Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Transdermal Delivery Systems: A Medical Rationale

  • Chapter
Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration

Abstract

The advances in medical technology have been rationalized on the basis of the saving of lives, the improvement in the well-being of individuals, and more recently the reduction in health care costs. Transdermal drug delivery not only is the combination of several technologies but has developed a sound medical rationale. Looking back on how the administration of medication has evolved, we see that issues in drug delivery and technologies outside the field have influenced transdermal drug delivery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Wester RC, Maibach HI. Cutaneous pharmacokinetics: 10 steps to percutaneous absorption. Drug Metab Rev. 1983;14:169–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Beckett AH, Gorrod JW, Taylor DC. Comparison of oral and percutaneous routes in man for the systemic administration of “ephedrines.” Pharm Pharmacol. 1972;24(Suppl 65–708).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Riegelman S. Pharmacokinetic factors affecting epidermal penetration and percutaneous absorption. Clin Pharm Ther. 1974; 16:873.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shaw JE, Chandrasekaran SK, Michaels AS, Taskovich L. Controlled transdermal delivery, in vitro and in vivo. In: Maibach HI, ed. Animal Models in Dermatology. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1975:138.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Wallace SM, Barnett G. Pharmacokinetic analysis of percutaneous absorption: Evidence of parallel penetration pathways for methotrexate. J Pharmacokinet Biopharmaceut. 1978;6:315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Birmingham BK, Greene DS, Rhodes CT. Percutaneous absorption of salicyclic acid in rabbits. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1979;5:29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chandrasekaran SK, Bayne W, Shaw JE. Pharmacokinetics of drug permeation through human skin. J Pharm Sci. 1978;67:1370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cooper ER. Effect of diffusional lag time on multicompartmental pharmacokinetics for trans-epidermal infusion. J Pharm Sci. 1979;67:1469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Berner B. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sei. 1985;74:718.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Guy RH, Hadgraft J. Pharmacokinetic interpretation of the plasma levels of Clonidine following transdermal delivery. J Pharm Sei. 1985;74:1016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arndts D, Arndts K. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermally administered Clonidine. J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;26:79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Guy RH, Hadgraft J, Maibach HI. A pharmacokinetic model for percutaneous absorption. Int J Pharm. 1982;11:119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Guy RH, Hadgraft J, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration in man: a kinetic approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985;78:123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hansch C, Leo AJ. Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology. New York: Wiley Interscience; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Guy RH, Hadgraft J. Prediction of drug disposition kinetics in skin and plasma following topical administration. J Pharm Sci. 1984,73:883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hadgraft J, Guy RH. The modelling and prediction of transdermal drug delivery. Proceedings of 11th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, Lincolnshire, IL: Controlled Release Society; 1984:44.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics relating to percutaneous absorption. Presented at the Transdermal Drug Delivery Symposium, University of California, San Francisco, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Co; 1980:1700.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Noonan PK, Rigod JF, Williams RL, Benet LZ. Transdermal absorption rates of nitroglycerin in healthy volunteers. Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, Lincolnshire, IL: Controlled Release Society; 1983:332.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Yacobi A, Baughman RA, Cosulich DB, Nicolau G. Method for determination of first-pass metabolism in human skin. J Pharm Sei. 1984;73:1499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Karim A. Transdermal absorption of nitroglycerin from microseal drug delivery (MDD) system. J Vase Dis. 1983;34:11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Flynn GL, Stewart BS. Percutaneous drug penetration: Choosing candidates for transdermal development. Drug Dev Res. 1988;13:169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cleary GW. Transdermal drug delivery. Cosmet Toil. 1991; 106:97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Stanski DR, Hug CC, Jr. Alfentanil—a kinetically predictable narcotic analgesic. J Anesthesiol 1982;57:435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Michaels AS, Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE. Drug permeation through human skin: Theory and in vitro experimental measurement. AlChE J. 1975;21:985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cleary GW. Transdermal controlled release systems. In: Langer RS, Wise DL, eds. Medical Applications of Controlled Release. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1984:203.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chandrasekaran SK, Shaw JE. Design of transdermal therapeutic systems. In: Pearce EM, Schaefgen JR, eds. Contemporary Topics in Polymer Science. Vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press; 1977:291.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yum SI. Transdermal therapeutic systems and rate controlled drug delivery. Med Prog Technol. 1989;15:47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shaw JE. In: Breimer DD, Speiser P, eds. Topics in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press; 1981:165.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Dahl E, Offer-Ohlsen D, Lillevoid P, Sandvik L. Transdermal scopolamine, oral meclizine, and placebo in motion sickness. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984;36:116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Price NM, Schmitt LG, McGuire LG, Shaw J, Trobough G. Transdermal scopolamine in prevention of motion sickness at sea. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;29:414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Shah VP, Tymes NW, Skelly JP. Comparative in vitro release profiles of marketed nitroglycerin patches by different dissolution methods. J Controlled Release. 1988;7:79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hadgraft J, Lewis D, Beutner D, Wolff HM. In vitro assessments of transdermal devices containing nitroglycerin. Int J Pharm. 1991;73:125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wolff M, Cordes G, Luckow V. In vitro and in vivo release of nitroglycerin from a new transdermal therapeutic system. Pharm Res. 1985; 1:23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Maier-Lenz VH, Ringevelski L, Windorfer A. Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of nitroglycerin ointment formulation. Arzneim-Forsch. 1980;30:320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. McNiff EF, Yacobi A, Young-Chang FM, Golden LH, Goldfarb A, Fung H. Nitroglycerin pharmacokinetics after intravenous infusion in normal subjects. J Pharm Sci. 1981;70:1054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sved S, McLean WM, MacGilvery IJ. Influence of method of application on pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin from ointment in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1981;70:1368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Curry SH, Kwon H, Perrin JH, Culp JR, Pepine CJ, Yu W. Nitroglycerin levels after administration via transdermal therapeutic system or nitroglycerin ointment. Lancet. 1984.1297.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Place VA. Transdermal therapeutic system for nitroglycerin: bioavailability, hemodynamic and clinical data. Presented at the 16th Annual ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting, New Orleans, December 6, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Noonan PK, Gonzalez MA, Ruggirello D, Tomlinson J, Babcock-Atkinson E, Ray M, Golub A, Cohen A. Relative bioavailability of a new transdermal nitroglycerin delivery system. J Pharm Sci. 1986;75:688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Olivari M, Cohn JN. Cutaneous administration of nitroglycerin: A review. Pharmacotherapy. 1983;3:149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Georgopoulos AJ, Markis A, Georgiadis H. Therapeutic efficacy of a new transdermal system containing nitroglycerin in patients with angina pectoris. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;22:481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Thompson RH. The clinical use of transdermal delivery devices with nitroglycerin. Cardiovasc Rev Reps. 1983;4:91.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hollenberg M, Go M. Efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerin patches in patients with angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Rev Rep (Symp. Reprint). 1984:9.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Schiavoni G, Mazzari M, Lanza G, Fustaci A, Mongiardo R, Pennestri F. Evaluation of the efficacy and the length of action of a new preparation of slow-release nitroglycerin for percutaneous absorption (Nitro-dur, Sigma-tau) in angina pectoris caused by exercise. Int J Clin Pharm Res. 1982;2(Suppl 1):15.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Thandani U, Brady DC, Klutts SJ, Goins DR, Anderson JL, Olson EG, Hamilton SF, Teague SM. Dose titration and pectoris. Abstracts of the 58th Scientific Session of the American Heart Association; 1985:431.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Reiniger G, Blasini R, Brugmann U. Nitroglycerin patches in coronary artery disease: Can tolerance development be avoided through an interval therapy? Abstracts of the 58th Scientific Session of the American Heart Association; 1985:431.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Haynes RD, Sackett DL, Taylor MS. The practical management of low compliance with antihypertensive therapy. Clin Invest Med. 1978;1:175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Reid JL. Hypertension 1988: present challenges and future strategies. J Hypertens. 1988;6:3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Shaw JE, Gale RM, Enscore DJ, Chu LC. Predictable percutaneous absorption. Proceedings of 10th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, Lincolnshire, IL: Controlled Release Society; 1983:320.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Enscore DJ, Gale RM. U.S. Patent 4,559,222, December 17, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Shaw JE. Pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin and Clonidine delivered by the transdermal route. Am Heart J. 1984; 108:217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Schaller M, Nussberger J, Waeber B, Porchet M, Brunner HR. Transdermal Clonidine therapy in hypertensive patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1985;253:233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Youngkin EQ. Estrogen replacement therapy and the Estraderm transdermal system. Nurse Practitioner. 1990;15:19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Campbell PS, Chandrasekaran SK. U.S. Patent 4,379,454, April 12, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Holst J, Cajander S, Carlstrom K, Damber M-G., von Schoultz B. Percutaneous estrogen replacement therapy—effects on circulating estrogens, gonadotropins and prolatin. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1983;62:49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Powers MS, Schenkel L, Darley PE, Good WR, Balestra JC, Place VA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dosage forms of 17β-estradipl: Comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:1099.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Good WR, Powers MS, Campbell P, Schenkel L. A new transdermal delivery system for estradiol. J Controlled Release. 1985;2:89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Padwick ML, Endacott J, Whitehead MI. Efficacy, acceptability, and metabolic effects of transdermal estradiol in the management of postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152: 1085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Place VA, Powers M, Darley PE, Schenkel L, Good WR. A double-blind comparative study of Estraderm and Premarin in the amelioration of postmenopausal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152:1092.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Stanski DR, Hug CC. Alfentanil—a kinetically predictable narcotic analgesic. J Anesthes. 1982;57: 435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Janssen PAJ. Potent, new analgesics, tailor made for different purposes. Acta Anesthes Scand. 1982;26:262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Calis KA, Kohler DR, Corso DM. Transdermally administered fentanyl for pain management. Clin Pharm. 1992; 11:22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Boerner TF, Bell S, Bartkowski R, Torjman M, Lessin J, Marr A. Transdermal fentanyl delivery system vs. morphine IM: A comparison of analgesia after major orthopedic surgery. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:A710.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Hwang SS, Coen PA, Stanski DR. Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:928.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Miser AW, Narang PK, Dothage JA, Young RC, Sindelar W, Miser JS. Transdermal fentanyl for pain control in patients with cancer. Pain. 1989;37:15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gourley GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, Cousins MJ, Armstron PJ. Fentanyl blood concentration—analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesthes Analg. 1988;67:329.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Russell MAH, Feyerabend C. Cigarette smoking: A dependence on high-nicotine boli. Drug Metabol Rev. 1978;8:29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Nunn-Thompson CL, Simon PA. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Clin Pharm. 1989;8: 710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ferno O, Lichtneckert S, Lundgren C. A substitute for tobacco smoking. Psychopharmacology. 1973,31:201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Physician inserts: Nicotrol: Parke-Davis, 9854G010, March 5, 1992; Habitrol: Basel Pharmaceuticals; C91–51, November 1991; Nicoderm: Merion Merrell Dow Ine; J208A, November 1991; Prostep: Lederle Labs, 2220900–92, revised January 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Benowitz NL. Toxicity of nicotine: implications with regard to nicotine replacement therapy. In: Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS, eds. Nicotine Replacement: A Critical Evaluation. New York: Alan R. Liss; 1988:187.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fagerström KO, Lunell E, Molander L. Continuous and intermittent transdermal delivery of nicotine: Blockade of withdrawal symptoms and side effects. J Smoking-Rel Dis. 1991:2.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Rose JE, Herskovic JE, Trilling Y, Jarvik ME. Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;38:450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Abelin T, Ehrsam R, Buhler-Reichert A, Imhof PR, Müller P, Thommen A, Vesanen K. Effectiveness of a transdermal nicotine system in smoking cessation studies. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1989; 11:205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Daughton DM, Heatley SA, Prendergast JJ, Causey D, Knowles M, Rolf CN, Cheney RA, Hatlelid K, Thompson AB, Rennard SI. Effect of transdermal nicotine delivery as an adjunct to low-intervention smoking cessation therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1991 ;151:749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tonnesen P, Norregaard DJ, Simonsen K, Sawe U. A double-blind trial of a 16-hour transdermal nicotine patch in smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1991 ;325:311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Müller P, Imhof PR, Mauli D, Milovanovic D. Human pharmacological investigations of a transdermal nicotine system. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1989;11:197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Laufer LR, DeFazio JL, Lu JK, Meldrum DR, Eggena P, Sambhi MP, Hershman JM, Judd HL. Estrogen replacement therapy by transdermal estradiol administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;146:533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Miranda J, Geary GW. Printed transdermal drug delivery device. U.S. Patent No. 4,915,950, April 10, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  81. MacGregor TR, Matzek KM, Keirns JJ, van Wagjen RGA, van den Ende A. Pharmacokinetics of transdermally delivered Clonidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;38:278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Good WR. Transderm-Nitro controlled delivery of nitroglycerin via the transdermal route. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1983;9:647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Powers MS, Campbell P, Schenkel I. A new transdermal delivery system for estradiol. J Controlled Release. 1985;2:89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Dubois JP, Sioufi A, Muller P, Mauli D, Imhof PR. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nicotine in healthy volunteers following single and repeated administration of different doses of transdermal nicotine systems. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1989;11:187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. McLeskey CH. Transdermal opioids. Abstract, American Society of Anesthesiology Annual Meeting, New Orleans, October 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  86. McCrea JB, Vlasses PH, Franz TJ, Zeoli L. Transdermal timolol: β-blockade and plasma concentrations after application for 48 hours and 7 days. Pharmacotherapy. 1990; 10:289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. deMey C, Enterling D, Ederhof M, Wesche H, Osterwald H. Transdermal delivery of mepindolol and propranolol in normal man. Arzneim-Forsch. 1989;39:1505.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. deMey C, Meineke I, Enterling D, Rehbock C, Osterwald H. Transdermal delivery of mepindolol and propranolol in normal man II: Pharmacokinetic and neuroendocrine aspects. Arzneim-Forsch. 1989;39:1508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Liedtke RK, Chen LS, Mangold B, Hasse W. Clinical pharmacological studies on the transdermal application of mepindolol/pharmacodynamics and orienting pharmacokinetics. Arzneim-Forsch. 1989;39:1501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Drewe J, Meier R, Timonen U, Thumshirn M, Munzer J, Kissel T, Cyr KL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new transdermal delivery system for bopindolol. Br J Clin Pharmaceut. 1991;31:671.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Evans NJ, Rutter N, Hadgraft J, Parr G. Percutaneous administration of theophylline in the preterm infant. J Pediatr. 1985;107:307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Coleman RJ, Lange KW, Quinn NP, Loper AE, Bondi JV, Hichens M, Stahl SM, Marsden CD. The antiparkinsonian actions and pharmacokinetics of transdermal (+)-4-propyl9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (+PHNO): preliminary results. Movement Disord. 1989;4:129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Findlay JC, Place VA, Snyder PJ. Transdermal delivery of testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Wellstein A, Kuppers H, Pitschner HF, Palm D. Transdermal delivery of bupranolol: Pharmacodynamics and beta adrenoceptor occupancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;31:419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Miles MV, Balasubramanian R, Wayne Pittman A, Grossman SH, Pappa KA, Smith MF, Wargin WA, Findlay JWA, Poust RI, Frosolono MF. Pharmacokinetics of oral and transdermal triprolidine. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30:572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Dietz AJ, Carlson JD, Beck CL. Effect of transdermal on reducing histamine-induced wheal area. Ann Allergy. 1986;57:38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Findlay JC, Place VA, Snyder PJ. Transdermal delivery of testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64:266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Cunningham GR, Cordero E, Thomby JI. Testosterone replacement with transdermal therapeutic systems. J Am Med Assoc. 1989;261:2525.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Morimoto S, Sekiguchi M, Hirosawa K. Nitroglycerin tape application test in healthy males: I. Changes in plasma nitroglycerin levels, their effects on the cardiovascular system and adverse reactions. Cardioangiology. 1984; 16:290.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hadgraft J, Wolff M, Bonn R, Cordes G. Development of biphasic transdermal nitroglycerin delivery systems. Int J Pharm. 1990,64:187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Tyle P. lontophoretic devices for drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1986;3:318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Chien YW, Siddiqui O, Sun Y, Shi WM, Liu JC. Transdermal therapeutic delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1987,507:3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Burnette RR. Iontophoresis. In: Hadgraft J, Guy R, eds. Transdermal Delivery: Developmental Issues and Research Initiatives. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1989:247.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ashburn M, Stephen R, Petelenz T. Controlled iontophoretic delivery of morphine HCl for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:A348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Meyer BR, Kreis W, Eschbach J, O’Mara V, Rosen S, Sibalis D. Transdermal versus subcutaneous leuprolid: A comparison of acute pharmacodynamic effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;48:340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cygnus Therapeutic Systems, Redwood City, California, 94063, USA

    Gary W. Cleary

Authors
  1. Gary W. Cleary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA

    Vinod P. Shah

  2. University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cleary, G.W. (1993). Transdermal Delivery Systems: A Medical Rationale. In: Shah, V.P., Maibach, H.I. (eds) Topical Drug Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Penetration. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1262-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1262-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1264-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1262-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation