Skip to main content

Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses

  • Chapter
Viral Infections of Humans

Abstract

The enterovirus group, named in 1957,(72,285) brought together polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses, all of which inhabit the human alimentary tract. These viruses share a number of clinical, epidemiologic, and ecological characteristics as well as physical and biochemical properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abraham, R., Chonmaitree, T., Mccombs, J., Prabhakar, B., LO Verde, R. T., and Ogra, P. L., Rapid detection of polio-virus by reverse transcription and polymerase chain amplification: Application for differentiation between poliovirus and nonpoliovirus enteroviruses, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 395–399 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Poliomyelitis prevention, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 31: 22–26, 31–33 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP), General recommendations on immunization, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 32: 1–18 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Advisory Commit the on Immunization Practices, Adult immunization, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 33 (Suppl.): 1S - 68S (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Advisory Commit the on Immunization Practices ACIP), New recommended schedule for active immunization of normal infants and children, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 34: 577–579 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP), Immunization of children infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type IlUlymphadenopathy-associated virus, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 35: 595–598, 603–606 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP), Poliomyelitis prevention: Enhanced-potency inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine-Supplementary statement, Morbid. Mortal. Week Rep. 36: 795–798 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Agol, V. I., Drozdov, S. G., Frolova, M. P, Grachev, V. R, Kolesnikova, M. S., Kozlov, V. G., Ralph, N. M., Romanova, L. I., Tolskaya, E. A., and Viktorova, E. G., Neurovirulence of the intertypic poliovirus recombinant v3/a1–25: Characterization of strains isolated from the spinal cord of diseased monkeys and evaluation of the contribution of the 3’ half of the genome, J. Gen. Vital. 66: 309–316 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Agol, V. I., Drozdov, S. G., Grachev, V. R, Kolesnikova, M. S., Kozlov, V. G., Ralph, N. M., Romanova, L. I., Tolskaya, E. A., Tyufanov, A. V., and Viktorova, E. G., Recombinants between attenuated and virulent strains of poliovirus type 1: Derivation and characterization of recombinants with centrally located crossover points, Virology 143: 467–477 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Alexander, J. P, Baden, L., Pallansch, M. A., and Anderson, L. J., Enterovirus 71 infections and neurologic disease, United States, 1977–1991, J. Infect. Dis. 169: 905–908 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Alexander, J. R, JR., Chapman, L. E., Pallansch, M. A., Stephenson, W. T., Torok, T. J., and Anderson, L. J., Coxsackievirus B2 infection and aseptic meningitis: A focal outbreak among members of a high school football team, J. Infect. Diseases 167: 1201–1205 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Andrew, C. G., Drachman, D. B., Pestronk, A., and Narayan, O., Susceptibility of skeletal muscle to Coxsackie AZ virus infection: Effects of botulinum toxin and denervation, Science 223: 714–716 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Andrus, J. K., DE Quadros, C., Olive, J.-M., and Hull, H. F., Screening of cases of zcute flaccid paralysis for poliomyelitis eradication: Ways to improve specificity, Bull. WHO 70: 591–596 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Assaad, E, and Cockburn, W. C., Four-year study of WHO virus reports on enteroviruses other than poliovirus, Bull. WHO 46: 329–336 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Atmar, R. L., and Georghiou, R. R., Classification of respiratory tract picornavirus isolates as enteroviruses or rhinoviruses by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2455–2546 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Baltimore, D., Picomaviruses are no longer black boxes, Science 229: 1366–1367 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Banatvala, J. E. (Ed.), Viral Infections of the Heart, Edward Arnold, London, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bantvala, J. E., Schernthaner, G., Schober, E., DE Silva, L. M., Bryant, J., Borkenstein, M., Brown, D., Menser, M. A., and Silink, M., Coxsackie B, mumps, rubella, and cytomegalovirus specific IgM responses in patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Britain, Austria, and Australia, Lancet 1: 1409–1412 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Banker, D. D., and Melnick, J. L., Isolation of Coxsackie virus (C virus) from North Alaskan Eskimos, Am. J. Hyg. 54: 383–390 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Barrettconnor, E., Is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus caused by coxsackievirus B infection? A review of the epidemiologic evidence, Rev. Infect. Dis. 7: 207–215 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Benton, W. H., and Ward, R. L., Induction of cytopathogenicity in mammalian cell lines challenged with culturable enteric viruses and its enhancement by 5-iododeoxyuridine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43: 861–868 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Benyesh-Melnick, M., Melnick, J. L., Rawls, W. E., Wimberly, I., Barrera-Oro, J., Ben-Porath, E., and Rennick, V., Studies of the immunogenicity, communicability, and genetic stability of oral poliovaccine administered during the winter, Am. J. Epidemiol. 86: 112–136 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Berg, G. (ED.), Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Berg, G., Bodily, H., Lennette, E. H., Melnick, J. L., and Metcalf, T. G. (Eds.), Viruses in Water, American Public Health Association, Washington, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bergelson, J. M., Shepley, M. P., Chan, B. M. C., Hemler, M. E., and Finberg, R. W., Identification of the integrin Vla-2 as a receptor for echovirus 1, Science 255: 1718–1720 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Berlin, L. E., Rorabaugh, M. L., Heldrich, F., Roberts, K., Doran, T., and Modlin, J. E, Aseptic meningitis in infants 2 years of age: Diagnosis and etiology, J. Infect. Dis. 168: 888–892 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bernier, R. H., Prevalence survey techniques for paralytic polio: An update. Expanded Programme on Immunization Working Paper Epugag 83/10, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bukerk, H., Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands, in: International Symposium on Reassessment of Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine, Developments in Biological Standardization, Vol. 47, pp. 233–240, S. Karger, Basel, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Blackburn, R. V., Racaniello, V. R., and Richthand, V. F., Construction of an infectious cDNA clone of echovirus 6, Virus Res. 22: 71–78 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Blattner, R. J., Williamson, A. R, and Heys, F. M., Role of viruses in the etiology of congenital malformations, Prog. Med. Virol. 15: 1–41 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Blomberg, J., Lycke, E., Ahlfors, K., Johnsson, T., Wolontis, S., and Von Zeipel, G., New enterovirus type associated with epidemic of aseptic meningitis and/or hand, foot, and mouth diease, Lancet 2: 112 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bloom, H. H., Mack, W. N., Krueger, B. J., and Mallmann, W. L., Identification of enteroviruses in sewage, J. Infect. Dis. 105: 61–68 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bodian, D., Poliomyelitis: Pathogenesis and histopathology, in: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 3rd ed. (T. M. Rivers and E L. Horsfall, JR., Eds.), pp. 479–518, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bodian, D., and Horstmann, D. M., Polioviruses, in: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 4th ed. (F. L. Horsfall, JR., and I. Tamm, Eds.), pp. 430–473, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bodan, J., Nilsson, B., and Juto, P., Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM responses to different enteroviruses as measured by a coxsackie B5-based indirect Elisa, J. Med. Virol. 38: 32–35 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Brown, F., and Lewis, B. P., Poliovirus attenuation: Molecular mechanisms and practical aspects, Dev. Biol. Stand. 78: 1–187 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Brown, F., Talbot, R, and Burrows, R., Antigenic differences between isolates of swine vesicular disease virus and their relationship to Coxsackie B5 virus, Nature 245: 315–316 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brown, F., and Wild, F., Variation in the coxsackievirus type B5 and its possible role in the etiology of swine vesicular disease, Intervirology 3: 125–128 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Brown, G. C., and Karunas, R. S., Relationship of congenital anomalies and maternal infection with selected enteroviruses, Am. J. Epidemiol. 95: 207–217 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Brown, G. C., and O’Leary, T. P., Fluorescent antibody responses of cases and contacts of hand, foot, and mouth disease, Infect. Immun. 9: 1098–1101 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bruce, D., AL-Nakib, W., Forsyth, M., Stanway, G., and Almond, J. W., Detection of enterovirus using cDNA and synthetic oligonucleotide probes, J. Virol. Methods 25: 223–240 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Burch, G. E., Shewey, L. L., and Harb, T. M., Coxsackie B4 viruses and atrial myxoma, Am. Heart J. 88: 634–639 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Burch, G. E., Sun, S. C., Chu, K. C., Sohal, R. S., and Colcolough, H. L., Interstitial and coxsackievirus B myocarditis in infants and children: A comparative histologic and immunofluorescent study of 50 autopsied hearts, J.A.M.A. 203: 1–8 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Butterworth, B. E., A comparison of the virus-specific polypeptides of encephalomyocarditis virus, human rhinovirus-1A, and poliovirus, Virology 56: 439–453 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Carstens, J. M., Tracy, S., Chapman, N. M., and Gauntt, C. J., Detection of enteroviruses in cell cultures by using in situ transcription, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 25–35 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Caverly, C. S., Notes of an epidemic of acute anterior poliomyelitis, J.A.M.A. 26: 1–5 (1896).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Cello, J., Samuelson, A., Stalhandske, P., Svennerholm, T., Jeansson, S., and Forsgren, M., Identification of group-common linear epitopes in structural and nonstructural proteins of enteroviruses by using synthetic peptides, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 911–916 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Center For Disease Control, Poliomyelitis Surveillance Summary 1974–76 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Center For Disease Control, Poliomyelitis-Pennsylvania, Maryland, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 28: 49–50 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Centers For Disease Control, Poliomyelitis Surveillance Summary 1977–78 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Centers For Disease Control, Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 1984, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 33: 388 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Centers For Disease Control, Enterovirus surveillance-United States, 1985, Morbid Mortal. Week. Rep. 34: 494–495 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Centers For Disease Control, Annual Summary 1984, Morbid. Mortal. Week Rep. 33: 46–47 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Centers For Disease Control, Poliomyelitis, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 35: 180–182 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Centers For Disease Control, Preliminary report: Paralytic poliomyelitis-Senegal, 1986, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 36: 387–390 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Centers For Disease Control, Aseptic meningitis-New York State and United States, Weeks 1–36,1991, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 40: 773–775 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Centers For Disease Control, Update: Poliomyelitis outbreak-Netherlands, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 41: 917–919 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Chang, W. K., Liu, K. C., Foo, T. C., Lam, M. W., and Chan, C. F., Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Hong Kong 1971–1975, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 8: 1–6 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Chapman, N. M., Tracy, S., Gauntt, C. J., and Fortmueller, U., Molecular detection and identification of enteroviruses using enzymatic amplification and nucleic acid hybridization, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 843–850 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chatterjee, S., Quarcoopome, C. O., and Apenteng, A., Unusual type of epidemic of conjunctivitis in Ghana, Br. J. Ophthalmol. 54: 628–630 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cherry, J. D., Nonpolio enteroviruses: Coxsackieviruses, echo-viruses and enteroviruses, in: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, (R. D. Feigin and J. D. Cherry, Eds.), pp. 1316–1365, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cherry, J. D., Enteroviruses, in: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 3rd ed. (R. D. Feigin and J. D. Cherry, Eds.), pp. 1705–1753, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chonmaitree, T., Menegus, M. A., Schervish-Swierkosz, E. M., and Schwalenstocker, E., Enterovirus 71 infection: Report of an outbreak with two cases of paralysis and a review of the literature, Pediatrics 67: 489–493 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Chumakov, M. R, Voroshilova, M. K., Shindarov, L., Lavrova, I., Gracheva, L., Koroleva, G., Vasilenko, S., Bradvarova, I., Nikolova, M., Gyurova, S., Gacheva, M., Mrrov, G., Ninov, M., Tsylka, E., Robinson, I., Frolova, M., Bashkirtsev, V., Martjanova, L., and Rodin, V. I., Enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of poliomyelitis-like disease in Bulgaria, Arch. Virol. 60: 329–340 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Clarke, N. A., and Kabler, R. W., Human enteric viruses in sewage, Health Lab. Sci. 1: 44–49 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cockburn, W. C., The work of the WHO Consultative Group in Poliomyelitis Vaccines, Bull. WHO 66: 143–154 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cockburn, W. C., and Drozdov, S. G., Poliomyelitis in the world, Bull. WHO 42: 405–417 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cole, C. N., Defective interfering (DI) particles of poliovirus, Prog. Med. Virol. 20: 180–207 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Coleman, T. J., Gamble, D. R., and Taylor, K. W., Diabetes in mice after Coxsackie B4 infection, Br. Med. J. 3: 25–27 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Collingham, K. E., Pollock, T. M., and Roebuck, M. O., Paralytic poliomyelitis in England and Wales, 1976–77, Lancet 1: 976–977 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Committee ON The Echo Viruses, Enteric cytopathogenic human orphan (ECHO) viruses, Science 122: 1187–1188 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Committee ON The Enteroviruses, National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis: The enteroviruses, Am. J. Public Health 47: 1556–1566 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Cooney, M. K., Hall, C. E., and Fox, J. P., The Seattle Virus Watch. M. Evaluation of isolation methods and summary of infections detected by virus isolations, Am. J. Epidemiol. 96: 286–305 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cooper, P. D., Agol, V. I., Bachrach, H. L., Brown, F., Ghendon, Y., Gibbs, A. J., Gillespie, J. H., Lonberg-Holm, K., Mandel, B., Melnick, J. L., Mohanty, S. B., Povey, R. C., Rueckert, R. R., Schah-ER, F. L., and Tyrrell, D. A. J., Picomaviridae: Second report, Intervirology 10: 165–180 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Couch, R. B., Douglas, R. G., JR., Lindgren, K. M., Gerone, P. J., and Knight, V., Airborne transmission of respiratory infection with coxsackievirus A type 21, Am. J. Epidemiol. 91: 78–86 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Craighead, J. E., The role of viruses in the pathogenesis of pancreatic disease and diabetes mellitus, Prog. Med. Virol. 19: 161–214 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Crowell, R. L., and Goldberg, B., Propagation and assay of group A coxsackieviruses in RD cells, Abstr. Ann. Meeting Am. Soc. Microbiol. 44: 208 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Curnen, E. C., Shaw, E. W., and Melnick, J. L., Disease resembling nonparalytic poliomyelitis associated with a virus pathogenic for infant mice, J.A.M.A. 141: 894–901 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dagan, R., and Menegus, M. A., A combination of four cell types for rapid detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens, J. Med. Virol. 19: 219–228 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Dahling, D. R., Berg, G., and Berman, D., BGM, a continuous cell line more sensitive than primary rhesus and African green monkey kidney cells for the recovery of viruses from water, Health Lab. Sci. 11: 275–282 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Dales, L., Poliovaccine strategy, Lancet 1: 286 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Dalldorf, G., Neuropathogenicity of group A Coxsackie viruses, J. Exp. Med. 106: 69–76 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dalldorf, G., and Melnick, J. L., Coxsackieviruses, in: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 4th ed. (F. L. Horsfall, JR., and I. Tamm, Eds.), pp. 474–512, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Dalldorf, G., Sickles, G. M., Plager, H., and Gifford, R., A virus recovered from the feces of “poliomyelitis” patients pathogenic for suckling mice, J. Exp. Med. 89: 567–582 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Davies, D. E, Hughes, C. A., Macvicar, J., Hawkes, P., and Mair, H. J., Echovirus-11 infection in a special-care baby unit, Lancet 1: 96 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Davis, L. E., Bodian, D., Price, D., Butler, I. J., and Vickers, J. H., Chronic progressive poliomyelitis secondary to vaccination of an immunodeficient child, N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 241–245 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. DE Quadros, C. A., Andrus, J. K., Olive, J.-M., and Demacedo, C. G., Polio eradication from the Western Hemisphere, Annu. Rev. Publ. Health 13: 239–252 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Desselberger, U., and Flewett, T. H., Clinical and public health virology: A continuous task of changing pattern, Prog. Med. Virol. 40: 48–81 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Diesel, R., Gross, L. L., and Collins, D. N., Isolation of a new enterovirus, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 148: 203–207 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Domok, I., Balayan, M. S., Fayinka, O. A., Skrtic, N., Sone I, A. D., and Harland, P. S. E. G., Factors affecting the efficacy of live poliovirus vaccines in warm climates, Bull. WHO 51: 333–347 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Dong, D.-X., Immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine in China, Prog. Med. Virol. 31: 212–221 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dorries, R., and Ter Meulen, V., Specificity of lgM antibodies in acute human coxsackievirus B infections, analysed by indirect solid phase enzyme immunoassay and immunoblot technique, J. Gen. Virol. 64: 159–167 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dreesman, G. R., Sanchez, Y., Ionescu-Matiu, I., Sparrow, J. T., Six, H. R., Peterson, D. L., Hollinger, F. B., and Melnick, J. L., Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen after a single inoculation of uncoupled synthetic HBsAg peptides, Nature 295: 158–160 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Duxcan, I. B. R., A comparative study of 63 strains of echovirus type 30, Arch. Virusforsch. 25: 93–104 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Editorial, Neurovirulence of enterovirus 70, Lancet 1: 373–374 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Editorial, Polio reconsidered, Lancet 2: 1309–1310 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Editorial, Expanded immunisation, Lancet 1: 438–439 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Editorial, Late sequelae of polio, Lancet 2: 1195–1196 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Eggers, H. J., Mertens, T., and Gruneklee, D., Coxsackie infection and diabetes, Lancet 2: 631 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  100. El-Hagrassy, M. M. O., Banatvala, J. E., and Coltart, D. J., Coxsackie-B-virus-specific IgM responses in patients with cardiac and other diseases, Lancet 2: 1160 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Emini, E. A., Jameson, B. A., and Wimmer, E., Priming for and induction of anti-poliovirus neutralizing antibodies by synthetic peptides, Nature 304: 699–703 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Enders, J. F., Weller, T. H., and Robbins, F. C., Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues, Science 109: 85–87 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Enders, J. F., Weller, T. H., and Robbins, F. C., Alteration in pathogenicity for monkeys of Brunhilde strain of poliomyelitis virus following cultivation in human tissues, Fed. Proc. 11: 467 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Evans, A. S., Criteria for control of infectious diseases with poliomyelitis as an example, Prog. Med. Virol. 29: 141–165 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Faulk, W. P., Vyas, G. N., Phillips, C. A., Fudenberg, H. H., and Chism, K., Passive hemagglutination test for antirhinovirus antibodies, Nature (New Biol.) 231: 101–104 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ferguson, M., Evans, D. M. A., Magrath, D. I., Minor, P. D., Almond, J. W., and Schild, G. C., Induction by synthetic peptides of broadly reactive, type-specific neutralizing antibody to poliovirus type 3, Virology 142: 505–515 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Fernandez DE Castro, P. J., [Comments on the geographic distribution of poliomyelitis in the Americas: Notes for a program on continental eradication of poliomyelitis], Rev. Salud Pub. Mexico 26:Issue #3 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  108. Fernandez-Tomas, C. B., and Baltimore, D., Morphogenesis of poliovirus. II. Demonstration of a new intermediate, the pro-virion, J. Virol. 12: 1122–1130 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Foster, S. O., Kessengmaben, G., N’Jie, H., and Coffi, E., Control of poliomyelitis in Africa, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6: (Suppl. 2): S433–5437 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Fox, J. P., Epidemiological aspects of coxsackie and echo virus infections in tropical areas, in: Proceedings 7th International Congresses on Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Vol. 3, pp. 212–213, International Congress on Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Rio de Janeiro, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Fox, J. P., Family-based epidemiologic studies: The second Wade Hampton Frost Lecture, Am. J. Epidemiol. 99: 165–179 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Fox, J., Eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States: A commentary on the Salk reviews, Rev. Infect. Dis. 2: 277–281 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Fox, J. P., Modes of action of poliovirus vaccines and relation to resulting immunity, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S352 - S355 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Fox, J. E, Hall, C. E., Cooney, M. K., Luce, R. E., and Kronmal, R. A., The Seattle Virus Watch. II. Objectives, study population and its observation, data processing and summary of illnesses, Am. J. Epidemiol. 96: 270–285 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Foerschle, J. E., Feorino, P. M., and Gelfand, H. J. M., A continuing surveillance of enterovirus infection in healthy children in six United States cities. II. Surveillance enterovirus isolates 1960–1963 and comparison with enterovirus isolates from cases of acute central nervous system disease, Am. J. Epidemiol. 83: 455–469 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Fuchs, F., Leparc, I., Kopecka, H., Garin, D., and Aymard, M., Use of cRNA digoxigenin-labelled probes for detection of enteroviruses in humans and in the environment, J. Virol. Methods 42: 217–226 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Furesz, J., Armstrong, R. E., and Contreras, G., Viral and epidemiological links between poliomyelitis outbreaks in unprotected communities in Canada and the Netherlands, Lancet 2: 1248 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Furesz, J., and Contreras, G., Poliomyelitis in Finland, Lancet 2: 693 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gamble, D. R., Taylor, K. W., and Cumming, H., Coxsackie viruses and diabetes mellitus, Br. Med. J. 4: 260–262 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gauntt, C. J., Gomez, P. T., Dufi EY, P. S., Grant, J. A., Trent, D. W., Witherspoon, S. M., and Paque, R. E., Characterization and myocarditis capabilities of coxsackievirus B3 variants in selected mouse strains, J. Virol. 52: 598–605 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Gauntt, C. J., Gudvangen, R. J., Brans, Y. W., and Marlin, A. E., Coxsackievirus group B antibodies in the ventricular fluid of infants with severe anatomic defects of the central nervous system, Pediatrics 76: 64–68 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Gauntt, C. J., Jones, D. C., Huntington, H. W., Arizpe, H. M., Gudvangen, R. J., and Deshambo, R. M., Murine forebrain anomalies induced by coxsackievirus B3 variants, J. Med. Virol. 14: 341–355 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Gear, J. H. S., Nonpolio causes of polio-like paralytic syndromes, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S379 - S385 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Gear, J. H. S., and Measroch, V., Coxsackievirus infections of the newborn, Prog. Med. Virol. 15: 42–62 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Gelfand, H. M., Fox, J. P., and Leblanc, D. R., The enteric viral flora of a population of normal children in southern Louisiana, Am. J. Trop. Med. 6: 521–531 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Gelfand, H. M., Holguin, A. H., Marchetti, G. F., and Feorino, P. M., A continuing surveillance of enterovirus infections in healthy children in six United States cities. I. Viruses isolated during 1960 and 1961, Am. J. Hyg. 78: 358–375 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gibson, J. P., and Righthand, V. F., Persistence of echovirus 6 in cloned human cells, J. Virol. 54: 219–223 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Gilbert, G. L., Dickson, K. E., Waters, M. J., Kennett, M. L., Land, S. A., and Sneddon, M., Outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Victoria, Australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 7: 484–488 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Glimaker, M., Abebe, A., Johansson, B., Ehrnst, A., Olcen, P, and Strannegard, O., Detection of enteroviral RNA by polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from patients with aseptic meningitis, J. Med. Virol. 38: 54–61 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Godman, G. C., Bunting, H., and Melnick, J. L., The histopathology of Coxsackie virus infection in mice. I. Morphologic observations with four different viral types, Am. J. Pathol. 28: 223–257 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Goldblum, N., Swartz, T., Gerichter, C. B., Handsher, R., Lasch, E. E., and Melnick, J. L., The natural history of poliomyelitis in Israel, 1949–1982, Prog. Med. Virol. 29: 115–123 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Goldfield, M. S., Srihongse, S., and Fox, J. E, Hemagglutinins associated with certain human enteric viruses, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 96: 788–791 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Graham, S., Wang, E. C. Y., Jenkins, O., and Borysiewicz, L. K., Analysis of the human T-cell response to picornaviruses: Identification of T-cell epitopes close to B-cell epitopes in polio-virus, J. Virol. 67: 1627–1637 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Graves, J. H., Serological relationship of swine vesicular disease virus and coxsackie B5 virus, Nature 245: 314–315 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Green, M. S., Handsher, R., Cohen, D., Melnick, J. L., Slepon, R. S., Mendelsohn, E., and Danon, Y. L., Age differences in immunity against wild and vaccine strains of poliovirus prior to the 1988 outbreak in Israel: Evidence supporting the need for a booster immunization in adolescents, Vaccine 11: 75–81 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Gregg, M. B., Paralytic poliomyelitis can be eliminated, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S577 - S580 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Grinstein, S., Melnick, J. L., and Wallis, C., Virus isolations from sewage and from a stream receiving effluents of sewage treatment plants, Bull. WHO 42: 291–296 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Grist, N. R., Poliovaccine strategy, Lancet 1: 286 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Grist, N. R., and Bell, E. J., Enteroviral etiology of the paralytic poliomyelitis syndrome. Studies before and after vaccination, Arch. Environ. Health 21: 382–387 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Grist, N. R., and Bell, E. J., Paralytic poliomyelitis and non-polio enteroviruses: Studies in Scotland, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S385 - S386 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Grist, N. R., Bell, E. J., and Assaad, F., Enteroviruses in human disease, Prog. Med. Virol. 24: 114–157 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Grist, N. R., Bell, E. J., and Reid, E., The epidemiology of enteroviruses, Scottish Med. J. 20: 27–31 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Gyorkey, E, Cabral, G. A., Gyorkey, P. K., Uribe-Botero, G., Dreesman, G. R., and Melnick, J. L., Coxsackievirus aggregates in muscle cells of a polymyositis patient, Intervirology 10: 69–77 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Hagiwara, A., Tagaya, I., and Yoneyama, T., Epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease associated with enterovirus 71 infection, Intervirology 9: 60–63 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hall, C. E., Cooney, M. K., and Fox, J. P., The Seattle Virus Watch Program. I. Infection and illness experience of Virus Watch families during a community-wide epidemic of echovirus type 30 aseptic meningitis, Am. J. Public Health 60: 1456–1465 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Hallam, N. F., Eglin, R. P., Holland, P, Bell, E. J., and Squier, M. V., Fatal coxsackie B meningoencephalitis diagnosed by serology and in-situ nucleic acid hybridisation, Lancet 2: 1213–1214 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Halsey, N., and Galazka, A., The efficacy of DPT and oral poliomyelitis immunization schedules initiated from birth to 12 weeks of age, Bull. WHO 63: 1151–1169 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Hammon, W. MD., Coriell, L L, and Wehrle, P. F., Evaluation of Red Cross gamma globulin as a prophylactic agent for poliomyelitis. IV. Final report of results based on clinical diagnosis, J.A.M.A. 51: 1272–1285 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hammon, W., McD., Ludwig, E. H., Sather, G., and Yohn, D. S., Comparative studies on patterns of family infections with polioviruses and ECHO virus type 1 on an American military base in the Philippines, Am. J. Public Health 47: 802–811 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hampil, B., Melnick, J. L., Wallis, C., Brown, R. W., Braye, E. T., and Adams, R. R., JR., Preparation of antiserum to enteroviruses in large animals, J. Immunol. 95: 895–908 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hannington, G., Booth, J. C., BowEs, R. J., and Stern, H., Coxsackie B virus-specific IgM antibody and myocardial infarction, J. Med. Microbiol. 21: 287–291 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Harris, L. F., Haynes, R. E., Cramblett, H. G., Conant, R. M., ANo Jenkins, G. R., Antigenic analysis of echoviruses 1 and 8, J. Infect. Dis. 127: 63–68 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Harris, T. J. R., and Brown, E, Correlation of polypeptide composition with antigenic variation in the swine vesicular disease and coxsackie B5 viruses, Nature 258: 758–760 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Harrison, S. C., Common cold virus and its receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 783 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hartig, P. C., Madge, G. E., and Webb, S. R., Diversity within a human isolate of Coxsackie B4: Relationship to viral-induced diabetes, J. Med. Virol. 12: 23–30 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Hasegawa, A., and Inouye, S., Production in guinea pigs of antibodies to cross-reactive antigenic determinants of human enteroviruses, J. Clin. Microbiol. 17: 458–462 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Hawley, H. B., Morin, D. P., Geraghty, M. E., ToMkow, J., and Phillips, C. A., Coxsackievirus B epidemic at a boy’s summer camp: Isolation of virus from swimming water, J.A.M.A. 226: 33–36 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Health and Welfare Canada, Wild poliovirus isolated in Alberta, 1993, Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 19: 57–58 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  159. Henderson, R. H., and Sundaresan, T., Cluster sampling to assess immunization coverage: A review of experience with a simplified sampling methodology, Bull. WHO 60: 253–260 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Hennessen, W., and Van Wftfl, A L (Eds.), Reassessment of Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine: Developments in Biological Standardization, Vol. 47, S. Karger, Basel, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Heymann, D. L., Floyd, V. D., Luchnevski, M., Kessengmaben, G., and Mvongo, F., Estimation of incidence of poliomyelitis by three survey methods in different regions of the United Republic of Cameroon, Bull. WHO 61: 501–507 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Hierholzer, J. C., Bingham, P. G., Coombs, R. A., Stone, Y. O., and Hatch, M. H., Quantitation of enterovirus-70 antibody by microneutralization test and comparison with standard neutralization, hemagglutination-inhibition, and complement-fixation tests with different virus strains, J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 826–830 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Hierholzer, J. C., Hilliard, K. A., and Esposito, J. J., Serosurvey for “acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis” virus (enterovirus 70) antibodies in the southeastern Untied States, with review of the literature and some epidemiologic implications, Am. J. Epidemiol. 102: 533–544 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Hodes, D. S., and Espinoza, D. V., Temperature sensitivity of isolates of echovirus type 11 causing chronic meningoencephalitis in an agammaglobulinemic patient, J. Infect. Dis. 144: 377 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Holle, J. M., Chow, M., and Filman, D. J., Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution, Science 229: 1358–1365 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Hollinger, E. B., Andre, E, and Melnick, J. L. (Eds.), International Symposium on Active Immunization against Hepatitis A, Vaccine 10(Suppl. l):1–174 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  167. Honig, E. I., Melnick, J. L., IsAcsoN, P., Parr, R., Myers, I. L., and Walton, M., An epidemiological study of enteric virus infections: Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and orphan (ECHO) viruses isolated from normal children in two socioeconomic groups, J. Exp. Med. 103: 247–262 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  168. Horstmann, D. M., Control of poliomyelitis: A continuing paradox, J. Infect. Dis. 146: 540–551 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Horstmann, D. M., Emmons, J., Gimpel, L., Subrahmanyan, T., and Riordan, J. T., Enteroviruses surveillance following a community-wide oral poliovirus vaccination program: A seven-year study, Am. J. Epidemiol. 97: 173–186 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Horstmann, D. M., Mccollum, R. W., and Mascola, A. D., Viremia in human poliomyelitis, J. Exp. Med. 99: 355–369 (1954).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Hoyt, T., Remaining problems before eradication of poliomyelitis can be accomplished, Prog. Med. Virol. 38: 42–55 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  172. Hoyt, T., and Roivainen, M., Peptide antisera targeted to a conserved sequence in poliovirus capsid protein VP1 cross-react widely with members of the genus Enterovirus, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 1083–1087 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  173. Hovt, T., Huovilainen, A., Kuronen, T., Poyry, T., Salama, N., Cantell, K., Kinnunen, E., Lapinleimu, K., Roivainen, M., Stenvik, M. Silander, A., Thoden, C.-J., Salminen, S., and Weckstrom, P., Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Finland: Widespread circulation of antigenically altered polio-virus type 3 in a vaccinated population, Lancet 1: 1427–1432 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  174. Hsiung, G. D., and Melnick, J. L., Morphologic characteristics of plaques produced on monkey kidney monolayer cultures by enteric viruses (poliomyelitis, Coxsackie and ECHO groups), J. Immunol. 78: 128–136 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Huber, S. A., Haisch, C., and Lodge, P. A., Coxsackievirusinduced myocarditis: Model for picornavirus-induced auto-immunity, Semin. Virol. 1: 289–295 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  176. Hughes, P. J., Evans, D. M. A., Minor, P. D., Schild, G. C., Almond, J. W., and Stanway, G., The nucleotide sequence of a type 3 poliovirus isolated during a recent outbreak of poliomyelitis in Finland, J. Gen. Virol. 67: 2093–2102 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Humphrey, D. D., Kew, O. M., and Feorino, P. M., Monoclonal antibodies of four different specificities for neutralization of type 1 polioviruses, Infect. Immun. 36: 841–843 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Hyypia, T., Stalhandske, P., Vainionpaa, R., and Pettersson, U., Detection of enteroviruses by spot hybridization, J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 436–438 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. International Poliomyelitis Conferences, Poliomyelitis: Papers and Discussions Presented at the First through Fifth International Poliomyelitis Conferences,(M. Fishbein, Ed.), J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1949, 1952, 1955, 1958, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  180. International Symposium ON Poliomyelitis Control, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S301 - S601 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  181. Ishiko, H., Takeda, N., Miyamura, K., Kato, N., Tanimura, M., Lin, K. H., Yin-Murphy, M., Tam, J. S., Mu, G. F., and Yamazaki, S., Phylogenetic analysis of a coxsackievirus A24 variant: The most recent worldwide pandemic was caused by progenies of a virus prevalent around 1981, Virology 187: 748–759 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Itoh, H., and Melnick, J. L., The infection of chimpanzees with ECHO viruses, J. Exp. Med. 106: 677–688 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Itoh, H., and Melnick, J. L., Double infections of single cells with ECHO 7 and Coxsackie A9 viruses, J. Exp. Med. 109: 393–406 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Jackson, G. G., and Muldoon, R. L., Viruses causing common respiratory infections in man, J. Infect. Dis. 127: 328–408 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Jacobson, M. F., Asso, J., and Baltimore, D., Further evidence on the formation of poliovirus proteins, J. Mol. Biol. 49: 657–669 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Janda, Z., Adam, E., and Vonka, V., Properties of a new type 3 attenuated poliovirus. VI. Alimentary tract resistance in children fed previously with type 3 Sabin vaccine to reinfection with homologous and heterologous type 3 attenuated poliovirus, Arch. Virusforsch. 20: 87–98 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Jenista, J. A., Powell, K. R., and Menegus, M. A., The epidemiology of neonatal enterovirus infection, J. Pediatrics 104: 685–690 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. John, T. J., Christopher, S., and Abraham, J., Neurological manifestation of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to enterovirus 70, Lancet 2: 1283–1284 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Jowls, R. B., FAuNswoRth, S., Thompson, H., and Brady, F., Two voluntary mass immunization programs using Sabin oral vaccine, J.A.M.A. 183: 171–175 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  190. Johnson, I., Hammond, G. W., and Verma, M. R, Nosocomial coxsackie B4 virus infections in two chronic-care pediatric neurological wards, J. Infect. Dis. 151: 1153–1156 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Johnston, R. T., Late progression of poliomyelitis paralysis: Discussion of pathogenesis, Ref Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S568 - S570 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. Johnstone, T., Poliovaccine strategy, Lancet 2: 695 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Kajigaya, S., Arakawa, H., Kuge, S., Kos, T., Imura, N., and Nomoto, A., Isolation and characterization of defective-interfering particles of poliovirus Sabin I strain, Virology 142: 307–316 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Kandolf, R., and Hofschneider, P. H., Molecular cloning of the genome of a cardiotropic Coxsackie B3 virus: Full-length reverse-transcribed recombinant cDNA generates infectious virus in mammalian cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4818–4822 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Kandolf, R., Klingel, K., Znri, R, Selinka, H.-C., Raab, U., Schneiderbrachert, W., and Bultmann, B., Molecular pathogenesis of enterovirus-induced myocarditis: Virus persistence and chronic inflammation, Intervirology 35: 140–151 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Kaplan, G. J., Clark, P. S., Bender, T. R., Feltz, E. T., Listyoung, B., Nevius, S. E., and Chin, T. D. Y., Echovirus type 30 meningitis and related febrile illness: Epidemiologic study of an outbreak in an Eskimo community, Am. J. Epidemiol. 92: 257–265 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Kaplan, M. H., Klein, S. W., Mcphee, J., and Harper, R. G., Group B coxsackievirus infections in infants younger than three months of age: A serious childhood illness, Rev. Infect. Dis. 5: 1019–1032 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Kapsenberg, J., Picomaviridae: The Enteroviruses, in: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 2, (E. H. Lennette, P. Halonen, and F. A. Murphy, Eds.), pp. 692–722, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  199. Kapsenberg, J. G., Ras, A., and Korte, J., Improvement of enterovirus neutralization by treatment with sodium deoxycholate or chloroform, Intervirology 12: 329–334 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Kedmi, S., and Katzenelson, E., A rapid quantitative fluorescent antibody assay of polioviruses using tragacanth gum, Arch. V irol. 56: 337–340 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Kelly, S., Winsser, J., and Winkelstein, W., JR., Poliomyelitis and other enteric viruses in sewage, Am. J. Public Health 47: 72–77 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Kennett, M. L., Birch, C. J., Lewis, R A., Yung, A. P., Locarnini, S. A., and Gust, I. D., Enterovirus type 71 infection in Melbourne, Bull. WHO 51: 609–615 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  203. KEw, O. M., and Notray, B. K., Molecular epidemiology of polioviruses, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S499–5504 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. KEw, O. M., Norfay B. K., Hatch, M. H., Hierholzer, J. C., and Osueski, J. F., Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of enterovirus 70 isolates from the 1980 to 1981 pandemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: Evidence for a close genetic relationship among Asian and American strains, Infect. Immun. 41: 631–635 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Kibrick, S., Current status of Coxsackie and ECHO viruses in human disease, Prog. Med. Viral. 6: 27–70 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Kimfarley, R. J., Schonberger, L. B., Nkowane, B. M., Kew, O. M., Bart, K. J., Orenstein, W. A., Hinman, A. R., Hatch, M. H., and Kaplan, J. E., Poliomyelitis in the USA: Virtual elimination of disease caused by wild virus, Lancet 2: 1315–1317 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. King, M. L., Bidwell, D., Shaikh, A., Voller, A., and Banatvala, J. E., Coxsackie B virus specific IgM responses in children with insulin-dependent (juvenile-onset; type 1) diabetes mellitus, Lancet 1: 1397–1399 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Krramura, N., Semler, B. L., Rothberg, P. G., Larsen, G. R., Adler, C. J., Dorner, A. J., Emini, E. A., Hanecak, R., Lee, J. J., Van Der Werf, S., Anderson, C. W., and Wimmer, E., Primary structure, gene organization, and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA, Nature 291: 547–553 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Kjellen, L., and Von Zeipel, G., Influence of host cells on the infectivity and neutralizability of echovirus type 4 (Pesascek), Intervirology 22: 32–40 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Klingel, K., Hohenadl, C., Canu, A., Albrecht, M., Seemann, M., Mall, G., and Kandolf, R., Ongoing enterovirusinduced myocarditis is associated with persistent heart muscle infection: Quantitative analysis of virus replication, tissue damage, and inflammation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 314–318 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Koch, R, and Koch, G., The Molecular Biology of Poliovirus, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  212. Kogon, A., Spigland, I., Frothingham, T. C., Elveback, L., Williams, C., Hall, C. E., and Fox, J. P., The Virus Watch Program: A continuing surveillance of viral infections in metropolitan New York families. Vii. Observations on viral excretion, seroimmunity, intrafamilial spread and illness association in coxsackievirus and echovirus infections, Am. J. Epidemiol. 89: 51–61 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Koike, S., Ise, I., Sato, Y., Mitsui, K., Horie, H., Umeyama, H., and Nomoto, A., Early events of poliovirus infection, Semin. Viral. 3: 109–115 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  214. Kono, R., Apollo 11 disease or acute hemorrhagic conjuctivitis: A pandemic of a new enterovirus infection of the eyes, Am. J. Epidemiol. 101: 383–390 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Kono, R., Miyamura, K., Tajiri, E., Sasagawa, A., Phuapradit, P., Roongwithu, N., Vejjajiva, A., Jayavasu, C., Thongcharoen, P., Wasi, C., and Rodprassert, P, Virological and serological studies of neurological complications of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Thailand, J. Infect. Dis. 135: 706–713 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Kono, R., Miyamura, K., Tajiri, E., Shiga, S., Sasagawa, A., Irani, P. E, Katrak, S. M., and Wadia, N. H., Neurologic complications associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus infection and its serological confirmation, J. Infect. Dis. 129: 590–593 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Kong, R., Sasagawa, A., Ishii, K., Sugiura, S., Ochi, M., Matsumiya, H., Uchida, Y., Kameyama, K., Kaneko, M., and Sakurai, N., Pandemic of new type of conjunctivitis, Lancet 1: 1191–1194 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  218. Kong, R., Sasagawa, A., Miyamura, K., and Taiiri, E., Serologic characterization and sero-epidemiologic studies on acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (Ahc) virus, Am. J. Epidemiol. 101: 444–457 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  219. Kraft, L. M., and Melnick, J. L., Complement fixation tests with homologous and heterologous types of Coxsackie virus in man, J. Immunol. 68: 297–310 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Kraft, L. M., and Melnick, J. L., Quantitative studies of the virus-host relationship in chimpanzees after inapparent infection with Coxsackie viruses. II. The development of complement-fixing antibodies, J. Exp. Med. 97: 401–414 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Krah, D. L., and Crowell, R. L., A solid-phase assay of solubilized HeLa cell membrane receptors for binding group B coxsackieviruses and polioviruses, Virology 118: 148–156 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Kuritsky, J. N., Weaver, J. H., Bernard, K. W., Mokhbat, J. E., Hatch, M. H., Osterholm, M. T., and Patriarca, P. A., An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in central Minnesota, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 96: 449–452 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Laforce, E M., Lichnevski, M. S., Keja, J., and Henderson, R. H., Clinical survey techniques to estimate prevalence and annual incidence of poliomyelitis in developing countries, Bull. WHO 58: 609–620 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Lake, A. M., Lauer, B. A., Clark, J. C., Wesenberg, R. L., and Mcintosh, K., Enterovirus infections in neonates, J. Pediatr. 89: 787–791 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Lamb, G. A., Chin, T. D. Y., and Scarce, L. E., Isolations of enteric viruses from sewage and river water in a metropolitan area, Am. J. Hyg. 80: 320–327 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Landsteiner, K., and Popper, E., Ubertragung der Poliomyelitis acute auf Affen, Z. Immunitaetsforsch. Orig. 2: 377–390 (1909).

    Google Scholar 

  227. Lansdown, A. B. G., Viral infections and diseases of the heart, Prog. Med. Virol. 24: 70–113 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Lapinleimu, K., Killed polio virus vaccine in the control of poliomyelitis in Finland, Ann. Clin. Res. 144: 199–203 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  229. Lasch, E. E., Abed, Y., Abdulla, K., EL Tibbi, A. G., Marcus, O., EL Massri, M., Handscher, R., Gerichter, C. B., and Melnick, J. L., Successful results of a program combining live and inactivated poliovirus vaccines to control poliomyelitis in Gaza, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S467–5470 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Lad, R. C. H., Coxsackie B virus infections in New Zealand patients with cardiac and noncardiac diseases, J. Med. Virol. 11: 131–137 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. Lavinder, C. H., Freeman, A. W., and Frost, W. H., Epidemiologic studies of poliomyelitis in New York City and Northeastern United States during the year 1916, Public Health Bull. 91: 1–309 (1918).

    Google Scholar 

  232. Lee H. S., Boulilier, J E, Macdonald, M. A., and Forward, K. E., A novel approach to enterovirus typing, J. Med. Virol. 35: 128–132 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Leinikki, P. O., Pasternack, A., Mustonen, J., Tanuianpaa, P., and Hygty, H., Paralytic poliomyelitis in Finland, Lancet 2: 507 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Lemon, S. M., and Robertson, S. E., Global eradication of poliomyelitis: Recent progress, future prospects, and new research priorities, Prog. Med. Virol. 38: 42–55 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Leonardi, G. P., Greenberg, A. J., Costello, P., and Szabo, K., Echovirus type 30 infection associated with aseptic meningitis in Nassau County, New York, USA, Intervirology 36: 53–56 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Lerner, A. M., Coxsackievirus myocardiopathy, J. Infect. Dis. 120: 496–499 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Lerner, A. M., Myocarditis and pericarditis, in: International Textbook of Medicine (A. I. Braude, Ed.), pp. 1520–1530, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Lerner, A. M., and Wilson, F. M., Virus myocardiopathy, Prog. Med. Virol. 15: 63–91 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Lim, K. A., and Benyesh-Melnick, M., Typing of viruses by combinations of antiserum pools: Application to typing of enteroviruses (Coxsackie and echo), J. Immunol. 84: 309–317 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Lim, K. H., and Yin-Murphy, M., An epidemic of conjunctivitis in Singapore in 1970, Singapore Med. J. 12: 247–249 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Lim, K. H., and Yin-Murphy, M., The aetiologic agents of epidemic conjunctivitis, Singapore Med. J. 18: 41–43 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Lin, K.-H. Wang, H.-L., Sheu, M.-M., Huang, W.-L., Chen, C.-W., Yang, C.-S., Takeda, N., Kato, N., Miyamura, K., and Yamwzaxl, S., Molecular epidemiology of a variant of coxsackievirus A24 in Taiwan: Two epidemics caused by phylogenetically distinct viruses from 1985 to 1989, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 1160–1166 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Lund, E., Hedstroo., A comparison between virus isolations from sewage and from fecal specimens from patients, Am. J. Epidemiol. 84: 282–286 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Macleod, D. R. E., Ing, W. K., Belcourt, R. J.-P., Pearson, E. W., and Bell, J. R., Antibody status to poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, diphtheria and tetanus, Ontario, 1969–70: Deficiencies discovered and remedies required, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 113: 619–623 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  245. Magrath, D. I., Evans, D. M. A., Ferguson, M., Schild, G. C., Minor, P.D., Horaud, F., Crainic, R., Stenvik, M., and Hovi, T., Antigenic and molecular properties of type 3 poliovirus responsible for an outbreak of poliomyelitis in a vaccinated population, J. Gen. Virol. 67: 899–905 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Maguire, T., The laboratory transmission of Coxsackie A6 virus by mosquitoes, J. Hyg. 68: 625–630 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Mapoles, J. E., Krah, D. L., and Crowell, R. L., Purification of a HeLa cell receptor protein for group B coxsackieviruses, J. Virol. 55: 560–566 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Martino, T. A., Sole, M. J., Penn, L. Z., Liew, C.-C., and Liu, P., Quantitation of enteroviral RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 2634–2640 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Matthews, R. E. F., Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fourth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Intervirology 17: 1–199 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  250. Mcallister, R. M., Melnyk, J., Finkelstein, J. Z., Adams, E. C., JR., and Gardner, M. B., Cultivation in vitro of cells derived from a human rhabdomyosarcoma, Cancer 24: 520–526 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Mcbean, A. M., Thomas, M. L., Johnson, R. H., Gadless, B. R., Macdonald, B., Nerhood, L., Cummins, P., Hughes, J., Kinnear, J., Watts, C., Kraft, M., Albrecht, P., Boone, E. J., Moore, M., Frank, J. A., JR., and Bernier, R., A comparison of the serologic responses to oral and injectable trivalent polio- virus vaccines, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S552–5555 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Mccarroll, J. R., Melnick, J. L., and Horstmann, D. M., Spread of poliomyelitis infection in nursery schools, Am. J. Publ. Health 45: 1541–1550 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Mease, P. J., Ochs, H. D., Corey, L., Dragavon, J., and Wedgewood, R. J., Echovirus encephalitis/myositis in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, N. Engl. J. Med. 313: 758 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Melchers, W., DE Visser, M., Jongen, P., Van Loon, A., Nibbeling, R., Oostvogel, P, Willemse, D., and Galama, J., The postpolio syndrome: No evidence for poliovirus persistence, Ann. Neurol. 32: 728–732 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Melnick, J. L., Poliomyelitis virus in urban sewage in epidemic and in non-epidemic times, Am. J. Hyg. 45: 240–253 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Melnick, J. L., Variation in poliomyelitis virus on serial passage through tissue culture, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 18: 278–279 (1953).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  257. Melnick, J. L., Application of tissue culture methods to epidemiological studies of poliomyelitis, Am. J. Public Health 44: 571–580 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  258. Melnick, J. L., Antigenic crossings within poliovirus types, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 89: 131–133 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Melnick, J. L., ECHO viruses, in: Cellular Biology, Nucleic Acids, and Viruses, Special Publications of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 5, (Thomas M. Rivers, Consulting Ed.), pp. 365–381, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Melnick, J. L., Advances in the study of the enteroviruses, Prog. Med. Virol. 1: 59–105 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Melnick, J. L., Population genetics applied to live poliovirus vaccine, Am. J. Publ. Health 52: 472–483 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Melnick, J. L., Echoviruses, in: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 4th ed. (F. L. Horsfall, JR., and I. Tamm, Eds.), pp. 513–545, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Melnick, J. L., Enteroviruses: Vaccines, epidemiology, diagnosis, and classification, CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1: 87–118 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Melnick, J. L., Periodic serological surveillance, in: Serological Epidemiology, (J. R. Paul and C. White, Eds.), pp. 142–154, Academic Press, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Melnick, J. L., Reference materials in virology: The enterovirus example, in: Proceedings International Conference on Standardization of Diagnostic Materials, pp. 213–235, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Melnick, J. L., Report to the World Health Organization: Recommendations for the Control of Poliomyelitis in Israel, West Bank and Gaza Strip, Report No. EM/Vir/7, Epid/54, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Melnick J. L., Advantages and disadvantages of killed and live poliomyelitis vaccines, Bull. WHO 56: 21–38 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Melnick, J. L., Towards the eradication of poliomyelitis, in: Medical Virology: Proceedings International Symposium on Medical Virology, (L. M. DE LA Maza and E. M. Peterson, Eds.), pp. 261–299, Elsevier Biomedical, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Melnick, J. L., Portraits of viruses: The picomaviruses, Intervirology 20: 61–100 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Melnick, J L, Enterovirus type 71 infections: A varied clinical pattern sometimes mimicking paralytic poliomyelitis, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): 5387 - S390 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  271. Melnick, J. L., New approaches to hepatitis B vaccines, in: New Approaches to Vaccine Development (R. Bell and G. Torrigiani, Eds.), pp. 218–236, Schwabe & Co., Basel, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Melnick, J. L. (ED.), Enteric Viruses in Water, Monographs in Virology, Vol. 15, S. Karger, Basel, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Melnick, J. L., Etiologic agents and their potential for causing waterborne virus diseases, in: Enteric Viruses in Water: Monographs in Virology, Vol. 15, (J. L. Melnick, Ed.), pp. 1–16, S. Karger, Basel, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Melnick, J. L., Recent developments in the worldwide control of poliomyelitis, in: Control of Virus Diseases (E. Kurstak and R. G. Marusyk, Eds.), pp. 3–31, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Melnick, J. L., Enteroviruses, in: Laboratory of Diagnosis of Viral Infections (E. H. Lennette, Ed.), pp. 241–256, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Melnick, J. L., Poliomyelitis: Eradication in sight, Epidemiol. Infect. 108: 1–18 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Melnick, J. L., Enteroviruses, in: Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 4th ed. (N. R. Rose, E. C. Macario, J. L. Fahey, H. Friedman, and G. M. Penn, Eds.), pp. 631–633, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Melnick, J. L., Properties and classification of hepatitis A virus, Vaccine 10 (Suppl. 1): 24–26 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  279. Melnick, J. L., Live attenuated poliovaccines in: Vaccines, 2nd ed. (S. A. Plotkin and E. A. Mortimer, JR., Eds.), pp. 155–204, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Melnick, J. L., Agol, V. I., Bachrach, H. L., Brown, F., Cooper, P. D., Fiers, W., Gard, S., Gear, J. H. S., Ghendon, Y., Kasza, L., Laplaca, M., Mandel, B., Mcgregor, S., MoHanty, S. B., Plummer, G., Rueckert, R. R., Schaffer, E L., Tagaya, L, Tyrrell, D. A. J., Voroshilova, M., and Wenner, H., Picomaviridae, Intervirology 4: 303–316 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Melnick, J. L., and Agren, K., Poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses isolated from normal infants in Egypt, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81: 621–624 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Melnick, J. L., Ashkenazi, A., Midulla, V. C., Wallis, C., and Bernstein, A., Immunogenic potency of MgC12 stabilized oral poliovaccine, J.A.M.A. 185: 406–408 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Melnick, J. L., Clarke, N. A., and Kraft, L. M., Immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses. Iii. Cross-protection tests in infant mice born of vaccinated mothers. Transfer of immunity through the milk, J. Exp. Med. 92: 499–505 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Melnick, J. L., Cockburn, W. C., Dalldorf, G., Gard, S., Gear, J. H. S., Hammon, W., McD., Kaplan, M. M., Nagler, F. P., Oker-Blom, N., Rhodes, A. J., Sabin, A. B., Verlinde, J. D., and Von Magnus, H., Picornavirus group, Virology 19: 114–116 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. Melnick, J. L., Crowther, D., and Barrera-Oro, J., Rapid development of drug-resistant mutants of poliovirus, Science 134: 557 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Melnick, J. L., Dalldorf, G., Enders, J. E, Hammon, W. McD., Sabin, A. B., Syverton, J. T., and Wenner, H. A., The enteroviruses, Am. J. Publ. Health 47: 1556–1566 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  287. Melnick, J. L., and Dow, R. P., Poliomyelitis in Hidalgo County, Texas, 1948. Poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses from flies, Am. J. Hyg. 58: 288–309 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Melnick, J. L., Emmons, J., Coffey, J. H., and Schoof, H., Seasonal distribution of Coxsackie viruses in urban sewage and flies, Am. J. Hyg. 59: 164–184 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Melnick, J. L., and Gerba, C. P., The ecology of enteroviruses in natural waters, CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 10: 65–93 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Melnick, J. L., Gerba, C. P., and Wallis, C., Viruses in water, Bull. WHO 56: 499–508 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Melnick, J. L., and Hampil, B., WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera: Fourth report, Bull. WHO 48: 381–396 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Melnick, J. L., and Ledinko, N., Social serology: Antibody levels in a normal young population during an epidemic of poliomyelitis, Am. J. Hyg. 54: 354–382 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Melnick, J. L., and Ledinko, N., Development of neutralizing antibodies against the three types of poliomyelitis virus during an epidemic period: The ratio of inapparent infection to clinical poliomyelitis, Am. J. Hyg. 58: 207–222 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Melnick, J. L., Mccarroll, J. R., and Horstmann, D. M., A winter outbreak of poliomyelitis in New York City: The complement-fixation testas an aid in rapid diagnosis, Am. J. Hyg. 63: 95–114 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Melnick, J. L., Paul, J. R., and Walton, M., Serologic epidemiology of poliomyelitis, Am. J. Publ. Health 45: 429–437 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Melnick, J. L., and Penner, L. R., The survival of poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses following their ingestion by flies, J. Exp. Med. 96: 255–271 (1951).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  297. Melnick, J. L., Proctor, R. O., Ocampo, A. R., Diwan, A. R., and Ben-Porath, E., Free and bound virus in serum after administration of oral poliovirus vaccine, Am. J. Epidemiol. 84: 329–342 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Melnick, J. L., Rennick, V., Hampil, B., Schmidt, N. J., and HO, H. H., Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: Preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 42 enteroviruses, Bull. WHO 48: 263–268 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Melnick, J. L., Safferman, R., Rao, V. C., GoyAL, S., Berg, Q., Dahling, D. R., Wright, B. A., Akin, E., Stetler, R., Sorber, C., Moore, B., Sobsey, M. D., Moot, R., Lewis, A. L., and Wellings, F. M., Round robin investigation of methods for the recovery of poliovirus from drinking water, Appl. Environmental Microbiol. 47: 144–150 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Melnick, J. L., Schmidt, N. J., Hampil, B., and Ho, H. H., Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: Preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 19 group A coxsackievirus serotypes, Intervirology 8: 172–181 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Melnick, J. L., Schmidt, N. J., Mirkovic, R. R., Chumakov, M. P., Lavrova, I. K., and Voroshilova, M. K., Identification of Bulgarian strain 258 of enterovirus 71, Intervirology 12: 297–302 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  302. Melnick, J. L., Shaw, E. W., and Curnen, E. C., A virus from patients diagnosed as non-paralytic poliomyelitis or aseptic meningitis, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 71: 344–349 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Melnick, J. L., Tagaya, l., and Von Magnus, H., Enteroviruses 60, 70, and 71, Intervirology 4: 369–370 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Melnick, J. L., and Wenner, H. A., Enteroviruses, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, 4th ed. (E. H. Lennette and N. J. Schmidt, Eds.), pp. 529–602, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Melnick, J. L., Wenner, H. A., and Phillips, C. A., Enteroviruses, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydia) Infections, 5th ed. (E. H. Lennette and N. J. Schmidt, Eds.), pp. 471–534, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Melnick, J. L., Wenner, H. A., and Rosen, L., The enteroviruses, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, 3rd ed. (E. H. Lennette and N. J. Schmidt, Eds.), pp. 194–242, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  307. Melnick, J. L., and Wimberly, I. L., Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: New Lbm pools prepared from reserves of antisera stored frozen for two decades, Bull. WHO 63: 543–550 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Menegus, M. A., Enteroviruses, in: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 4th ed. (E. H. Lennette, Ed.), pp. 743–746, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Menegus, M. A., and Hollick, G. E., Increased efficiency of group B coxsackievirus isolation from clinical specimens by use of BGM cells, J. Clin. Microbiol. 15: 945–948 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Metcalf, T. G., and Melnick, J. L., Simple apparatus for collecting estuarine sediments and suspended solids to detect solids-associated virus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 323–327 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Metcalf, T. G., Rao, V. C., and Melnick, J. L., Solid-associated viruses in a polluted estuary, in: Enteric Viruses in Water: Monographs in Virology, Vol. 15, (J. L. Melnick, Ed.), pp. 97–110, S. Karger, Basel, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  312. Miller, D. A., Miller, O. J., Vaithilingham, G. D., Hashmi, S., Tantravahi, R., Medrano, L., and Green, H., Human chromosome 19 carries a poliovirus receptor gene, Cell1: 167–173 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  313. Minor, P. D., Review article: The molecular biology of polio-vaccines, J. Gen. Virol. 74: 3065–3077 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  314. Minor, P. D., Evans, D. M. A., Ferguson, M., Schild, G. C., Westrop, G., and Almond, J. W., Principal and subsidiary antigenic sites of VP1 involved in the neutralization of poliovirus type 3, J. Gen. Virol. 65: 1159–1165 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  315. Mirchamsy, H., Shafyi, A., Mahinpour, M., and Nazari, P., Stabilizing effect of magnesium chloride and sucrose on Sabin live polio vaccine, in: Vaccinations in the Developing Countries, Developments in Biological Standardization, (R. H. Reganey, Acting Ed.), Vol. 41, pp. 255–257, S. Karger, Basel, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Mirkovic, R. R., KoNO, R., Yin-Murphy, M., Sohier, R., Schmidt, N. J., and Melnick, J. L., Enterovirus type 70: The etiologic agent of pandemic acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis, Bull. WHO 49: 341–346 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Mirkovic, R. R., Schmidt, N. J., Yinmurphy, M., and Melnick, J. L., Enterovirus etiology of the 1970 Singapore epidemic of acute conjunctivitis, Intervirology 4: 119–127 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Miwa, C., Yamada, F, Matsuura, A., and Yoshizawa, K., Epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in Gifu prefecture in 1973, Virus 28: 78–86 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Miyamura, K., Yamashita, K., Yamadera, S., Kato, N., Akatsuka, M., and Yamazaki, S., An epidemic of echovirus 18 in Japan-High association with clinical manifestation of exanthem, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 43: 51–58 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Miyalvlura, K., Yamashita, K., Yamadera, S., Kato, N., Akatsuka, M., Hara, M., Inouye, S., and Yamazaki, S., Poliovirus surveillance: Isolation of polioviruses in Japan, 1980–1991, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 45: 203–214 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  321. Modlin, J. F, Perinatal echovirus infection: Insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries, Rev. Infect. Dis. 8: 918–926 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Modlin, J. F, Polk, B. F., Horton, P., Etkind, P., Crane, E., and Spiliotes, A., Perinatal echovirus infection: Risk of trans-mission during a community outbreak, N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 368–371 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Moore, M., From the Centers for Disease Control: Enteroviral disease in the United States, 1970–1979, J. Infect. Dis. 146: 103–108 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Moore, M., Baron, R. C., FI[Stein, M. R., Lofgren, J. P., Rowley, D. L., Schonberger, L. B., and Hatch, M. H., Aseptic meningitis and high school football players, 1978–1980, J.A.M.A. 249: 2039–2042 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  325. Moore, M., and Morens, D. M., Enteroviruses, including polioviruses, in: Textbook of Human Virology, 2nd ed. (R. B. Bel-She, ed.), pp. 407–483, Psg Publishing Co., Littleton, MA, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Morens, D. M., Poliovaccine strategy, Lancet 1: 285–286 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  327. Morens, D. M., Pallansch, M. A., and Moore, M., Polioviruses and other enteroviruses, in: Textbook of Human Virology, 2nd ed. (R. B. Belshe, Ed.), pp. 427–497, Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, MO, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Morrison, L. A., and Fields, B. N., Minireview: Parallel mechanisms in neuropathogenesis of enteric virus infections, J. Virol. 65: 2767–2772 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Muir, P., and Kandolf, R., The laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus-induced heart disease, in: Viral Infections of the Heart, (J. E. Banatvala, ed.), London, Edward Arnold, pp. 211–230, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Muir, P., Singh, N. B., and Banatvala, J. E., Enterovirusspecific serum IgA antibody responses in patients with acute infections, chronic cardiac disease, and recently diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J. Med. Virol. 32: 236–242 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Muir, P., Nicholson, F., Jhetam, M., Neogi, S., and Banatvala, J. E., Rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection by magnetic bead extraction and polymerase chain reaction detection of enterovirus RNA in clinical specimens, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 31–38 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Nagington, J., Gandy, G., Walker, J., and Gray, J. J., Use of normal immunoglobulin in an echovirus outbreak in a special-care baby unit, Lancet 2: 443–446 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Nagington, J., Wreghitt, T. G., Gandy, G., Roberton, N. R. C., and Berry, P. J., Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in special-care baby unit, Lancet 2: 725 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Nagy, G., Takatsy, S., Kukan, E., Mihaly, I., and Domok, I., Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections: Experiences gained during an epidemic of acute Cns diseases in Hungary in 1978, Arch. Virol. 71: 217–227 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Nakano, J. H., Hatch, M. H., Thieme, M. L., and Nottay, B., Parameters for differentiating vaccine-derived and wild polio-virus strains, Prog. Med. Virol. 24: 178–206 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Nakao, T., Coxsackie viruses and diabetes, Lancet 2: 1423 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  337. Narang, H. K., and Codd, A. A., Enterovirus typing by immune electron microscopy using low-speed centrifugation, J. Clin. Pathol. 33: 191–194 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Nardi, G., Baron’, M., Tanzi, M. L., Grandi, D., Bevilacqua, G., and Tedeschi, F., Epidemic due to group B Coxsackie viruses in a newborn infants’ department, Ann. Sclavo 18: 793–808 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Nathanson, N., Epidemiologic aspects of poliomyelitis eradication, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): 308–312 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  340. Nejmi, S., Gaudin, O. G., Chomel, J. J., Baal, A., Sohier, R., and Bosshard, S., Isolation of a virus responsible for an outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Morocco, J. Hyg. 72: 181–183 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Nicholas, D. D., Kratzer, J. H., Ofosu-Amaah, S., and Belcher, D. W., Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries?-the Danfa experience, Br. Med. J. 1: 1009–1112 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Nishmi, M., and Yodfat, Y., Successive overlapping outbreaks of a febrile illness associated with coxsackie virus type B4 and echo virus type 9 in a kibbutz, Israel J. Med. Sci. 9: 895–899 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Nkowane, B. M., Wassilak, S. G. F., Orenstein, W. A., Bart, K. J., Schonberger, L. B., Hinman, A. R., and Kew, O. M., Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. United States: 1973 through 1984, J.A.M.A. 257: 1335–1340 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Nolan, J. P., Wilmer, B. J., and Melnick, J. L., Poliomyelitis: Its highly invasive nature and narrow stream of infection in a community of high socioeconomic level, N. Engl. J. Med. 253: 945–954 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Nomoto, A., Cellular receptors for virus infection, Semin. Virol. 3: 77–133 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  346. Nomoto, A., Recombinant polioviruses as candidates for oral live poliovaccines, Microbiol. Immunol. 37: 169–174 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Nomoto, A., Omata, T., Toyoda, H., Kuge, S., Horie, H., Kataoka, Y., Genba, Y., Nakano, Y., and Imura, N., Complete nucleotide sequence of the attenuated poliovirus Sabin 1 strain genome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 5793–5797 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Notkins, A. L., Virus-induced diabetes mellitus, Arch. Virol. 54: 1–17 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Notkins, A. L., and YooN, J. W., Virus-induced diabetes mellitus, in: Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis, ( A. L. Notkins and M. B. A. Oldstone, Eds.), pp. 241–247, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  350. Nottay, B. K., Kew, O. M., Hatch, M. H., Heyward, J. T., and Obueski, J. F., Molecular variation of type 1 vaccine-related and wild polioviruses during replication in humans, Virology 108: 405–423 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Ofosu-Amaah, S., Kratzer, J. H., and Nicholas, D. D., Is poliomyelitis a serious problem in developing countries? Lameness in Ghanaian schools, Br. Med. J. 1: 1012–1014 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Ogra, P. L., Mucosal immune response to poliovirus vaccines in childhood, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S361 - S368 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Ogra, P. F., Fishaut, M., and Gallagher, M. R., Viral vaccination via the mucosal routes, Rev. Infect. Dis. 2: 352–369 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Ogra, P. L., and Karzon, D. T., Formation and function of poliovirus antibody in different tissues, Prog. Med. Virol. 13: 156–193 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Olive, D. M., Almufti, S., AL-Mulla, W., Khan, M. A., Pasca, A., Staneay, G., and AL-Nakib, W., Detection and differentiation of picornaviruses in clinical samples following genomic amplification, J. Gen. Virol. 71: 2141–2147 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Omata, T., Kohara, M., Sakai, Y., Kameda, A., Imura, N., and Nomoto, A., Cloned infectious complementary DNA of the poliovirus Sabin I genome: Biochemical and biological properties of the recovered virus, Gene 32: 1–10 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Orchard, T. J., Atchison, R. W., Becker, D., Rabin, B., Eberhardt, M., Kuller, L. H., Laporte, R. E., and Lavender, D., Coxsackie infection and diabetes, Lancet 2: 631 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  358. Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Van Wezel, A L, Hazendonk, T. G., Uytedehaag, F. G. C. M., Van Aste, J. A. A. M., and Van Steenis, B., Monoclonal antibodies to polioviruses. Comparison of intratypic strain differentiation of poliovirus type 1 using monoclonal antibodies versus cross-absorbed antisera, Intervirology 20: 129–136 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Van Wezel, A. L., Van Steenis, B., Drost, G. A., and Hazendonk, A. G., Monoclonal antibodies to polioviruses. Production of specific monoclonal antibodies to the Sabin vaccine strains, Intervirology 16: 218–224 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Pacsa, S., and Werblinska, J., Natural immunity of Ghanaian children to polio and coxsackieviruses: Brief report, Arch. Virusforsch. 33: 192–193 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Pal, S. R., Szucs, G., and Melnick, J. L., Rapid immune Chapter 21 Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses fluorescence diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus 70, Intervirology 20: 19–22 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Pal, S. R., Szucs, G., Melnick, J. L., Kaiwar, R., Bhardwaj, G., Singh, R., Gangwar, D. N., Choudhury, S., and Jain, I. S., Immunofluorescence test for the epidemiological monitoring of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis cases, Bull. WHO 61: 485–490 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Pan American Health Organization, Live Poliovirus Vaccines, Special Publications of the Pan American Health Organization, Nos. 44 and 50, 1959, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Paque, R. E., Gauntt, C. J., and Nealon, T. J., Assessment of cell-mediated immunity against coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in a primate model (Papio papio), Infect. Immun. 31: 470–479 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Parks, W. P., Queiroga, L. T., and Melnick, J. L., Studies of infantile diarrhea in Karachi, Pakistan. II. Multiple virus isolations from rectal swabs, Am. J. Epidemiol. 84: 469–478 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  366. Patriarca, P. A., Onorato, I. M., Sklar, V. E. F., Schon-Berger, L. B., Kaminski, R. M., Hatch, M. H., Morens, D. M., and Forster, R. K., Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Investigation of a large-scale community outbreak in Dade County, Florida, J.A.M.A. 249: 1283–1289 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  367. Patriarca, P. A., Wright, P. F., and John, T. J., Factors affecting the intmunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine in developing countries: Review, Rev. Infect. Dis. 13: 926–939 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Paul, J. R., Endemic and epidemic trends of poliomyelitis in Central and South America, Bull. WHO 19: 737–758 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  369. Paul, J. R., A History of Poliomyelitis, Yalé University Press, New Haven, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Paul, J. R., Development and use of serum surveys in epidemiology, in: Serological Epidemiology, (J. R. Paul and C. White, eds.), pp. 1–13, Academic Press, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Paul, J. R., and Melnick, J. L., Poliomyelitis, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Virus and Rickettsial Diseases, 2nd ed. (E. H. Lennette and N. J. Schmidt, eds.), pp. 53–90, American Public Health Association, New York, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  372. Paul, J. R., Melnick, J. L., Barnett, V. H., and Goldblum, N., A survey of neutralizing antibodies to poliomyelitis in Cairo, Egypt, Am. J. Hyg. 55: 402–413 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Paul, J. R., Riordan, J. T., and Melnick, J. L., Antibodies to three different antigenic types of poliomyelitis virus in sera from North Alaskan Eskimos, Am. J. Hyg. 54: 275–285 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Payne, A. M.-M., Poliomyelitis as a world problem, in: Papers and Discussions Presented at the Third International Poliomyelitis Conference, pp. 393–400, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  375. Peetermans, J., Colinet, G., and Stephenne, J., Activity of attenuated poliomyelitis and measles vaccines exposed at different temperatures, in: Proceedings Symposium on Stability and Effectiveness of Measles, Poliomyelitis and Pertussis Vaccines, pp. 61–66, Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  376. Petersen, I., Polio antibody patterns in the Danish population since 1954, in: Proceedings of the 75th Anniversary Meeting, Statens Serum Instituts, Copenhagen, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  377. Petitjean, J., Quibriac, M., Freymuth, F., Fuchs, F., Laconche, N., Aymard, M., and Kopecka, H., Specific detection of enteroviruses in clinical samples by molecular hybridization using poliovirus subgenomic riboprobes, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 307–311 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Petitjean, J., Kopecka, H., Freymuth, F., Langlard, J. M., Scanu, P., Galateau, E, Bouhour, J. B., Ferriere, M., Char-Bonneau, P., and Komajda, M., Detection of enteroviruses in endomyocardial biopsy by molecular approach, J. Med. Virol. 37: 76–82 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  379. Phillips, C. A., Melnick, J. L., Barrett, F. F., Behbehani, A. M., and Riggs, S., Dual virus infections: Simultaneous enteroviral disease and St. Louis encephalitis, J.A.M.A. 197: 169–172 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Prabhakar, B. S., Haspel, M. V., Mcclintock, P. R., and Notkins, A. L., High frequency of antigenic variants among naturally occurring human coxsackie B4 virus isolates identified by monoclonal antibodies, Nature 300: 374–376 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Prather, S. L., Dagan, R., Jenista, J. A., and Menegus, M. A., The isolation of enteroviruses from blood: A comparison of four processing methods, J. Med. Virol. 14: 221–227 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  382. Racaniello, V. R., and Baltimore, D., Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4887–4891 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Racaniello, V. R., and Baltimore, D., Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells, Science 214: 916–918 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Ramos-Alvarez, M., and Sabin, A. B., Characteristics of poliomyelitis and other enteric viruses recovered in tissue culture from healthy American children, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 87: 655–661 (1954).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Raska, K., Editorial: Epidemiologic surveillance in the control of infectious disease, Rev. Infect. Dis. 5: 1112–1117 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Redline, R. W., Genest, D. R., and Tycko, B., Detection of enteroviral infection in paraffin-embedded tissue by the RNA polymerase chain reaction technique, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 96: 569–571 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  387. Reissig, M., HowES, D. W., and Melnick, J. L., Sequence of morphological changes in epithelial cell cultures infected with poliovirus, J. Exp. Med. 104: 289–304 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Ren, R., and Racaniello, V. R., Human poliovirus receptor gene expression and poliovirus tissue tropism in transgenic mice, J. Virol. 66: 296–304 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Reyes, M. P., Ostrea, E. M., JR., Roskamp, J., and Lerner, A. M., Disseminated neonatal echovirus 11 disease following ante- natal maternal infection with a virus-positive cervix and virus- negative gastrointestinal tract, J. Med. Virol. 12: 155–159 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  390. Rico-Hesse, R., Pallansch, M. A., Nottay, B. K., and Kew, O. M., Geographic distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes, Virology 160: 311–322 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Risi, J. B., JR., The control of poliomyelitis in Brazil, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S400 - S403 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  392. Rivers, T. M., and Horsfall, F. L., JR. (Eds.), Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 3rd ed., J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  393. Robbins, F. C., Enders, J. F., Weller, T. H., and Florentino, G. L., Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. V. The direct isolation and serologic identification of virus strains in tissue culture from patients with nonparalytic and paralytic poliomyelitis, Am. J. Hyg. 54: 286–293 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Robbins, F. C., and Nightingale, E. O., Selective primary health care: Strategies for control of disease in the developing world. IX. Poliomyelitis, Rev. Infect. Dis. 5: 957–968 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Rosen, L., and Kern, J. K., Hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with Coxsackie B viruses, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 107: 626–628 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  396. Rosen, L., Melnick, J. L., Schmidt, N. J., and Wenner, H. A., Subclassification of enteroviruses and echovirus type 34, Arch. Virusforsch. 30: 89–92 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Rosen, L., Schmidt, N. J., and Kern, J., Toluca-1, a newly recognized enterovirus, Arch. Ges. Virusforsch. 40: 132–136 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Rosenwirth, B., and Eggers, H. J., Biochemistry and pathogenicity of echovirus 9: 1. Characterization of the virus particles of strains Bally and Hill, Virology 123: 102–112 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Ross, C. A. C., Bell, E. J., Kerr, M. M., and Williams, K. A. B., Infective agents and embryopathy in the West of Scotland 1966–70, Scott. Med. J. 17: 252–258 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Rossen, R. D., Kasel, J. A., and Couch, R. B., The secretory immune system: Its relation to respiratory viral infection, Prog. Med. Virol. 13: 144–238 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  401. Rossouw, E., Tsilimigras, C. S. A., and Schoub, B. D., Molecular epidemiology of a coxsackievirus B3 outbreak, J. Med. Virol. 34: 165–171 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Rotbart, H. A., New methods of rapid enteroviral diagnosis, Prog. Med. Viral. 40: 96–108 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  403. Rotbart, H. A., Levin, M. J., and Villarreal, L. P., Use of subgenomic poliovirus DNA hybridization probes to detect the major subgroups of enteroviruses, J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 1105–1108 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. Rueckert, R. R., Picomaviruses and their replication, in: Virology, (B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, R. M. Chanock, J. L. Melnick, B. Roizman, and R. E. Shope, Eds.), pp. 705–738, Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  405. Rumke, H. C., Schlumberger, M., Floury, B., Nagel, J., and Van Steenis, B., Serological evaluation of a simplified immunization schedule using quadruple DPT-polio vaccine in Burkina Faso, Vaccine 11: 1113–1118 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Sabin, A. B., Oral poliovirus vaccine, J.A.M.A. 194: 872–876 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Sabin, A. B., Paralytic poliomyelitis: Old dogmas and new perspectives, Rev. Infect. Dis. 3: 543–564 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  408. Sabin, A. B., Oral poliovirus vaccine: History of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world, J. Infect. Dis. 151: 420–436 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  409. Sabin, A. B., Hennessen, W. A., and Winsser, J., Studies on variants of poliomyelitis virus. I. Experimental segregation and properties of avirulent variants of three immunologic types, J. Exp. Med. 99: 551–576 (1954).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  410. Sabin, A. B., Krumbiegel, E. R., and Wigand, R., ECHO type 9 virus disease: Virologically controlled clinical and epidemiologic observations during 1957 epidemic in Milwaukee with notes on concurrent similar diseases associated with Coxsackie and other ECHO viruses, Am. J. Dis. Child. 96: 197–219 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  411. Salk, D., Eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States. Iii. Poliovaccines-practical considerations, Rev. Infect. Dis. 2: 258–273 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  412. Salk, D., and Salk, J., Vaccinology of poliomyelitis: A review, Vaccine 2: 59–74 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  413. Salk, D., Von Wezel, A. L., and Salk, J., Induction of longterm immunity to paralytic poliomyelitis by use of noninfectious vaccine, Lancet 2: 1317–1321 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Salk, J. E., Poliomyelitis: Control, in: Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man, 3rd ed. (T. M. Rivers and E. L. Horsfall, JR., Eds.), pp. 499–518, J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  415. Salk, J., One-dose immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis using a noninfectious vaccine, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S444 - S450 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Salk, J., and Salk, D., Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines, Science 195: 834–837 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Samuda, G. M., Chang, W. K., Yeung, C. Y., and Tang, R S., Monoplegia caused by enterovirus 71: An outbreak in Hong Kong, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 6: 206–208 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. Samuelson, A., Glimaker, M., Skoog, E., Cello, J., and Forsgren, M., Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis with IgGeia using heat-treated virions and synthetic peptides as antigens, J. Med. Virol. 40: 271–277 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  419. Sandelin, K., Tuomioja, M., and Erkkila, H., Chovirus type 7 isolated from conjunctival scrapings, Scand J. Infect. bis. 9: 71–73 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Sawyer, L. A., Hershow, R. C., Pallansch, M. A., Fishbein, D. B., Pinsky, R. F., Broerman, S. E, Grimm, B. B., Anderson, L. J., Hall, D. B., and Schonberger, L. B., An epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in American Samoa caused by coxsackievirus A24 variant, Am. J. Epidemiol. 130: 1187–1198 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  421. Schaap, G. J. R, Bukerk, H., Coutinho, R. A., Kapsenberg, J. G., and Van Wezel, A. L., The spread of poliovirus in the well-vaccinated Netherlands in connection with the 1978 epidemic, Prog. Med. Virol. 29: 124–140 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. Schaffer, E L., Binding of proflavine by and photoinactivation of poliovirus propagated in the presence of the dye, Virology 18: 412–425 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  423. Scheible, J. H., Fox, V. L., and Lennette, E. H., A probable new human picomavirus associated with respiratory disease, Am. J. Epidemiol. 85: 297–310 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  424. Schmidt, N. J., Ho, H. H., and Lennette, E. H., Propagation and isolation of group A coxsackieviruses in RD cells, J. Clin. Microbiol. 2: 183–185 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  425. Schmidt, N. J., Ho, H. H., and Lennette, E. H., Comparative sensitivity of the BGM cell line for isolation of enteric viruses, Health Lab. Sci. 13: 115–117 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Schmidt, N. J., and Lennette, E. H., Advances in the serodiagnosis of viral infections, Prog. Med. Viral. 15: 244–308 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  427. Schmidt, N. J., Lennette, E. H., and Ho, H. H., An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system, J. Infect. Dis. 129: 304–309 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  428. Schmidt, N. J., Magoffin, R. L, and Lennette, E. H., Association of group B coxsackieviruses with cases of pericarditis, myocarditis, or pleuordynia by demonstration of immunoglobulin M antibody, Infect. Immun. 8: 341–348 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  429. Schnurr, D. P., Cao, Y., and Schmidt, N. J., Coxsackievirus B3 persistence and myocarditis in N:Nih(S) II nu/nu and +/nu mice, J. Gen. Virol. 65: 1197–1201 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  430. Schonberger, L. B., Kaplan, J., Kim-Farley, R., Moore, M., Eddins, D. L., and Hatch, M., Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S424 - S426 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Seal, L. A., and Jamison, R. M., Evidence for secondary structure within the virion RNA of echovirus 22, J. Virol. 50: 641–644 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. Sells, C. J., Carpenter, R. L., and Ray, C. G., Sequelae of central-nervous-system enterovirus infections, J. Engl. J. Med. 293: 1–4 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. Semler, B. L., Dorner, A. J., and Wimmer, E., Production of an infectious poliovirus from cloned cDNA is dramatically increased by SV40 transcription and replication signals, Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 5123–5141 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  434. Sergiescu, D., Horodniceanu, F., and Aubert-Combiescu, A., The use of inhibitors in the study of picomavirus genetics, Prog. Med. Virol. 14: 123–199 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. Sharief, M. K., Hentges, R., and Ciardi, M., IntratheCal immune response in patients with the post-polio syndrome, New Engl. J. Med. 325: 749–755 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Shimojo, H., Poliomyelitis control in Japan, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S427 - S430 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  437. Shindarov, L. M., Chumakov, M. P., Vqrd8Hilqna, M. K., BO7lNqv, S., Vasilenko, S. M., Idrdanon, L, Kirov, I. D., Kamenov, E., Leshinskaya, E. V., Mitov, G., Robinson, I. A., Sivchev, S., and Staikov, S., Epidemiological, clinical, and pathomorphological characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71, J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 23: 284–295 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  438. Simmonds, R. S., Szucs, G., Metcalf, T. G., and Melnick, J. L., Persistently infected cultures as a source of hepatitis A virus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49: 749–755 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  439. Skeels, M. R., Williams, J. J., and Ricker, F. M., Perinatal echovirus infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 1529 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  440. Slater, P. E., Orenstein, W. A., Morag, A., Avni, A., Handsher, R., Green, M. S., Costin, C., Yarrow, A., Rishpon, S., Havkin, O., Ben-Zvi, T., Kew, O. M., Rey, M., Epstein, I., Swartz, T. A., and Melnick, J. L., Poliomyelitis outbreak in Israel in 1988: A report with two commentaries, Lancet 335: 1192–1198 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. Sohier, R., Enterovirus type 71 surveillance: France, WHO Week Epidemiol. Rec. 54: 219 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  442. Sommerville, R G, Rapid diagnosis of viral infections by immunofluorescent staining of viral antigens in leukocytes and macrophages, Prog. Med. Virol. 10: 398–414 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  443. Stoeckel, P., Schlumberger, M., Parent, G., Maire, B., Van Wezel, A, Van Steenis, G., Evans, A., and Salk, D., Use of killed poliovirus vaccine in a routine immunization program in West Africa, Rev Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S463 - S466 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  444. Summers, D. F., and Maizel, J V., JR., Evidence for large precursor proteins in poliovirus synthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59: 966–971 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  445. Sutmoller, F., Nascimento, J. P., Chaves, J. R. S., Ferreira, V., and Pereira, M. S., Viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases in Rio de Janeiro: First two years of a longitudinal study, Bull. WHO 49: 129–137 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  446. Taber, L. H., Mirkovic, R. R., Adam, V., Ellis, S., Yow, M. D., and Melnick, J. L., Rapid diagnosis of enterovirus meningitis by immunofluorescent staining of Csf leukocytes, Intervirology 1: 127–134 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. Tagaya, I., Nakao, C., Hara, M., and Yamadera, S., Characterization of poliovirus isolates in Japan after the mass vaccination with live oral poliomyelitis vaccine (Sabin), Bull. WHO 48: 547–554 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  448. Takatsu, T., Tagaya, I., and Hirayama, M., Poliomyelitis in Japan during the period 1961–1968 after the introduction of mass vaccination with Sabin vaccine, Bull. WHO 49: 129–137 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  449. Tamm, I., and Eggers, H. J., Differences in the selective virus-inhibitory action of 2-(a-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole and guanidine. HC1, Virology 18: 439–447 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Tilzey, A. J., Signey, M., and Banatvala, J. E., Persistent coxsackie B virus specific IgM response in patients with recurrent pericarditis, Lancet 1: 1491–1492 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  451. Torfason, E. G., Frisk, G., and Diderholm, H., Indirect and reverse radioimmunoassays and their apparent specificities in the detection of antibodies to enteroviruses in human sera, J. Med. Virol. 13: 13–31 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  452. Torphy, D. E., Ray, C. G., Thompson, R. S., and Fox, J. P., An epidemic of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus type 30: Epidemiological features and clinical laboratory findings, Am. J. Public Health 60: 1447–1455 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  453. Townsend, T. R., Bolyard, E. A., Yolken, R. H., Beschorner, W. E., Bishop, C. A., Burns, W. H., Santos, G. W., and Saral, R., Outbreak of coxsackie Al gastroenteritis: A complication of bone-marrow transplantation, Lancet 1: 820–823 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  454. Trask, J. D., Melnick, J. L., and Wenner, H. A., Chlorination of human, monkey-adapted and mouse strains of poliomyelitis virus, Am. J. Hyg. 41: 30–40 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  455. Tulchinsky, T. H., Handsher, R., Melnick, J. L., Shabaan, D. A., Neumann, M., Abed, Y, and Budnitz, D., Immune status to various strains of wild poliovirus among children in Gaza immunized with live attenuated oral vaccine alone compared with combination of live and inactivated vaccines, J. Viral Dis. 1: 1–9 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  456. Ukkonen, P., Huovilainen, A., and Hoyt, T., Detection of poliovirus antigen by enzyme immunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 24: 954–958 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  457. Vallbracht, A., Hofmann, L., Wurster, K. G., and Flehmig, B., Persistent infection of human fibroblasts by hepatitis A virus, J. Gen. Virol. 65: 609–615 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  458. Van Der Werf, S., Bregegere, F., Kopecka, H., Kitamura, N., Rothberg, P. G., Kourilsky, P., Wimmer, E., and Girard, M., Molecular cloning of the genome of poliovirus type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 5983–5987 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  459. Van Der Werf, S., Wychowski, C., Bruneau, P., Blondel, B., Crainic, R., Horodniceanu, E, and Girard, M., Localization of a poliovirus type 1 neutralization epitope in viral capsid polypeptide VP1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 5080–5084 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  460. Van Wezel, A. L., and Hazendonk, A. G., Intratypic serodifferentiation of poliomyelitis virus strains by strain-specific antisera, Intervirology 11: 2–8 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  461. Van Wezel, A. L., Van Steenis, G., Van Der Marel, P., and Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Inactivated poliovirus vaccine: Current production methods and new developments, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S335 - S340 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  462. vox Magnus, H., Polio vaccination in Denmark, in: Report of the Committee for the Study of Poliomyelitis Vaccines, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences USA, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  463. Von Magnus, H., and Petersen, I., Vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine in Denmark, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2): S471 - S474 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  464. Voroshilova, M. K., and Chumakov, M. P., Poliomyelitis-like properties of AB-IV-Coxsackie A7 group of viruses, Prog. Med. Virol. 2: 106–170 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  465. Wadia, N. H., Irani, P. F., and Katrak, S. M., Lumbosacral radiculomyelitis associated with pandemic acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis, Lancet 1: 350–352 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  466. Wallis, C., Homma, A., and Melnick, J. L., A portable virus concentrator for testing water in the field, Water Res. 6: 1249–1256 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  467. Wallis, C., and Melnick, J. L., Cationic stabilization-A new property of enteroviruses, Virology 16: 683–700 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  468. Wallis, C., and Melnick, J. L., Photodynamic inactivation of enteroviruses, J. Bacteriol. 89: 41–46 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  469. Wallis, C., and Melnick, J. L., Virus aggregation as the cause of the non-neutralizable persistent fraction, J. Virol. 1: 478–488 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  470. Ward, R., Melnick, J. L., and Horstmann, D. M., Poliomyelitis virus in fly-contaminated food collected at an epidemic, Science 101: 491–493 (1945).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  471. Weiss, L. M., Liu, X.-F., Chang, K. L., and Billingham, M. E., Detection of enteroviral RNA in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and other human cardiac tissues, J. Clin. Invest. 90: 156–159 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  472. Wenner, H. A., The ECHO viruses, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 101: 398–412 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Wenner, H. A., Outline of laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of enterovirus infections, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, 3rd ed. (E. H. Lenette and N. J. Schmidt, Eds.), pp. 243–258, American Public Health Association, Washington, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  474. Wenner, H. A., Virus diseases associated with cutaneous eruptions, Prog. Med. Virol. 16: 269–336 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  475. Whittle, H., Hazlett, D., Wood, D., and Bell, C., Immunofluorescence technique for the identification of polioviruses, Lancet 39: 429–430 (1992).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  476. Wickman, I., Studien uber Poliomyelitis acuta: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Myelitis acuta (1905). [English translation. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series, No. 16, S. Karger, Berlin, 1913 ].

    Google Scholar 

  477. Wilfert, C. M., Buckley, R. H., Mohanakumar, T., Griffiih, J. E, Katz, S. L., Whisnant, J. K., Eggleston, P. A., Moore, M., Treadwell, E., Oxman, M. N., and Rosen, E S., Persistent and fatal central-nervous-system echovirus infections in patients with agammaglobulinemia, N. Engl. J. Med. 296: 1485–1489 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  478. Wilson, E M., Miranda, Q. R., Chason, J. L., and Lerner, A. M., Residual pathologic changes following murine coxsackie A and B myocarditis, Am. J. Pathol. 55: 253–265 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  479. Wilson, T., Papahadjopoulos, D., and Taber, R., Biological properties of poliovirus encapsulated in lipid vesicles: Antibody resistance and infectivity in virus-resistant cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 3471–3475 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  480. Wimmer, E., Hellen, C. U. T., and Cao, X., Genetics of poliovirus, Annu. Rev. Genet. 27: 353–435 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  481. Wong, C. Y, Woodruff, J. J., and Woodruff, J. F., Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes during coxsackievirus B-3 infection. II. Characterization of effector cells and demonstration of cytotoxicity against viral-infected myofibers, J. Immunol. 118: 165–169 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  482. Woodruff, J. E, Viral myocarditis. A review, Am. J. Pathol. 101: 427–478 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  483. Woodruff, J. E, and Woodruff, J. J., Modification of severe coxsackievirus B3 infection in marasmic mice by transfer of immune lymphoid cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 2108–2111 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  484. World Health Organization, WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record 1960–1979.

    Google Scholar 

  485. World Health Organization, WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record and Quarterly and Annual Reports on Virus Isolations 1963–1985.

    Google Scholar 

  486. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis surveillance, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 53: 304 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  487. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1977, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 53: 321–327 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  488. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1978, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 54: 361–368 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  489. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1979, Parts 1 and 2, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 55: 361–366, 369–376 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  490. World Health Organization, Expanded Programme on Immunization (Epi): Poliomyelitis prevalence surveys, Tamil Nadu, India, 1979, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 56: 131–132 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  491. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1980, Parts 1 and 2, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 56:329–332, 337–341 (1981):

    Google Scholar 

  492. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1981, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 57: 305–310 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  493. World Health Organization, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Bull. WHO 61: 611–615 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  494. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1982, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 58: 385–390 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  495. World Health Organization (Melnick, J. L., Mordhorst, C. H., and Bektimirov, T.), Virus Disease Surveillance: New Lbm antiserum pools available for typing enteroviruses, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 59: 345 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  496. World Health Organization, Expanded Programme on Immunization: Global status report, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 60: 261–263 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  497. World Health Organization, Poliomyelitis in 1983, Week. Epidemiol. Rec. 60: 173–179 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  498. World Health Organization, Status Report: The Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis, May 1993, pp. 1–11, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  499. World Health Organization Committee ON Poliomyelitis, The relation between acute persisting spinal paralysis and poliomyelitis vaccine (oral): Results of a WHO enquiry, Bull. WHO 53: 319–331 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  500. World Health Organization Consultative Group, The relation between acute persisting spinal paralysis and poliomyelitis vaccine-results of a ten-year enquiry, Bull. WHO 60: 231–242 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  501. World Health Organization Scientific Group, Human viruses in water, wastewater, and soil, WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 639 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  502. Wreghitt, T. G., Gandy, G. M., King, A., and Sutehall, G., Fatal neonatal echo 7 virus infection, Lancet 2: 465 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  503. Wright, P. E, Hatch, M. H., Kasselberg, A. G., Lowry, S. P., Wadlington, W. B., and Karzon, D. T., Vaccine-associated poliomyelitis in a child with sex-linked agammaglobulinemia, J. Pediatr. 91: 408–412 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  504. Wright, P. E, Kim-Farley, R. J., DE Quadros, C. A., Robertson, S. E., Scott, R. M., Ward, N. A., and Henderson, R. H., Strategies for the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000, N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 1774–1779 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. Wyatt, H. B., Hypothesis: Poliomyelitis in hypogammaglobulinemics, J. Infect. Dis. 128: 802–806 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  506. Wychowski, C., Van Der Werf, S., Siffert, O., Crainic, R., Bruneau, P., and Girard, M., A poliovirus type 1 neutralization epitope is located within amino acid residues 94 to 104 of viral capsid polypeptide VP1, EMBO J. 2: 2019–2024 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  507. Yamadera, S., Yamashita, K., Kato, N., Akatsuka, M., Miyamura, K., and Yamazaki, S., Herpangina surveillance in Japan, 1982–1989, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 44: 29–39 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  508. Yamashita, K., Miyamura, K., Yamadera, S., Kato, N., Akatsuka, M., Inouye, S., and Yamazaki, S., Enteroviral aseptic meningitis in Japan, 1981–1991, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 45: 151–161 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  509. Yin-Murphy, M., Viruses of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis, Lancet 1: 545–546 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Yin-Murphy, M., Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, Prog. Med. Virol. 29: 23–44 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  511. Yin-Murphy, M., and Lim, K. H., Picomavirus epidemic conjunctivitis in Singapore, Lancet 2: 857–858 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  512. Yin-Murphy, M., Phoon, M. C., and Baharudi-Ishak, Echovirus type 11 infection in Singapore, Singapore Med. J. 25: 38–42 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  513. Yin-Murphy, M., Wong, H. B., and Goh, K. T., Review of the poliomyelitis immunization campaign and syndromes associated with poliovirus in Singapore, J. Singapore Paed. Soc. 29 (34): 99–107 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  514. Yodfat, Y., and Nishmi, M., Epidemiologic and clinical observations in six outbreaks of viral disease in a kibbutz, 1968–1971, Am. J. Epidemiol. 97: 415–423 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  515. Yofe, J., Goldblum, N., Eylan, E., and Melnick, J. L., An outbreak of poliomyelitis in Israel in 1961 and the use of attenuated type 1 vaccine in its control, Am. J. Hyg. 76: 225–238 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  516. Yolken, R. H., Bishop, C. A., Townsend, T. R., Bolyard, E. A., Bartlett, J., Santos, G. W., and Saral, R., Infectious gastroenteritis in bone-marrow-transplant recipients, N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 1009–1012 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  517. Yolken, R. H, and Torsch, V. M., Enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay for detection and identification of coxsackieviruses A, Infect. Immun. 31: 742–750 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  518. Yoo, J.-W., Austin, M., Onodera, T., and Notkins, A. L., Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 1173–1179 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  519. Yorke, J. A., Nathanson, N., Pianigiani, G., and Martin, J., Seasonality and the requirements for perpetuation and eradication of viruses in populations, Am. J. Epidemiol. 109: 102–123 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  520. Young, N. A., Polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses: Comparison of the genomes by RNA hybridization, J. Virol. 11: 832–839 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  521. Zheng, Z. M., Zhang, J. H., Zhu, W. P., and He, P. J., Isolation of enterovirus type 71 from the vesicle fluid of an adult patient with hand-foot-mouth disease in China, Virol. Sinica 4: 375–382 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  522. Ziegler, J. B., and Penny, R., Fatal echo 30 virus infection and amyloidosis in X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 3: 347–352 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  523. Zoll, G. J., Melchers, W. J. G., Kopecka, H., Jambroes, G., Van Der Poel, H. J. A., and Galama, J. M. D., General primer-mediated polymerase chain reaction for detection of enteroviruses: Application for diagnostic routine and persistent infections, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 160–165 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Suggested Reading

  • Banatvala, J. E. (Ed.), Viral Infections of the Heart, Edward Arnold, London, Boston, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, F., and Lewis, B. P. (Eds.), Poliovirus attentuation, Dey. Biol. Stand. 78:1–187 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, J. D., Enteroviruses, in: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 3rd ed. (R. D. Feigin and J. D. Cherry, Eds.), pp. 1705–1753, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Symposium on Poliomyelitis Control, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, Rev. Infect. Dis. 6 (Suppl. 2) (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapsenberg, J., Picornaviridae: The enteroviruses, in: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 2 (E. H. Lennette, P. Halonen, and E A. Murphy, Eds.), pp. 692–722, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, J. L., The picomaviruses, in: Portraits of Viruses. A History of Virology, (E Fenner and A. Gibbs, Eds.), pp. 147–188, S. Karger, Basel, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, J. L., Live attenuated poliovaccines, in: Vaccines, 2nd ed. (S. A. Plotkin and E. A. Mortimer, JR., Eds.), pp. 155–204, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, J. L., Poliomyelitis: Eradication in sight, Epidemiol. Infect. 108: 1–18 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morens, D. M., Pallansch, M. A., and Moore, M., Polioviruses and other enteroviruses, in: Textbook of Human Virology 2nd ed. (R. B. Belshe, Ed.), pp. 317–497, Mosby Year Book, St. Luis, MO, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J. R., A History of Poliomyelitis, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Melnick, J.L. (1997). Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses. In: Evans, A.S., Kaslow, R.A. (eds) Viral Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0036-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0036-4_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-44856-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0036-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics