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“Genes, Meet Gases”: The Role of Plant Nutrition and Genomics in Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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Plant Genomics and Climate Change

Abstract

Globally, we continue to increase the amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizers we use on agricultural crops, which although increases yield, also causes significant nitrogen pollution to our ecosphere. Climate change will likely have a major impact on human society and in particular, on our ability to produce sufficient food for the growing population. Improvements in agricultural practices, crop varieties and the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased food production over the last few decades; however, further such improvements are likely to be limited. The science of genomics offers significant potential for crop improvement, however the use of these technologies must be targeted. This chapter will review the potential for genetics and genomics to address issues related to plant nutrition and agriculture in the face of climate change.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded in part by the Alberta Crop Industry Development Fund.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 77 University Campus, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9

    Jennifer Ming-Suet Ng, Mei Han Ph.D., Perrin H. Beatty Ph.D. & Allen Good B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

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  1. Jennifer Ming-Suet Ng
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  3. Perrin H. Beatty Ph.D.
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  4. Allen Good B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Allen Good B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Plant Biology and Institute of, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia

    David Edwards

  2. School of Plant Biology and Institute of, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Queensland, Australia

    Jacqueline Batley

Glossary

BMNP

 Best management nutrient practices, or BMP, best management practices.

BNF

 Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the process where inert, atmospheric N2 gas is converted (fixed) to biologically reactive, or useful, ammonia. This reaction is only performed biologically in nature by diazotrophic bacteria.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 The primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2011, CO2 accounted for 84 % of all anthropogenic U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.

CO2 equivalent

 A metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as “million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCO2Eq).” The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated GWP. MMTCO2Eq = (million metric tons of a gas) × (GWP of the gas) (www.ega.gov)

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

 Nitrous oxide (N2O) accounted for about 5 % of all U.S. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's nitrogen cycle (www.ega.gov)

Fluorinated hydrocarbons (FC)

 FC’s include hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride and are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (www.ega.gov)

Methane (CH4)

 Methane is a greenhouse gas with a GWP of 21 and is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.

NO x

 A generic term for mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide). NO x should not be confused with nitrous oxide (N2O), which is a greenhouse gas and has many uses as an oxidizer, an anesthetic, and a food additive.

NO y

 Reactive (odd nitrogen) is defined as the sum of NO x plus the compounds produced from the oxidation of NO x which include nitric acid.

PGPB

 Plant growth-promoting bacteria, these may or may not be diazotrophic.

LUCF

 The term LUCF refers to (Land Use Change Forestry) provides an assessment of the net greenhouse gas fluxes (emissions of greenhouse gases, and removal of C from the atmosphere) resulting from the uses of land types and forests as well as those associated with land-use change.

IPCC

 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body, first established in 1988 the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53. Its mission is to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and socio-economic consequences, and possible options for adapting to these consequences or mitigating the effects.

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Ng, J.MS., Han, M., Beatty, P.H., Good, A. (2016). “Genes, Meet Gases”: The Role of Plant Nutrition and Genomics in Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In: Edwards, D., Batley, J. (eds) Plant Genomics and Climate Change. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3536-9_7

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