn, R.G. Salomon, and J.G. Hollyfield. 2002. Drusen proteome analysis: An approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 14682–14687.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Curcio, C.A., J.B. Presley, N.E. Medeiros, G. Malek, D.V. Avery, and H.S. Kruth. 2005. Esterified and unesterified cholesterol in drusen and basal deposits of eyes with age-related maculopathy. Exp Eye Res 81(6): 731–741.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Handa, J.T., N. Verzijl, H. Matsunaga, A. Aotaki-Keen, G.A. Lutty, J.M. te Koppele, T. Miyata, and L.M. Hjelmeland. 1999. Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch’s membrane with age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40: 775–779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kamei, M., and J.G. Hollyfield. 1999. TIMP-3 in Bruch’s membrane: Changes during aging and in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40: 2367–2375.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Feeney-Burns, L., and M.R. Ellersieck. 1985. Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Bruch’s membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 100: 686–697.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pauleikhoff, D., C.A. Harper, J. Marshall, and A.C. Bird. 1990. Aging changes in Bruch’s membrane: A histochemical and morphological study. Ophthalmology 97: 171–178.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Karwatowski, W.S.S., T.E. Jeffried, V.C. Duance, J. Albon, A.J. Bailey, and D.L. Easty. 1995. Preparation of Bruch’s membrane and analysis of the age-related changes in the structural collagens. Br J Ophthalmol 79: 944–952.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fariss, R.N., S.S. Apte, B.R. Olsen, K. Iwata, and A.H. Milam. 1997. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 is a component of Bruch’s membrane of the eye. Am J Patho. 150: 323–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tabas, I., K.J. Williams, and J. Boren. 2007. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation 116: 1832–1844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bird, A.C., and J. Marshall. 1986. Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 105: 674–682.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Marshall, J., A.A. Hussain, C. Starita, D.J. Moore, and A.L. Patmore. 1998. Aging and Bruch’s membrane. In The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Function and Disease. M.F. Marmor and T.J. Wolfensberger, editors. Oxford University Press, New York. 669–692.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of the Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Adams, C.W.M., and O.B. Bayliss. 1975. Lipid histochemistry. In Techniques of Biochemical and Biophysical Morphology. D. Glick and R.M. Rosenbaum, editors. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 100–156.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Pauleikhoff, D., S. Wojteki, D. Muller, N. Bornfeld, and A. Heiligenhaus. 2000. [Adhesive properties of basal membranes of Bruch’s membrane. Immunohistochemical studies of age-dependent changes in adhesive molecules and lipid deposits]. Ophthalmologe 97: 243–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Haimovici, R., D.L. Gantz, S. Rumelt, T.F. Freddo, and D.M. Small. 2001. The lipid composition of drusen, Bruch’s membrane, and sclera by hot stage polarizing microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42: 1592–1599.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Broekhuyse, R.M. 1972. Lipids in tissues of the eye. VII. Changes in concentration and composition of sphingomyelins, cholesterol esters and other lipids in aging sclera. Biochim Biophys Acta 280: 637–645.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gaynor, P.M., W.Y. Zhang, B. Salehizadeh, B. Pettiford, and H.S. Kruth. 1996. Cholesterol accumulation in human cornea: Evidence that extracellular cholesteryl ester-rich lipid particles deposit independently of foam cells. J Lipid Res 37: 1849–1861.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith, E.B. 1974. The relationship between plasma and tissue lipids in human atherosclerosis. Adv Lipid Res 12: 1–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kruth, H.S. 1984. Histochemical detection of esterified cholesterol within human atherosclerotic lesions using the fluorescent probe filipin. Atherosclerosis 51: 281–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bocan, T.M., T.A. Schifani, and J.R. Guyton. 1986. Ultrastructure of the human aortic fibrolipid lesion. Formation of the atherosclerotic lipid-rich core. Am J Pathol 123: 413–424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Guyton, J.R., and K.F. Klemp. 1988. Ultrastructural discrimination of lipid droplets and vesicles in atherosclerosis: Value of osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium and tannic acid-paraphenylenediamine techniques. J Histochem Cytochem 36: 1319–1328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Guyton, J.R., and K.F. Klemp. 1989. The lipid-rich core region of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques. Prevalence of small lipid droplets and vesicles by electron microscopy. Am J Pathol 134: 705–717.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chao, F.F., E. Blanchette-Mackie, Y.-J. Chen, B.F. Dickens, E. Berlin, L.M. Amende, S.I. Skarlatos, W. Gamble, J.H. Resau, W.T. Mergner, and H.S. Kruth. 1990. Characterization of two unique cholesterol-rich lipid particles isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 136: 169–179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kruth, H.S. 1997. The fate of lipoprotein cholesterol entering the arterial wall. Curr Opin Lipidol 8: 246–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Waugh, D.A., and D.M. Small. 1984. Identification and detection of in situ cellular and regional differences of lipid composition and class in lipid-rich tissue using hot stage polarizing light microscopy. Lab Invest 51: 702–714.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Small, D.M. 1988. George Lyman Duff memorial lecture. Progression and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Insights from lipid physical biochemistry. Arteriosclerosis 8: 103–129.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Li, C.-M., B.H. Chung, J.B. Presley, G. Malek, X. Zhang, N. Dashti, L. Li, J. Chen, K. Bradley, H.S. Kruth, and C.A. Curcio. 2005. Lipoprotein-like particles and cholesteryl esters in human Bruch’s membrane: Initial characterization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46: 2576–2586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Normal, A., R. Demel, B. de Kruyff, and L. van Deenen. 1972. Studies on the biological properties of polyene antibiotics - evidence for the direct interaction of filipin with cholesterol. J Biol Chem 247: 1918.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Norman, A.W., R.A. Demel, B. de Kruyff, and L.L.M. van Deenen. 1972. Studies on the biological properties of polyene antibiotics. J Biol Chem 247: 1918–1929.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kruth, H.S. 1984. Localization of unesterified cholesterol in human atherosclerotic lesions. Demonstration of filipin-positive, oil red O-negative particles. Am J Pathol 114: 201–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lakkaraju, A., S.C. Finnemann, and E. Rodriguez-Boulan. 2007. The lipofuscin fluorophore A2E perturbs cholesterol metabolism in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 11026–11031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Malek, G., C.-M. Li, C. Guidry, N.E. Medeiros, and C.A. Curcio. 2003. Apolipoprotein B in cholesterol-containing drusen and basal deposits in eyes with age-related maculopathy. Am J Pathol 162: 413–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Marmorstein, A.D., L.Y. Marmorstein, H. Sakaguchi, and J.G. Hollyfield. 2002. Spectral profiling of autofluorescence associated with lipofuscin, Bruch’s Membrane, and sub-RPE deposits in normal and AMD eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43: 2435–2441.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Curcio, C.A., C.L. Millican, T. Bailey, and H.S. Kruth. 2001. Accumulation of cholesterol with age in human Bruch’s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42: 265–274.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rudolf, M., and C.A. Curcio. 2009. Esterified cholesterol is highly localized to Bruch’s membrane, as revealed by lipid histochemistry in wholemounts of human choroid. J Histochem Cytochem in revision, 2/3/09.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ramrattan, R.S., T.L. van der Schaft, C.M. Mooy, W.C. de Bruijn, P.G.H. Mulder, and P.T.V.M. de Jong. 1994. Morphometric analysis of Bruch’s membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35: 2857–2864.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Spraul, C. W., G.E. Lang, and H.E. Grossniklaus. 1996. Morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37: 2724–2735.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lutty, G.A., C. Merges, A.B. Threlkeld, S. Crone, and D.S. McLeod. 1993. Heterogeneity in localization of isoforms of TGF-beta in human retina, vitreous, and choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34: 477–487.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sheraidah, G., R. Steinmetz, J. Maguire, D. Pauleikhoff, J. Marshall, and A.C. Bird. 1993. Correlation between lipids extracted from Bruch’s membrane and age. Ophthalmology 100: 47–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Holz, F.G., G. Sheraidah, D. Pauleikhoff, and A.C. Bird. 1994. Analysis of lipid deposits extracted from human macular and peripheral Bruch’s membrane. Arch Ophthalmol 112: 402–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gülcan, H., R. Alvarez, M. Maude, and R. Anderson. 1993. Lipids of human retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch’s membrane/choroid: comparison of macular and peripheral regions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34: 3187–3193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pauleikhoff, D., G. Sheraidah, J. Marshall, A.C. Bird, and A. Wessing. 1994. [Biochemical and histochemical analysis of age related lipid deposits in Bruch’s membrane]. Ophthalmologe 91: 730–734.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Spaide, R., W. Ho-Spaide, R. Browne, and D. Armstrong. 1999. Characterization of peroxidized lipids in Bruch’s membrane. Retina 19: 141–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bretillon, L., G. Thuret, S. Gregoire, N. Acar, C. Joffre, A.M. Bron, P. Gain, and C.P. Creuzot-Garcher. 2008. Lipid and fatty acid profile of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium/choroid, and the lacrimal gland, and associations with adipose tissue fatty acids in human subjects. Exp Eye Res 87: 521–528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang, L., C.-M. Li, M. Rudolf, O.V. Belyaeva, N.Y. Kedishvili, B.H. Chung, and C.A. Curcio. 2009. Lipoprotein particles of intra-ocular origin in human Bruch membrane: an unusual lipid profile. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 870–877.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chung, B.H., G. Tallis, V. Yalamoori, G.M. Anantharamaiah, and J.P. Segrest. 1994. Liposome-like particles isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques are structurally and compositionally similar to surface remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 622–635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ruberti, J.W., C.A. Curcio, C.L. Millican, B.P. Menco, J.D. Huang, and M. Johnson. 2003. Quick-freeze/deep-etch visualization of age-related lipid accumulation in Bruch’s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 1753–1759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Huang, J.-D., J.B. Presley, M.F. Chimento, C.A. Curcio, and M. Johnson. 2007. Age-related changes in human macular Bruch’s membrane as seen by quick-freeze/deep-etch. Exp Eye Res 85: 202–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Johnson, M., J.-D. Huang, J.B. Presley, M.F. Chimento, and C.A. Curcio. 2007. Comparison of morphology of human macular and peripheral Bruch’s membrane in older eyes. Curr Eye Res 32: 791–799.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Huang, J.-D., C.A. Curcio, and M. Johnson. 2008. Morphometric analysis of lipoprotein-like particle accumulation in aging human macular Bruch’s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49: 2721–2727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fine, B.S., and R.P. Kwapien. 1978. Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: An animal model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 17: 1059–1068.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fine, B.S. 1981. Lipoidal degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 91: 469–473.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Feeney-Burns, L., R. Malinow, M.L. Klein, and M. Neuringer. 1981. Maculopathy in cynomologus monkeys. A correlated fluorescein angiographic and ultrastructural study. Arch Ophthalmol 99: 664–672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Anderson, M.D., W.W. Dawson, J. Martinez-Gonzalez, and C.A. Curcio. 2006. Drusenoid lesions and lipid-filled retinal pigment epithelium cells in a rhesus macula. Vet Ophthalmol 9: 201–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Del Priore, L.V., Y.-H. Kuo, and T.H. Tezel. 2002. Age-related changes in human RPE cell density and apoptosis proportion in situ. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43: 3312–3318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Li, C.-M., J.B. Presley, X. Zhang, N. Dashti, B.H. Chung, N.E. Medeiros, C. Guidry, and C.A. Curcio. 2005. Retina expresses microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: Implications for age-related maculopathy. J Lipid Res 46: 628–640.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Dashti, N., G. McGwin, Jr, C. Owsley, and C.A. Curcio. 2006. Plasma apolipoproteins and risk for age-related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 90: 1028–1033.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Veniant, M.M., E. Kim, S. McCormick, J. Borén, L.B. Nielsen, M. Raabe, and S.G. Young. 1999. Insights into apolipoprotein B biology from transgenic and gene-targeted mice. J Nutr 129: 451S–455S.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Grindle, C.F.J., and J. Marshall. 1978. Ageing changes in Bruch’s membrane and their functional implications. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 98: 172–175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Elner, V.M. 2002. Retinal pigment epithelial acid lipase activity and lipoprotein receptors: effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 100: 301–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Gordiyenko, N., M. Campos, J.W. Lee, R.N. Fariss, J. Sztein, and I.R. Rodriguez. 2004. RPE cells internalize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in large quantities in vitro and in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45: 2822–2829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tserentsoodol, N., N.V. Gordiyenko, I. Pascual, J.W. Lee, S.J. Fliesler, and I.R. Rodriguez. 2006. Intraretinal lipid transport is dependent on high density lipoprotein-like particles and class B scavenger receptors. Mol Vis 12: 1319–1333.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Duncan, K.G., K.R. Bailey, J.P. Kane, and D.M. Schwartz. 2002. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells express scavenger receptors BI and BII. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292: 1017–1022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Supported by NIH grants EY06109, International Retinal Research Foundation, EyeSight Foundation of Alabama, Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., Macula Vision Research Foundation, Roger Johnson Prize in Macular Degeneration Research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Curcio, C.A., Rudolf, M., Wang, L. (2009). Histochemistry and Lipid Profiling Combine for Insights into Aging and Age-Related Maculopathy. In: Armstrong, D. (eds) Lipidomics. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 580. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-325-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-325-1_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-324-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-325-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics