Abstract
Specific membrane proteins, termed lipid flippases, play a central role in facilitating the movement of lipids across cellular membranes. In this protocol, we describe the reconstitution of ATP-driven lipid flippases in liposomes and the analysis of their in vitro flippase activity based on the use of fluorescent lipid derivatives. Working with purified and reconstituted systems provides a well-defined experimental setup and allows to directly characterize these membrane proteins at the molecular level.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lopez-Marques RL, Poulsen LR, Bailly A, Geisler M, Pomorski TG, Palmgren MG (2014) Structure and mechanism of ATP-dependent phospholipid transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta 1850:461–475
Coleman JA, Quazi F, Molday RS (2013) Mammalian P4-ATPases and ABC transporters and their role in phospholipid transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831:555–574
Daleke DL (2007) Phospholipid flippases. J Biol Chem 282:821–825
Sharom FJ (2011) Flipping and flopping--lipids on the move. IUBMB Life 63:736–746
Leventis PA, Grinstein S (2010) The distribution and function of phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes. Annu Rev Biophys 39:407–427
van Meer G, Voelker DR, Feigenson GW (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:112–124
Zhou X, Sebastian TT, Graham TR (2013) Auto-inhibition of Drs2p, a yeast phospholipid flippase, by its carboxyl-terminal tail. J Biol Chem 288:31807–31815
Coleman JA, Kwok MC, Molday RS (2009) Localization, purification, and functional reconstitution of the P4-ATPase Atp8a2, a phosphatidylserine flippase in photoreceptor disc membranes. J Biol Chem 284:32670–32679
Coleman JA, Molday RS (2011) Critical role of the beta-subunit CDC50A in the stable expression, assembly, subcellular localization, and lipid transport activity of the P4-ATPase ATP8A2. J Biol Chem 286:17205–17216
Traikia M, Warschawski DE, Lambert O, Rigaud JL, Devaux PF (2002) Asymmetrical membranes and surface tension. Biophys J 83:1443–1454
Rothnie A, Theron D, Soceneantu L, Martin C, Traikia M, Berridge G et al (2001) The importance of cholesterol in maintenance of P-glycoprotein activity and its membrane perturbing influence. Eur Biophys J 30:430–442
Auland ME, Roufogalis BD, Devaux PF, Zachowski A (1994) Reconstitution of ATP-dependent aminophospholipid translocation in proteoliposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:10938–10942
Romsicki Y, Sharom FJ (2001) Phospholipid flippase activity of the reconstituted P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter. Biochemistry 40:6937–6947
Eckford PD, Sharom FJ (2005) The reconstituted P-glycoprotein multidrug transporter is a flippase for glucosylceramide and other simple glycosphingolipids. Biochem J 389:517–526
Zhou X, Graham TR (2009) Reconstitution of phospholipid translocase activity with purified Drs2p, a type-IV P-type ATPase from budding yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:16586–16591
Papadopulos A, Vehring S, Lopez-Montero I, Kutschenko L, Stöckl M, Devaux PF et al (2007) Flippase activity detected with unlabeled lipids by shape changes of giant unilamellar vesicles. J Biol Chem 282:15559–15568
Menon AK, Watkins WE 3rd, Hrafnsdottir S (2000) Specific proteins are required to translocate phosphatidylcholine bidirectionally across the endoplasmic reticulum. Curr Biol 10:241–252
Devaux PF, Fellmann P, Herve P (2002) Investigation on lipid asymmetry using lipid probes: comparison between spin-labeled lipids and fluorescent lipids. Chem Phys Lipids 116:115–134
Gummadi SN, Menon AK (2002) Transbilayer movement of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in proteoliposomes reconstituted from detergent extracts of endoplasmic reticulum. Kinetics of transbilayer transport mediated by a single flippase and identification of protein fractions enriched in flippase activity. J Biol Chem 277:25337–25343
Chang QL, Gummadi SN, Menon AK (2004) Chemical modification identifies two populations of glycerophospholipid flippase in rat liver ER. Biochemistry 43:10710–10718
Vehring S, Pakkiri L, Schroer A, Alder-Baerens N, Herrmann A, Menon AK et al (2007) Flip-flop of fluorescently labeled phospholipids in proteoliposomes reconstituted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae microsomal proteins. Eukaryot Cell 6:1625–1634
Malvezzi M, Chalat M, Janjusevic R, Picollo A, Terashima H, Menon AK et al (2013) Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling by a reconstituted TMEM16 ion channel. Nat Commun 4:2367
Alder-Baerens N, Lisman Q, Luong L, Pomorski T, Holthuis JC (2006) Loss of P4 ATPases Drs2p and Dnf3p disrupts aminophospholipid transport and asymmetry in yeast post-Golgi secretory vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 17:1632–1642
Pomorski T, Muller P, Zimmermann B, Burger K, Devaux PF, Herrmann A (1996) Transbilayer movement of fluorescent and spin-labeled phospholipids in the plasma membrane of human fibroblasts: a quantitative approach. J Cell Sci 109:687–698
Araujo-Santos JM, Gamarro F, Castanys S, Herrmann A, Pomorski T (2003) Rapid transport of phospholipids across the plasma membrane of Leishmania infantum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 306:250–255
Buton X, Herve P, Kubelt J, Tannert A, Burger KN, Fellmann P et al (2002) Transbilayer movement of monohexosylsphingolipids in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. Biochemistry 41:13106–13115
Pomorski T, Herrmann A, Zachowski A, Devaux PF, Müller P (1994) Rapid determination of the transbilayer distribution of NBD-phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes with dithionite. Mol Membr Biol 11:39–44
Colleau M, Herve P, Fellmann P, Devaux PF (1991) Transmembrane diffusion of fluorescent phospholipids in human erythrocytes. Chem Phys Lipids 57:29–37
Fellmann P, Herve P, Pomorski T, Müller P, Geldwerth D, Herrmann A et al (2000) Transmembrane movement of diether phospholipids in human erythrocytes and human fibroblasts. Biochemistry 39:4994–5003
Sleight RG (1994) Fluorescent glycerolipid probes. Synthesis and use for examining intracellular lipid trafficking. Methods Mol Biol 27:143–160
Jacquot A, Montigny C, Hennrich H, Barry R, le Maire M, Jaxel C et al (2012) Phosphatidylserine stimulation of Drs2p.Cdc50p lipid translocase dephosphorylation is controlled by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate. J Biol Chem 287:13249–13261
Geertsma ER, Nik Mahmood NA, Schuurman-Wolters GK, Poolman B (2008) Membrane reconstitution of ABC transporters and assays of translocator function. Nat Protoc 3:256–266
Chen X, Arac D, Wang TM, Gilpin CJ, Zimmerberg J, Rizo J (2006) SNARE-mediated lipid mixing depends on the physical state of the vesicles. Biophys J 90:2062–2074
Marek M, Milles S, Schreiber G, Daleke DL, Dittmar G, Herrmann A et al (2011) The yeast plasma membrane ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter Aus1: purification, characterization, and the effect of lipids on its activity. J Biol Chem 286:21835–21843
Rigaud JL, Mosser G, Lacapere JJ, Olofsson A, Levy D, Ranck JL (1997) Bio-Beads: an efficient strategy for two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins. J Struct Biol 118:226–235
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation through the PUMPKIN Center of Excellence (DNRF85), the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (FNU, project number 10-083406), and the Lundbeck Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Marek, M., Günther-Pomorski, T. (2016). Assay of Flippase Activity in Proteoliposomes Using Fluorescent Lipid Derivatives. In: Bublitz, M. (eds) P-Type ATPases. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1377. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3179-8_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3179-8_18
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3178-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3179-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols