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Adipokines, Nutrition, and Obesity

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Preventive Nutrition

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

The traditional view of white adipose tissue (WAT) existing solely as an energy reservoir is no longer true. Although predominantly consisting of adipocytes, WAT is also composed of preadipocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages located in the stromovascular fraction. As a result, WAT is a complex and highly active secretory organ capable of modulating appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, endocrine and reproductive systems, bone metabolism, inflammation, and immunity. The release of adipokines and cytokines by WAT is one of the most important ways this tissue influences physiological and pathological processes throughout the body. Adipokines are biologically active mediators released from adipocytes and include proteins such as leptin, adiponectin (APN), resistin, adipsin, and visfatin, as well as factors traditionally considered as cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and others. Obesity is characterized by an increase in fat mass, which is associated with a state of chronic inflammation with macrophage infiltration of WAT and abnormal production of adipokines and cytokines. Leptin, APN, resistin, visfatin, IL-6, and TNF-α help provide a link between obesity and development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) commonly associated with obesity. How specific nutrients affect production and secretion of adipokines and WAT-derived cytokines is currentlycontroversial

Key Points

• White adipose tissue (WAT) is a complex and highly active secretory organ, sending out and responding to signals that modulate appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, endocrine and reproductive systems, bone metabolism, inflammation, and immunity.

• Obesity is characterized by an increase in fat mass, increased macrophage infiltration of WAT, and an abnormal adipokine and cytokine production, contributing to generation of a state of low-grade chronic inflammation.

• Leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, and adipsin are adipokines since they are predominantly secreted from adipocytes. The cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α are also secreted from WAT but are not considered adipokines since adipocytes are not the primary source of these molecules.

• Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin, as well as IL-6 and TNF-α, provide an important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory disorders.

• The effects of nutrients on adipokines and cytokines secreted from WAT are still highly controversial and warrant further research.

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  1. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, Chicago, IL, USA

    Melissa E. Gove & Giamila Fantuzzi PHD

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  1. New Products Research, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Littleton Road 1500 , Parsippany, 07054, U.S.A.

    Adrianne Bendich

  2. Inst. Human Nutrition, Columbia University, West 168th St. 630 , New York, 10032, U.S.A.

    Richard J. Deckelbaum

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Gove, M.E., Fantuzzi, G. (2010). Adipokines, Nutrition, and Obesity. In: Bendich, A., Deckelbaum, R. (eds) Preventive Nutrition. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-542-2_17

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