Abstract
World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988 encouraged the member states to launch Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) (resolution WHA41.28) against “the Crippler” called poliovirus, through strong routine immunization program and intensified surveillance systems. Since its launch, global incidence of poliomyelitis has been reduced by more than 99 % and the disease squeezed to only three endemic countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria) out of 125. Today, poliomyelitis is on the verge of eradication, and their etiological agents, the three poliovirus serotypes, are on the brink of extinction from the natural environment. The last case of poliomyelitis due to wild type 2 strain occurred in 1999 in Uttar Pradesh, India whereas the last paralytic case due to wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) was seen in November, 2012 in Yobe, Nigeria. Despite this progress, undetected circulation cannot fully rule out the eradication as most of the poliovirus infections are entirely subclinical; hence sophisticated environmental surveillance is needed to ensure the complete eradication of virus. Moreover, the vaccine virus in under-immunized communities can sometimes revert and attain wild type characteristics posing a big challenge to the program.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Salk JE et al (1954) Formaldehyde treatment and safety testing of experimental poliomyelitis vaccines. Am J Public Health Nations Health 44(5):563–570
Sabin AB (1985) Oral poliovirus vaccine: history of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world. J Infect Dis 151(3):420–436
Hull BP, Dowdle WR (1997) Poliovirus surveillance: building the global Polio Laboratory Network. J Infect Dis 175(Suppl 1):S113–S116
World Health Organization (1997) Field guide for supplementary activities aimed at achieving polio eradication, 1996 revision. Geneva, Switzerland
Melnick JL (1997) Poliovirus and other enteroviruses. In: Evans AS, Kaslow RA (eds) Viral infections of humans, epidemiology and control, 4th edn. Plenum, New York, pp 583–663
McAllister RM et al (1969) Cultivation in vitro of cells derived from a human rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 24(3):520–526
Polio laboratory manual—World Health Organization (2004) WHO/IVB/04.10, 2004. 4th ed.
Kilpatrick DR, Nottay B, Yang CF, Yang SJ, Da Silva E, Peñaranda S, Pallansch M, Kew O (1998) Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy. J Clin Microbiol 36(2):352–357
Kilpatrick DR, Nottay B, Yang CF, Yang SJ, Mulders MN, Holloway BP, Pallansch MA, Kew OM (1996) Group-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residue at positions of codon degeneracy. J Clin Microbiol 34(12):2990–2996
Kilpatrick DR, Ching K, Iber J, Campagnoli R, Freeman CJ, Mishrik N, Liu HM, Pallansch MA, Kew OM (2004) Multiplex PCR method for identifying recombinant vaccine-related polioviruses. J Clin Microbiol 42(9):4313–4315
Minor PD (1990) Antigenic structure of picornaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 161:121–154
Jorba J et al (2008) Calibration of multiple poliovirus molecular clocks covering an extended evolutionary range. J Virol 82(9):4429–4440
Manor Y et al (1999) A double-selective tissue culture system for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage applied in a long-term environmental surveillance. Appl Environ Microbiol 65(4):1794–1797
Alam MM et al (2014) Detection of multiple cocirculating wild poliovirus type 1 lineages through environmental surveillance: impact and progress during 2011-2013 in Pakistan. J Infect Dis 210(Suppl 1):S324–S332
Blomqvist S et al (2012) Detection of imported wild polioviruses and of vaccine-derived polioviruses by environmental surveillance in Egypt. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(15):5406–5409
World Health Organization (2003) Guidelines for environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation. Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DoxGen/H5-Surv.htm
Hovi T et al (2005) Environmental surveillance of wild poliovirus circulation in Egypt—balancing between detection sensitivity and workload. J Virol Methods 126(1-2):127–134
Anis E et al (2013) Insidious reintroduction of wild poliovirus into Israel, 2013. Euro Surveill 18(38):pii: 20586
van der Avoort HG et al (1995) Isolation of epidemic poliovirus from sewage during the 1992-3 type 3 outbreak in The Netherlands. Epidemiol Infect 114(3):481–491
Asghar H et al (2014) Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the global polio eradication initiative. J Infect Dis 210(Suppl 1):S294–S303
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Zaidi, S.S.Z., Asghar, H., Sharif, S., Alam, M.M. (2016). Poliovirus Laboratory Based Surveillance: An Overview. In: Martín, J. (eds) Poliovirus. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1387. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_2
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3291-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3292-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols