Skip to main content

The Inverse Relationship between Tobacco Use and Body Weight

  • Chapter
Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems

Abstract

Cigarette smoking in the United States is responsible for one-third of cardiovascular diseases, one-third of cancer deaths, a large number of respiratory diseases, and a substantial proportion of deaths by fire (USDHEW, 1979; USDHHS, 1982, 1983, 1984). Other forms of tobacco use (e.g., smokeless tobacco) are responsible for additional cases of neck and head cancer (USDHHS, 1986; NIH Consensus Conference, 1986). In fact, more than twice as many deaths are caused by tobacco products in this country than by all other addictive drugs combined, including alcohol (USDHHS, 1988). Despite the well-known and extensively documented health risks of cigarette smoking and tobacco use, 51.1 million Americans smoke cigarettes and additional millions consume other forms of tobacco (USDHHS, 1988). Improved understanding of why people use tobacco products and are reluctant to give them up is important in order to design more effective cessation and prevention strategies.

The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the author and are not to be construed as official or refecting the views of the Department of Defense or the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albanes, D. M., Jones, Y., Micozzi, M. S., and Mattson, M. E., 1987, Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: Analysis of NHANES II, Am. J. Public Health 77 (4):439–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, W. G., 1914, Smoking is detrimental, quoted in Med. Times 42:167–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, J., and McGarry, J. M., 1972, A community study of smoking in pregnancy, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 79(12): 1057–1073.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashford, J. R., Brown, S., Duffield, D. P., Smith, C. S., and Fay, J. W. J., 1961, The relation between smoking habits and physique, respiratory symptoms, ventilatory function, and radiological pneumoconiosis amongst coal workers at three Scottish collieries, Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 15:106–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Averett, J. W., 1962, The effects of nicotine on weight increment, activity, food intake, and water intake in weanling albino rats, Diss. Abst. Int. 23:2187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, D. J. K., Khuller, A. K., and Longden, A., 1975, Effects of nicotine on plasma cortico-sterone and brain amines in stressed and unstressed rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3(2): 179 – 184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baroni, W., and Mandrioli, C., 1952, Effetti del fumo di sigaretta sul metabolismo di base, Policlinico 59:101–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, R. F., and King, J. E., 1966, Effects of nicotine absorption in rats during pregnancy, Science 154:417–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biener, K., 1981, Exraucherinnen [Women who have stopped smoking], München. Med. Wochenschr. 123(25): 1035–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, D., 1975, Control: Cigarettes and calories, Can. Nurse 71(3):33–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bizzi, A., Tacconi, M. T., Medea, A., and Garattini, S., 1972, Some aspects of the effect of nicotine in plasma FFA and tissue triglycerides, Pharmacology 7:216–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjelke, W., 1971, Variation in height and weight in the Norwegian population, Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 25:192–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, H., Brozek, J., and Taylor, H. L., 1960, Common circulatory measurements in smokers and nonsmokers, Circulation 22:1112–1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, A., Blair, S. N., Howe, H. G., Pate, R. R., Rosenberg, M., Parker, G. M., and Pickle, L. W., 1980, Physical, psychological, and sociodemographic differences among smokers, exsmokers, and nonsmokers in a working population, Prev. Med. 9(6):747–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, S. N., Jacobs, D. R., and Powell, K. E., 1985, Relationships between exercise or physical activity and other health behaviors, Public Health Rep. 100(2): 172–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blitzer, P. H., Rimm, A. A., and Giefer, E. E., 1977, The effect of cessation of smoking on body weight in 57,032 women: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, J. Chronic Dis. 30(7):415–429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blundell, J. E., 1983, Problems and processes underlying the control of food selection and nutrient intake, in: Nutrition and Brain, Volume 6 (R. J. Wurtman and J. J. Wurtman, eds.), pp. 163–221, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogen, E., 1929, The composition of cigarettes and cigarette smoke, JAMA 93:1110–1114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosse, R., Garvey, A. J., and Costa, P. T., Jr., 1980, Predictors of weight change following smoking cessation, Int. J. Addictions 15(7):969–991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, D. J., Eury, S. E., and Grunberg, N. E., 1986, Nicotine’s effects on female rats’ body weight: Caloric intake and physical activity, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25(6): 1131–1136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briese, E., and Quijada, M., 1979, Positive alliesthesia after insulin, Experientia 35:1058–1059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brozek, J., Blackburn, H., Taylor, H. L., and Keys, A., 1958, Pulse rate and blood pressure in male cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Delivered at Third World Congress of Cardiology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, R., Biner, O. M., McNair, E., Bergondy, M., and Abrams, O. R., 1981, Effects of nicotine on two types of motor activity in rats, Psychopharmacology 73:168–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burse, R. L., Bynum, G. D., Pandolf, K. B., Goldman, R. F., Simms, E. A. H., and Danforth, E. R., 1975, Increased appetite and unchanged metabolism upon cessation of smoking with diet held constant, Physiologist 18:157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burse, R. L., Goldman, R. F., Danforth, E., Horton, E. S., and Sims, E. A. H., 1982, Effects of cigarette smoking on body weight, energy expenditure, appetite, and endocrine function, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, Report #M25/82, NTIS No. AD-A114 213/2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac, M., 1971, Physiological role of pleasure, Science 173:1103–1107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabanac, M., 1979, Sensory pleasure, Q. Rev. Biol. 54:1–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cambien, F., Richard, J. L., Ducimetiere, P., Warnet, J. M., and Kahn, J., 1982, The Paris cardiovascular risk factor prevention trial. Effects of two years of intervention in a population of young men, J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 35(2):91–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, R. M., and Goldberg, A. P., 1984, Weight gain after cessation of cigarette smoking. A possible role for adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase, N. Engl. J. Med. 310(10):614–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, M. E., and Meisch, R. A., 1984, Increased drug-reinforced behavior due to food deprivation, in: Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology, Volume 4 (T. Thompson, P. Dews, and J. E. Barrett, eds.), pp. 47–88, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, A., 1984, The Brigantia Smoking Survey: A general review, in: Public Education about Cancer. Recent Research and Current Programmes (P. Hobbs, ed.), pp. 92–102, UICC Technical Report Series—Volume 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates, T. J., and Li, V., 1983, Does smoking cessation lead to weight gain?: The experience of asbestos-exposed shipyard workers, Am. J. Public Health 73:1303–1304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, G. W., and Stone, R. W., 1972, Changes in body weight and subcutaneous fatness related to smoking habits, Arch. Environ. Health 24(4):271–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallosso, H. M., and James, W. P. T., 1984, The role of smoking in the regulation of energy balance, Int. J. Obesity 8 (4):365–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C., 1928, Self-selection of diets by newly-weaned infants, Am. J. Dis. Children 36:651–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, H. S., 1929, The physique of smokers as compared to non-smokers, Minn. Med. 12:424–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dill, D. B., Edwards, H. T., and Forbes, W. H., 1934, Tobacco smoking in relation to blood sugar, blood lactic acid and metabolism, Am. J. Physiol, 109:118–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emont, S. L., and Cummings, K. M., 1987, Weight gain following smoking cessation: A possible role for nicotine replacement in weight management, Addictive Behav. 12:151–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esser, J., 1903, Die Beziehungen des Nervus vagus su Erkrankungen von Herz und Lungen, speziell bei experimenteller chronischer Nikotinvergiftung, Arch. Exp. Pathol. Berlin 49:190–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. R., Hughes, R. E., and Jones, P. R., 1967, Some effects of cigarette smoke on guinea-pigs, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 26:xxxvi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagerstrom, K. O., 1987, Reducing the weight gain after stopping smoking, Addictive Behav. 12:91–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Favarger, H., 1906, Zur frage der chronischen Tabakver-giftung, Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 19:636–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehily, A. M., Phillips, K. M., and Yarnell, W. G., 1984, Diet, smoking, social class, and body mass index in the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40 (4):827–833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, W., Hodgson, C., and Corber, S., 1985, Relationship between higher prevalence of smoking and weight concern amongst adolescent girls, Can. J. Public Health 76:205–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1971a, Brain serotonin content: Physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels, Science 173:149–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1971b, Brain serotonin content: Increase following injection of carbohydrate diet, Science 174:1023–1025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Femstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1972, Brain serotonin content: Physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids, Science 178:414–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D., and Wurtman, R. J., 1973, Control of brain 5-HT content by dietary carbohydrates, in: Serotonin and Behavior (J. Barchas and E. Usdin, eds.), pp. 121–128, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, B., 1921, Smoking and scholarship again, School Soc. 14:87–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R., Griffen, F., and Kaplan, A. R., 1963, Taste thresholds, cigarette smoking, and food dislikes, Med. Exp. 9:151–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M., and Gordon, T., 1985, The relation of drinking and smoking habits to diet: The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41 (3):623–630.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, G. D., and Siegelaub, A. B., 1980, Changes after quitting cigarette smoking, Circulation 61: 716–723.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, G. D., King, M-C., Klatsky, A. L., and Hulley, S. B., 1981, Characteristics of smoking-discordant monozygotic twins, in: Twin Research 3, Part C: Epidemiological and Clinical Studies (L. Gedda, P. Parisi, and W. E. Nance, eds.), pp. 17–22, Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K., Andersson, K., Eneroth, P., Harfstrand, A., Nordberg, A., and Agnati, L. F., 1987, Effects of nicotine and exposure to cigarette smoke on discrete dopamine and noradrenaline nerve terminal systems of the telencephalon and diencephalon of the rat. Relationship to reward mechanisms and distribution of nicotine binding sites in brain, in: Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine. A Neurobiological Approach (W. R. Martin, G. R. Van Loon, E. T. Iwamoto, and L. Davis, eds.), pp. 225–262, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Garn, S. M., Shaw, H. A., and McCabe, K. E., 1978, Effect of maternal smoking on weight and weight gain between pregnancies (Letter), Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31 (8): 1302–1303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, R. J., Feinleib, M., Castelli, W. P., and McNamara, P. M., 1983, Cigarette smoking as a confounder of the relationship between relative weight and long-term mortality. The Framingham Heart Study, JAMA 249(16):2199–2203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garvey, A. J., Bosse, R., and Seltzer, C. C., 1974, Smoking, weight change, and age: A longitudinal analysis, Arch. Environ. Health 28(16):327–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudet, F. J., and Hugh, W. C., Jr., 1969, Concomitant habit changes associated with changes in smoking habits, Med. Times 97:195–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanem, M. H., 1973, Metabolic effects to tobacco smoking, Alexandria Med. J. 19(3):224–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. M., and Pope, M. A., 1982, Early effects of quitting smoking, Psychopharmacology 78: 121–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glauser, S. C., Glauser, E. M., Reidenberg, M. M., Rusy, B. F., and Tallarida, R. J., 1970, Metabolic changes associated with the cessation of cigarette smoking, Arch. Environ. Health 20 (3): 377–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbourt, U., and Medalie, J. H., 1977, Characteristics of smokers, nonsmokers, and ex-smokers among 10,000 adult males in Israel, II. Physiologic, biochemical, and genetic characteristics, Am. J. Epidemiol. 105 (1):75–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T., Kannel, W. B., Dawber, T. R., and McGee, D., 1975, Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: The Framingham study, Am. Heart J. 90(3):322–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gormican, A., Valentine, J., and Satter, E., 1980, Relationships of maternal weight gain, prepregnancy weight, and infant birthweight, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 77(6):662–667.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grinstead, O. A., 1981, Preventing weight gain following smoking cessation: A comparison of behavioral treatment approaches. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Thesis No. 82–06024, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gritz, E. R., Carr, C. R., and Marcus, A. C., 1988, Unaided smoking cessation: Great American Smokeout and New Year’s Day quitters, J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 6(3/4):217–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossarth-Maticek, R., Kanazier, D. T., Vetter, H., and Jankovic, M., 1983, Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer and cardiac infarct as mediated by psychosocial variables, Psychother. Psychosoma. 39(2):94–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., 1980, The effects of nicotine on food consumption and taste preferences (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University), Diss. Abstr. Int. 41(2):728-B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., 1982, The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking on food consumption and taste preferences, Addictive Behav. 7:317–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., 1986a, Behavioral and biological factors in the relationship between tobacco use and body weight, in: Advances in Behavioral Medicine, Volume 2 (E. S. Katkin and S. B. Manuck, eds.), pp. 97–129, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N.E., 1986b, Nicotine as a psychoactive drug: Appetite regulation, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 22 (3):875–881.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., and Baum, A., 1985, Biological commonalities of stress and substance abuse, in: Coping and Substance Use (S. Shiffman and T. A. Wills, eds.), pp. 25–62, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., and Bowen, D. J., 1985, The role of physical activity in nicotine’s effects on body weight, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 23:851–854.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., and Morse, D. E., 1984, Cigarette smoking and food consumption in the United States, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 14:310–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., Bowen, D. J., and Morse, D. E., 1984, Effects of nicotine on body weight and food consumption in rats, Psychopharmacology 83:93–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., Bowen, D. J., Maycock, V. A., and Nespor, S. M., 1985, The importance of sweet taste and caloric content in the effects of nicotine on specific food consumption, Psychopharmacology 87(2): 198–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., Bowen, D. J., and Winders, S. E., 1986, Effects of nicotine on body weight and food consumption in female rats, Psychopharmacology 90(1): 101–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., Winders, S. E., and Popp, K. A., 1987, Sex differences in nicotine’s effects on consummatory behavior and body weight in rats, Psychopharmacology 91:221–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., Popp, K. A., and Winders, S. E., 1988a, Effects of nicotine on body weight in rats with access to “junk” foods, Psychopharmacology 94:536–539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberg, N. E., Popp, K. A., Bowen, D. J., Nespor, S. M., and Winders, S. E., 1988b, Effects of chronic nicotine administration on insulin, glucose, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, Life Sci. 42: 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, R. C., and Shapiro, A., 1985, Life stress, weight gain, and resuming smoking after success in a cessation clinic, Psychol. Rep. 57(3, Part 2):1035–1039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gyntelberg, F., and Meyer, J., 1974, Relationship between blood pressure and physical fitness, smoking, and alcohol consumption in Copenhagen males aged 40–59, Acta Med. Scand. 195 (5):375–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, H. G., 1941, The effect of tobacco upon growth, longevity and metabolism, Med. Rec. 153: 350–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, H. G., 1941–1942, The effect of tobacco upon the basal metabolic rate, J. Med. 22:121–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggard, H. W., and Greenberg, L. A., 1934, The effects of cigarette smoking upon the blood sugar, Science 79:165–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. M., Ginsberg, D., and Jones, J. T., 1986, Smoking cessation and weight gain, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 54 (3):342–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatchell, P. C., and Collins, A. C., 1980, The influence of genotype and sex on behavioral sensitivity to nicotine in mice, Psychopharmacology 71:45–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatsukami, D. K., Hughes, J. R., Pickens, R. W., and Svikis, D., 1984, Tobacco withdrawal symptoms: An experimental analysis, Psychopharmacology 84(2):231–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haworth, J. C., Ellestad-Sayed, J. J., King, J., and Dilling, L. A., 1980, Fetal growth retardation in cigarette-smoking mothers is not due to decreased maternal food intake, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 137(6):719–723.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, C. W., 1958, Differences between smokers and non-smokers, Arch. Intern. Med. 101:377–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, N., and Mulcahy, R., 1973, Effect of cessation of smoking on body weight after myocardial infarction, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26(4):385–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiestand, W. A., Ramsey, H. J., and Hale, D. M., 1940, The effects of cigarette smoking on metabolic rate, heart rate, oxygen pulse, and breathing rate, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 25:1013–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, M. W., and Kjelsberg, M., 1967, Characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers in Tecumseh, Michigan, Am. J. Epidemiol. 86:60–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hjermann, I., Helgeland, A., Holme, I., Lund-Larsen, P. G., and Leren, P., 1976, The intercorrelation of serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking and body weight, Acta Med. Scand. 200:479–485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter, A., Schutz, Y., Jequier, E., and Wahren, J., 1986, Increased 24-hour energy expenditure in cigarette smokers, N. Engl. J. Med. 314 (2):79–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holcomb, H. S., and Meigs, J. W., 1972, Medical absenteeism among cigarette and cigar and pipe smokers, Arch. Environ. Health 25 (4):295–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holme, I., Hjermann, I., Helgeland, A., and Leren, P., 1985, The Oslo study: Diet and antismoking advice. Additional results from a 5-year primary preventive trial in middle-aged men, Prev. Med. 14 (3):279–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, W. L., 1921, Educational research and statistics. Apparent effects of smoking among University of Tennessee freshmen, School Soc. 14:136–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, W. L., 1922–1923, A statistical study of smokers and nonsmokers at the University of Tennessee, J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 18:766–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, R. W., 1971, Obesity and smoking habits (Letter), Br. Med. J. 4 (5787):625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. A., and Hutchinson, D. C. S., 1983, Smoking, lung function, and body weight (Letter), Br. Med. J. 286 (6369):977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R. E., Jones, P. R., and Nicholas, P., 1970, Some effects of experimentally-produced cigarette smoke on the growth, vitamin C metabolism and organ weights of guinea-pigs, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22:823–827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, J. J., and Stenson, K., 1974, The development of obesity in fit young men: A regimental survey, Practitioner 212 (1271):700–705.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilebekk, A., Miller, N. E., and Mjos, O. D., 1975, Effects of nicotine and inhalation of cigarette smoke on total body oxygen consumption in dogs, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Inves. 35 (1):67–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, D. R., and Gottenborg, S., 1981, Smoking and weight: The Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic, Am. J. Public Health 71 (4):391–396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. L., 1958, Studies on sugar preference: I. The preference for glucose solutions and its modification by injections of insulin, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 51:304–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, C.D., Rosenman, R. H., and Zyzanski, S. J., 1968, Cigarette smoking—Its relationship to coronary heart disease and related risk factors in the western collaborative group study, Circulation 38:1140–1155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, C. D., Zyzanski, S. J., & Rosenman, R. H., 1973, Biological, psychological, and social characteristics of men with different smoking habits, Health Serv. Rep. 88 (9):834–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanarek, R. B., and Marks-Kaufman, R., 1988, Animal models of appetitive behavior: Interaction of nutritional factors and drug seeking behavior, in: Control of Appetite: Current Concepts in Nutrition (M. Winick, ed.), pp. 1–25, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanarek, R. B., Marks-Kaufman, R., and Lipeles, B. J., 1980, Increased carbohydrate intake as a function of insulin administration in rats, Physiol. Behav. 25:779–782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kannas, L., 1981, The dimensions of health behavior among young men in Finland, Int. J. Health Educ. 24 (3):146–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, A. R., and Glanville, E. V., 1964, Taste thresholds for bitterness and cigarette smoking, Nature 202:1366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, A. R., Glanville, E. V., and Fischer, R., 1965, Cummulative effect of age and smoking on taste sensitivity in males and females, J. Gerontol. 20:334–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kardasevitch, B. I., and Khais, L. M., 1940, The histological changes in the respiratory apparatus of guinea-pigs under the influence of nicotine inhalations in manufacturies, J. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 17:237–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerschbaum, A., Bellet, S., and Khorsandian, R., 1965, Elevation of serum cholesterol after administration of nicotine, Am. Heart J. 69:206–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khosla, T., and Lowe, C. R., 1971, Obesity and smoking habits, Br. Med. J. 4 (5778): 10–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. S., 1936, The influence of continuous subcutaneous injection of nicotine or adrenal gland and anterior lobe of hypophysis. II. Histological studies of the reaction of silver nitric granules of vitamin C. Chosen Igaku-Kwai Zasshi 26:S1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchen, J. M. W., 1889, On the health-value to man of the so-called divinely beneficent gift, tobacco, Med. Rec. 35:459–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittel, F., Rustin, R. M., Dramaix, M., DeBacker, G., and Kornitzer, M., 1978, Psycho-socio-biological correlates of moderate overweight in an industrial population, J. Psychosom. Res. 22 (3): 145–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R. C., and Klesges, L. M., 1988, Cigarette smoking as a dietary strategy in a university population, Int. J. Eating Dis. 7:413–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klesges, R. C., Meyers, A. W., Hanson, C. L., and Eck, L., 1987, Smoking cessation and weight gain in males and females, Presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopczynski, J., 1972, Height and weight of adults in Cracow, Epidemiol. Rev. 26 (4):452–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, L. T., Jelinek, L. C., and Pope, M. A., 1986, Cigarette smoking among alcohol abusers: A continuing and neglected problem, Can. J. Public Health 77:205–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, J. F., 1982, A one-year follow-up of participants in a Smoke Stoppers program, Patient Counsel. Health Educ. 4 (2):89–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krut, L. H., Perrin, M. J., and Bronte-Stewart, B., 1961, Taste perception in smokers and non-smokers, Br. Med. J. 1:379–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, P. S., Haag, H. B., and Silvette, H., 1961, Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies (2 parts), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leschtschinskaja, O., 1926, The toxicology of nicotine (In Russian with German Summary), Bezopas-nosti No. 7– 8:26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D., and Greenberg, L. A., 1952, Nutrition and the etiology of alcoholism. The effect of sucrose, saccharin, and fat on the self-selection of ethyl alcohol by rats, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 13: 553.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, E. D., Morgan, M. M., Galvez, C., and Ellison, G. D., 1987, Chronic nicotine and withdrawal effects on body weight and food and water consumption in female rats, Physiol. Behav. 39:441–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lickint, F., 1933, Einfluss des Tabaks auf die korperliche und geistige Entwicklung der Schuljugend, Gesundheit Erzieh 46:465–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, J., 1969, Weight gain after cessation of smoking, JAMA 210:1765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, J. E., 1970, Relation of income to body weight in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers (Letter), JAMA 214 (6): 1121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund-Larsen, P. G., and Tretli, S., 1982, Changes in smoking habits and body weight after a three-year-period—The cardiovascular disease study in Finnmark, J. Chronic Dis. 35:773–780.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manley, R. S., and Boland, F. J., 1983, Side-effects and weight gain following a smoking cessation program, Addictive Behav. 8 (4):375–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks-Kaufman, R., 1982, Increased fat consumption induced by morphine administration in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 16:949–955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks-Kaufman, R., and Lipeles, B. J., 1982, Patterns of nutrient selection in rats orally self-administering morphine, Nutr. Behav. 1:33–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuya, T., 1982, Alcohol intake and smoking habits of Japanese telephone employees and their effects on the dietary intakes, J. Formosan Med. Assoc. 81 (7):857–867.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, C., Waldron, E., and Dickinson, J., 1958, The psychology of smoking, J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 56:267–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBurney, D. H., and Moskat, L. J., 1975, Taste thresholds in college-age smokers and non-smokers, Perception Psychophysics 18 (2):71–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNair, E., and Bryson, R., 1983, Effects of nicotine on weight changes and food consumption in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 18 (3):341–344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. M., and Ellison, G., 1987, Different effects of chronic nicotine treatment regimens on body weight and tolerance in the rat, Psychopharmacology 91(2):236–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munster, G., and Battig, K., 1975, Nicotine-induced hypophagia and hypodipsia in deprived and in hypothalamically stimulated rats, Psychopharmacologia 41:211–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemery, B., Moavero, N. E., Brasseur, L., and Stanescu, D. C., 1983, Smoking, lung function, and body weight, Br. Med. J. 286 (6362):249–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NIH Consensus Development Conference on Health Implications of Smokeless Tobacco Use, Jan. 13–15, 1986, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noppa, H., and Bengtsson, C., 1980, Obesity in relation to smoking: A population study of women in Goteborg, Sweden, Prev. Med. 9(4):534–543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otis, E. O., 1884, The use of tobacco by boys, Boston Med. Surg. J. 110:99–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page, R. M., 1983, Assessing gender differences in college cigarette smoking intenders and noninten-ders, Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Thesis No. 82–21953, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pangborn, R. M., and Trabue, I. M., 1973, Gustatory responses during periods of controlled and ad lib cigarette smoking, Perception Psychophysics 1:139–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passey, R. D., Elson, L. A., and Lewis, P. A., 1959, Tobacco smoke and growth rate, Br. Empire Cancer Campaign, Ann. Rep. 37:89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passey, R. D., Elson, L. A., and Connors, T. A., 1961, Growth and metabolic effects of cigarette smoking and nicotine inhalation, Br. Empire Cancer Campaign, Ann. Rep. 39 (Part II):90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pemberton, J., and Macleod, K. I. E., 1956, Rural health survey of men over forty, Public Health Rep. 71:1213–1220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlick, D., 1977, The withdrawal syndrome: Nicotine addiction and the effects of stopping smoking in heavy and light smokers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York, Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, Thesis No. 77–14, 833, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, ML

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, M. J., Krut, L. H., and Bronte-Stewart, B., 1961, Smoking and food preferences, Br. Med. J. 1: 387–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J. M., and Ferris, B. G., Jr., 1967, Morphological constitution and smoking, Arch. Environ. Health 14:678–681.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D. L., Longergan, L. H., and Hardinge, M. G., 1968, Smoking and taste perception, Arch. Environ. Health 16:219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picone, T. A., Allen, L. H., Schramm, M. M., and Olsen, P. N., 1982, Pregnancy outcome in North American women. I. Effects of diet, cigarette smoking, and psychological stress on maternal weight gain, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36 (6): 1205–1213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincherle, G., 1971, Obesity and smoking habits (Letter), Br. Med. J. 4 (5782):298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D. R., and McCann, B. S., 1981, The effects of a multiple treatment program and maintenance procedures on smoking cessation, Prev. Med. 10:94–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, P. S., 1980, Obesity, the Regulation of Weight, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puddey, I. B., Vandongen, R., Beilin, L. J., English, D. R., and Ukich, A. W., 1985, The effect of stopping smoking on blood pressure—A controlled trial, J. Chronic Dis. 38 (6):483–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pursell, E. D., Sanders, R. E., and Haude, R. H., 1973, Sensitivity to sucrose in smokers and non-smokers: A comparison of TSD and percent correct measures, Psychophysics 14 (1):34–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S., 1984, Relationship between weight change and the reduction or cessation of cigarette smoking, Int. J. Obesity 8 (6):665–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rantakallio, P., and Hartikainen-Sorri, A., 1981, The relationship between birth weight, smoking during pregnancy and maternal weight gain, Am. J. Epidemiol. 113 (5):590–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redington, K., 1984, Taste differences between cigarette smokers and nonsmokers, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 21:203–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P., 1939, Salt taste thresholds of normal and adrenalectomized rats, Endocrinology 24:367–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P., 1943, Total self regulatory functions in animals and human beings, Harvey Lecture Series 38:63–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, S., and York, D. A., 1986, The effect of cigarette smoking on the thermic response to feedings, Int. J. Obesity 10:407–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, R. J., 1979, Effects of nicotine, mecamylamine and hexamethonium on shock-induced fighting, pain reactivity and locomotor behavior in rats, Psychopharmacology 66:93–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, J., 1987, Weight changes following smoking cessation: The role of food intake and exercise, Addictive Behav. 12:303–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozin, P., 1984, The acquisition of food habits and preferences, in: Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention (J. D. Matarazzo, S. M. Weiss, J. A. Herd, N. E. Miller, and S. M. Weiss, eds.), pp. 590–607, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rush, D., 1974, Examination of the relationship between birthweight, cigarette smoking during pregnancy and maternal weight gain, J. Obstet. Gynaecology Br. Commonw. 81 (10):746–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, H. H., Roehrs, T. A., and Tolliver, G. A., 1982, Ethanol reinforced responding in the rat: A concurrent analysis using sucrose as the alternate choice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17:333–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M. D., and Cook, P. G., 1976, Nicotine-induced weight loss in rats without an effect on appetite, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 38 (1):63–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schievelbein, H., Heinemann, G., Loeschenkohl, K., Troll, C., and Schlegel, J., 1978, Metabolic aspects of smoking behavior, in: Smoking Behaviour. Physiological and Psychological Influences (R. E. Thornton, ed.), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlatter, J., and Battig, K., 1979, Differential effects of nicotine and amphetamine on locomotor activity and maze exploration in two rat lines, Psychopharmacology 64:155–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlatter, J., and Battig, K., 1981, The adrenergic role in the manifestation of nicotine effects on maze ambulation in Roman High- and Roman Low-Avoidance rats, Br. J. Addict. 76:199–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlumm, F., 1930, Nikotinabusus und grundumsatz, Verh. Deut. Ges. inn. Med. 42:151–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlumm, F., 1932, Tabakmissbrauch und hyperthyreoidismus, Ztschr. Klin. Med. 120:648–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitthenner, J. E., Hafkenshiel, J. B., Forte, I., and Riegel, C., 1957, The effects of nicotine on left-ventricular work and coronary blood flow, Am. J. Med. Sci. 234:487–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, N. G., and Jarvik, M. E., 1984, Time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms as a function of nicotine replacement, Psychopharmacology 82:143–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenborn, C. A., and Benson, V., 1988, Relationships between smoking and other unhealthy habits: United States, 1985, NCHS Advancedata 154:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenenberger, J. C., 1982, Smoking change in relation to changes in blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol, Prev. Med. ll(4):441–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seaver, J. W., 1897, The effects of nicotine, Q. J. Inebriates 19:132–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, C. C., 1974, Effect of smoking on blood pressure, Am. Heart J. 87 (5):558–564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, J. R., Warawadeker, M. D., Deshmukh, P. A., and Phutane, P. N., 1959, Institutional survey of pulmonary tuberculosis with special reference to smoking habits, Ind. J. Med. Sci. 13:381–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, J. J., Johnson, H. J., and Ley, H. A., 1939, The effects of tobacco smoking on health, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 24:586–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silbert, S., and Friedlander, M., 1931, Studies in thrombo-angiitis obliterans (Buerger). VII. The basal metabolism, JAMA 96:1857–1858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, B., 1984, Recent research on the behavioral effects of tryptophan and carbohydrate, Nutr. Health 3:55–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, B., Mailer, O., Wurtman, J., Digman, L., and Cozolino, L., 1982/1983, Effects of protein and carbohydrate meals on mood and performance: Interactions with sex and age, J. Psychiatr. Res. 17 (2):155–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, B. J., Lieberman, H., Swope, G., and Garfield, G., 1984, Effects of carbohydrates on mood and behavior, Presented at Diet and Behavior: A Multidisciplinary Evaluation, Arlington, VA, Nov. 27–29, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamford, B. A., Matter, S., Fell, R. D., Sady, S., Cresanta, M. K., and Papanek, P., 1984a, Cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption: Relationship to blood lipids and lipoproteins in premenopausal females, Metabolism: Clin. Exp. 33:585–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stamford, B. A., Matter, S., Fell, R. D., Sady, S., Papanek, P., and Cresanta, M., 1984b, Cigarette smoking, exercise, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Atherosclerosis 52 (1):73–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamford, B. A., Matter, S., Fell, R. D., and Papanek, P., 1986, Effects of smoking cessation on weight gain, metabolic rate, caloric consumption, and blood lipids, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43 (4):486–494.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, T., and Pederson, L., 1983, Smoking, physical activity and health: Findings from the Canada Fitness Survey, in: Proceedings of the World Conference on Smoking and Health, Volume 1 (F. Forbes, R. C. Frecker, and D. Nostbakken, eds.), pp. 217–223, Canadian Council on Smoking and Health, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stitzer, M. L., and Gross, J., 1988, Nicotine replacement: Effect on post cessation withdrawal symptoms and weight gain, in: Problems of Drug Dependence, NIDA Research Monograph No. 81 (L. Harris, ed.), pp. 53–58, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, W. H. F., Temple, W. A., Nye, E. R., and Herbison, G. P., 1980, Adiposity, lipids, alcohol consumption, smoking, and gender, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33 (12):2581–2587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. K., 1910, The boy and the cigarette, Psychol. Clin. Philadelphia 1:54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theeuwes, F., and Yum, S. I., 1977, Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 4:343–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuomilehto, J., Jalkanen, L., Salonen, J. T., and Nissinen, A., 1985, Factors associated with changes in body weight during a five-year follow-up of a population with high blood pressure, Scand. J. Soc. Med. 13 (4): 173–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turley, F. C., and Harrison, T. R., 1932, Respiratory measurements as affected by smoking and by athletics, Am. J. Med. Sci. 183:702–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USDHEW, 1979, Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health, DHEW Publ. No. (PHS) 79–50066.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDHHS, 1982, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer. A Report of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health, DHHS Publ. No. (PHS) 82–50179.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDHHS, 1983, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cardiovascular Disease. A Report of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health, DHHS Publ. No. (PHS) 84–50204.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDHHS, 1984, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. A Report of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health, DHHS Publ. No. 84–50205.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDHHS, 1986, The Health Consequences of Using Smokeless Tobacco, A Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General, NIH Publ. No. 86–2874.

    Google Scholar 

  • USDHHS, 1988, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction. A Report of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health, DHHS Publ. No. (CDC) 88–8406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbroucke, J. P., Mauritz, B. J., DeBruin, A., Verheesen, J. H. H., Van der Heide-Wessel, C., and Vander Heide, R. M., 1984, Weight, smoking, and mortality, JAMA 252:2859–2860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wager-Srdar, S. A., Levine, A. S., Morley, J. E., Hoidal, J. R., and Niewoehner, D. E., 1984, Effects of cigarette smoke and nicotine on feeding and energy, Physiol. Behav. 32 (3):389–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, R. E., and Brooks, A. G. F., 1972, Heights and weights of men visiting a public health exhibition, Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 26 (3): 180–185.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehner, A. P., Olson, R. J., and Busch, R. H., 1976, Increased life span and decreased weight in hamsters exposed to cigarette smoke, Arch. Environ. Health 31:146–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, P. J., Marmon, M. M., Reich, S., and Ruddle, J., 1986, Effects of nicotine on body weight, food intake, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24 (6): 1605–1609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wennmalm, A., 1982, Effect of cigarette smoking on basal and carbon dioxide stimulated cerebral blood flow in man, Clin. Physiol. 2 (6):529–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whichelow, M. J., Golding, J. F., and Treasure, F. P., 1988, Comparison of some dietary habits of smokers and non-smokers, Br. J. Addiction 83:295–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, D. F., Forman, M. R., Binkin, N. J., Gentry, E. M., Remington, P. L., and Trowbridge, F. L., 1987, Alcohol and body weight in United States adults, Am. J. Public Health 77 (10):1324–1330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S., 1846, Experiments on the physiological action of tobacco, London M. Gaz. N.S. 92:592–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, J. J., and Wurtman, R. J., 1979, Drugs that enhance central serotoninergic transmission diminish elective carbohydrate consumption by rats, Life Sci. 24:895–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J., 1982, Nutrients that modify brain function, Sci. Am. 246:50–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J., 1987, Dietary treatments that affect brain neurotransmitters, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 499: 179–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J., Hefti, F., and Melamed, E., 1981, Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis, Pharmacol. Rev. 32:315–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, P. T., 1936, Motivation of Behavior, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, P. T., 1955, The role of hedonic processes in motivation, in: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (M. R. Jones, ed.), pp. 193–238, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yung, L., Gordis, E., and Holt, J., 1983, Dietary choices and likelihood of abstinence among alcoholic patients in an out-patient clinic, Drug Alcohol Dependence 12:355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiner-Henriksen, T., 1976, Rokevaner i den Norske befolking [Smoking habits of the Norwegian population], Tiddskr. Norske Laegeforening 96(11):617–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., and Lubin, B., 1965, Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grunberg, N.E. (1990). The Inverse Relationship between Tobacco Use and Body Weight. In: Kozlowski, L.T., et al. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1669-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1669-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1671-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1669-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics