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Growth, Modeling and Remodeling of Bone

  • Chapter
Skeletal Tissue Mechanics

Abstract

The preceding chapter provided a general description of the structure and biology of bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. In this chapter, we will learn how bones grow, are sculpted by modeling and continuously renewed by remodeling, and repair when fractured. We will also learn how these processes in bone can be quantified, and what assumptions we make when attempting to put numbers to dynamic processes.

[H]ow curious the hand of Heaven has been in the Framing and Ordering of this Timber-work of our Bodies.

Osteologia Nova, Clopton Havers (1657–1702) (Havers 1691)

…there is a perpetual Waſte and Renewal of the Particles which compoſe the ſolid Fibres of Bones;…the Addition from the Fluids exceeding the Waſte during the Growth of the Bones; the Renewal and waſte keeping pretty near par in adult middle Age; and the waſte exceeding the Supply from the Liquors in old Age; as is demonſtrable from their Weight…

Anatomy of the Human Bones, Alexander Monro (primus), 1697–1767 (Monro A. The anatomy of the human bones and nerves and lacteal sac and duct. Dublin 1776)

Good mathematical models don’t start with the mathematics but with a deep study of certain natural phenomena.

Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., Stephen Smale, 1930—(Smale 1978)

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Osteopetrosis (literally, “stone-bones”) is a disease caused by an inability to produce sufficient osteoclasts. Thus, normal resorption and remodeling cannot occur, and the patient’s bones are much harder and more dense than usual. It can be treated by transplanting marrow containing osteoclast pre-cursor cells from a normal person to the patient.

  2. 2.

    The periodontal ligament is the tissue that supports each tooth in its socket. It is the interface between tooth and bone, and is the source of cells that excavate or fill in bone when teeth are moved naturally or by an orthodontist.

  3. 3.

    In his 1965 paper, Kerley underestimated his microscopic field area (Kerley and Ubelaker 1978). We have corrected for this in Table 3.10, but not in Fig. 3.22, where the ordinate values should be multiplied by 0.60. Figure 3.23 needs no correction as it represents fractional area.

    Figure 3.22
    figure 22

    Osteon density vs. age for a sample of human femurs (Kerley 1965).

    Full size image
    Figure 3.23
    figure 23

    Percent of cortex that is primary bone vs. age for a sample of human femurs (Kerley 1965).

    Full size image

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Olga, WA, USA

    R. Bruce Martin

  2. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    David B. Burr

  3. Kinesiology, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Neil A. Sharkey

  4. Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA

    David P. Fyhrie

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Martin, R.B., Burr, D.B., Sharkey, N.A., Fyhrie, D.P. (2015). Growth, Modeling and Remodeling of Bone. In: Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3002-9_3

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