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Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Breast Cancer

  • Chapter
Endocrinology of Breast Cancer

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 11))

Abstract

The development of life-threatening cancers involves three important stages, which may or may not be temporally distinct (Fig. 1). First, normal cells have to undergo growth transformation, which is the result of a multistep process as a consequence of an accumulation of several genetic alterations. The multiple genetic alterations occur especially in two classes of cellular genes, the protooncogenes and the tumor suppressor genes, which are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and the process of apoptosis. These genetic alterations can be inherited, but are mostly acquired. Once a carcinoma in situ has arisen, a second stage has enormous implications, i.e., the phase of invasion and metastasis. Also, tumor metastasis is a complex multistep process requiring the cooperation of molecules of different classes, functions, and types. Third, after having escaped the immune system, tumor cells must be or become resistant to therapeutic drugs before killing a patient. Therefore, in fact, many factors determine a patient’s prognosis.

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Authors
  1. Jan G. M. Klijn MD, PhD
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  2. Els M. J. J. Berns PhD
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  3. John A. Foekens PhD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA

    Andrea Manni MD

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© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Klijn, J.G.M., Berns, E.M.J.J., Foekens, J.A. (1999). Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Breast Cancer. In: Manni, A. (eds) Endocrinology of Breast Cancer. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 11. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-699-7_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-699-7_14

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5139-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-699-7

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