Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pleural Diseases

  • Chapter
Pulmonary Pathology

Abstract

Vertebrates have a complex system of body cavities of mesodermal origin called the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. These cavities are lined by a flattened layer of cells referred to as mesothelium, and are referred to as serous cavities. Embryologically, the cavities develop from the coelomic cavity, which develops early in embryogenesis.1 The lung buds initially grow into what is referred to as the pericardial-peritoneal cavity, which later develops into the pleural-pericardial cavity. The pleural-pericardial membrane separates the pleural cavity from the pericardial cavity, and the pleural-peritoneal membrane separates the pleural cavity from the peritoneal cavity (Fig. 34-1). An excellent description of the development of the coelomic cavity was published in 1890.2 In the adult, the pleura is divided into the parietal pleura, which lines the inside of the thoracic cavity, and the visceral pleura, which covers the lung parenchyma (Fig. 34-2). The visceral and parietal pleura are connected at the hilum of the lung.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Davies J. Development of the respiratory system. In: Human developmental anatomy. New York: Ronald Press, 1963: 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Minot C. The mesoderm and the coelom of vertebrates. Am Nat 1890; 24: 877–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sahn SA. The pleura. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 184–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Light RW. Anatomy of the pleura. In: Pleural diseases. 2d Ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Antony VB, Sahn SA, Mossman B, Gail DB, Kalica A. Pleural cell biology in health and disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1236–1239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gaudio E, Rendina E, Pannarale L, Ricci C, Marinozzi G. Surface morphology of the human pleura: A scanning electron microscopic study. Chest 1988; 92: 149153.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wang NS. The preformed stomas connecting the pleural cavity and lymphatics in the parietal pleura. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 111: 12–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Leak LV, Rahil L. Permeability of the diaphragmatic mesothelium: The ultrastructural basis for “stomata. ” Am J Anat 1978; 151: 557–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Courtice FC, Simmonds SJ. Physiological significance of lymph drainage of the serous cavities and lungs. Physiol Rev 1954; 34: 419–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sahn SA. The differential diagnosis of pleural effusions. West J Med 1982; 137: 99–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pistolesi M, Miniati M, Giontini C. Pleural liquid and solute exchange. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 825847.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Light RW. Clinical manifestations and useful tests. Pleural diseases. 2d Ed. Philaelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990: 39–73.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yokoi T, Mark EJ. Atypical mesothelial hyperplasia associated with bronchogenic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 695–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Buchanan DR, Johnston IP, Ken IH, Hetzel MR, Cor-rin B, Turner-Warwick M. Cryptogenic bilateral fibrosing pleuritis. Br J Dis Chest 1988; 82: 186–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Askin FB, McCann BC, Kuhn C. Reactive eosinophilic pleuritis: A lesion to be distinguished from pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 187–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Light RW, Girard WM, Jenkinson SG, George RB. Parapneumonic effusions. Am J Med 1980; 985–986.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Taryle DA, Potts DE, Sahn SA. The incidence and clinical correlates of parapneumonic effusions in pneumococcal pneumonia. Chest 1978; 74: 170–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL, Thadepalli H, Finegold SM. Bacteriology of empyema. Lancet 1974;i:338–340.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Varkey B, Rose HD, Kutty CPK, Politis J. Empyema thoracis during a ten-year period. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1771–1776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. United States Department of Health Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. DHEW Publication (CDC) 78–8360. Washington, DC, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stead WW, Eichenholz A, Stauss HK. Operative and pathologic -findings in twenty-four patients with syndrome of idiopathic pleurisy with effusion, presumably tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1955; 71: 473–502.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Abrams WB, Small MJ. Current concepts of tuberculous pleurisy with effusion as derived from pleural biopsy studies. Scand J Respir Dis 1960; 38: 60–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Green WR, Bouchette D. Pleural mucormycosis (zyomycosis). Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110: 441–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mariuz P, Raviglione MC, Gould IA, Mollen MP. Pleural pneumocystis carinii infection. Chest 1991; 99: 774776.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rubin EH. Pulmonary lesions in “rheumatoid disease” with remarks on diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Am J Med 1955; 19: 569–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sievers K, Aho K, Hurri L, Perttala Y. Studies of rheumatoid pulmonary disease: A comparison of roentgenographic findings among patients with high rheumatoid factor titers and with completely negative reactions. Acta Tuberc Scand 1964; 45: 21–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Walker WC, Wright V. Pulmonary lesions and rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968; 47: 501–519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Horler AR, Thompson M. The pleural and pulmonary complications of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1959; 51: 1179–1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wilen SB, Rabinowitz JG, Ulrich S, Lyons HA. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1974; 57: 200209.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Mark EJ, Matsubara O, Jan-Liu NS, Fineberg R. The pulmonary biopsy in the early diagnosis of Wegener’s (pathergic) granulomatosis: A study based on 35 open lung biopsies. Hum Pathol 1988; 19: 1065–1071.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gonzalez L, VanOrdstrand HS. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Radiology 1973; 107: 295–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Liem K, ten Veen JH, Lie KI, Feltkamp TEW, Durrer D. Incidence and significance of heart muscle antibodies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Acta Med Scand 1979; 206: 473–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Toole JC, Silverman ME. Pericarditis of acute myocardial infarction. Chest 1975; 67: 647–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Engle MA, McCabe JC, Ebert PA, Zabriskie J. The post-cardiotomy syndrome and anti-heart antibodies. Circulation 1974; 49: 401–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Van Der Geld H. Anti-heart antibodies in the postpericardiotomy and post-myocardial infarction syndromes. Lancet 1964; ii:617–621.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Aisner J, Wiernick PH. Malignant mesothelioma. Current status and future prospects. Chest 1978; 74: 438443.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Chahinian AP. Malignant mesothelioma. In: Holland JF, Frei E, III, eds. Cancer medicine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1982: 1744–1751.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Wagner E. Das tuberkelahnliche lymphadenom. Arch Heilk 1870; 11: 495–525.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Robertson HE. “Endothelioma” of the pleura. Am J Cancer 1924;8:317–375.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Klemperer P, Rabin CB. Primary neoplasms of pleura: report of 5 cases. Arch Pathol 1931; 11: 385–412.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Stout AP, Murray MR. Localized pleural mesothelioma: investigation of its characteristics and histogenesis by the method of tissue culture. Arch Pathol 1942; 34: 951–964.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Foster EA, Ackerman LV. Localized mesotheliomas of the pleura: The pathologic evaluation of 18 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1960; 34: 349–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wagner JC, Sleggs CA, Marchand P. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in North Western Cape Province. Br J Ind Med 1960; 17: 260–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wagner JC. The discovery of the association between blue asbestos and mesotheliomas and the aftermath. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 399–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wagner Jc. Asbestos and mesothelioma: A personal reminiscence. In: Henderson Dw, Shilkin Kb, Langlois Slp, Whitaker D, eds. Malignant mesothelioma. New York: Hemisphere, 1992: xvii-xxv.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Selikoff IJ, Churg J, Hammond EC. Relation between exposure to asbestos and mesothelioma. N Engl J Med 1965; 272: 560–565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wedler HW, Uber den Lungenkrebs bei Asbestose. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1943; 191: 189–209.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wedler HW. Uber den Lungonkrebs bei Asbestose. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 1943; 69: 575–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Merewether ERA. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the year 1947. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. 1949: 78–81.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mallory TB, Castleman B, Parris EE. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital #33111. N Engl J Med 1947; 236: 407–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Weiss A. Pleurakrbs bei Lungenasbestose, in vivo morphologisch Geishert. Medizienische 1953; 3: 93–94.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Leicher F Primarer deckzellen Tumor des Bauchtells bei Asbestose. Arch Gewerbepathol Gewerbehyg 1954; 13: 382–392.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Keal EE. Asbestosis and abdominal neoplasms. Lancet 1960;ii:1211–1216.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Goodwin MC. Diffuse mesotheliomas with comment on their relationship to localized fibrous mesotheliomas. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1967; 10: 298–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Motley RL. The lid comes off. Trial 1980; 15: 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Brodeur P. Expendable Americans. New York: Viking, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Brodeur P. The asbestos industry on trial. I-A failure to warn. II-Discovery. III Judgement. IV-Bankruptcy. New Yorker 1985;61:49–52+ (Je 10); 45–48+ Qe 17); 37–41+(Je 24); 36–38+ Ul 1).

    Google Scholar 

  58. McDonald AD, Harper A, El Attar DA, McDonald JC. Epidemiology of primary malignant mesothelial tumors in Canada. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1970; 26: 914919.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Theriault GP, Grand-Bois L. Mesothelioma and asbestos in the province of Quebec, 1969–1972. Arch Environ Health 1978; 33: 15–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Biava PM, Ferri R, Spacal B, et al. Cancro de lovora a Trieste: II mesothelioma della pleura. Sapere 1976; 79: 41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Greenberg M, Lloyd-Davies TA. Mesothelioma register 1967–1968. Br J Ind Med 1974; 31: 91–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McDonald AD, McDonald JC. Malignant mesothelioma in North America. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1980; 46: 1650–1656.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Cutler SJ, Young JL. Third National Cancer Survey: Incidence data. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1975; 41: 442.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bruckman L, Rubino RA, Christine B. Asbestos and mesothelioma incidence in Connecticut. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 1977; 27: 121–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Churg A. Malignant mesothelioma in British Columbia in 1982. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1985; 55: 672–674.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ferguson D. Malignant mesothelioma-the rising epidemic. Med J Austral 1989; 150: 233–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. McDonald JC, McDonald AD. Epidemiology of mesothelioma from estimated incidence. Prey Med 1977; 6: 426 446.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Hughes JM, Weill H. Asbestos exposure-quantitative assessment of risk. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 5–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H. Mortality experience of insulation workers in the United States and Canada 1943–1976. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 330: 9 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Huncharek M. Changing risk groups for malignant mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1992; 69: 2704 2711.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Wagner JC. Mesothelioma and mineral fibers. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1986; 57: 1905–1911.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Rom WM, Lockey JE. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma: a review. West J Med 1982; 137: 548–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Legha SS, Muggia FM. Pleural mesothelioma: Clinical features and therapeutic implications. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 613–621.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Borow M, Conston A, Livornese L, Schalet N. Mesothelioma following exposure to asbestos: A review of 72 cases. Chest 1973; 64: 641–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cochrane JC, Webster I. Mesothelioma in relation to asbestos fibre exposure. A review of 70 serial cases. S Afr Med J 1978; 54: 279–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tagnon I, Blot WJ, Stroube RB, et al. Mesothelioma associated with the shipbuilding industry in coastal Virginia. Cancer Res 1980; 40: 3875–3879.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Whitwell F, Rawcliffe RM. Diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure. Thorax 1971; 26: 6–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hammas SP. Mesothelioma. In: Sheppard MN, ed. Practical pulmonary pathology. Kent: Edward Arnold (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Taylor RA, Johnson LP. Mesothelioma: Current perspectives. West J Med 1981; 134: 379–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Vogelzang NJ, Schultz SM, Iannucci AM, Kennedy BJ. Malignant mesothelioma: The University of Minnesoto experience. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1984; 53: 377–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Newhouse ML, Thompson H. Mesothelioma of pleura and peritoneum following exposure to asbestos in the London area. Br J Ind Med 1965; 22: 261–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Peto J, Henderson Be, Pike Mc. Trends in mesothelioma in the United States and the forecast epidemic due to asbestos exposure during World War ii. In: Peto R, Schneiderman M, eds. Quantification of occupational cancer. Banbary Report 9. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: 51–69.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Roggli VL, McGavran MH, Subach J, Sybers HD, Greenberg SD. Pulmonary asbestos body counts and electron probe analysis of asbestos body cores in patients with mesothelioma: A study of 25 cases. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1982; 50: 2423–2432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Oels HC, Harrison EG, Carr DT, Bernatz PE. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: A review of 37 cases. Chest 1971;60:564 ‘170.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Brenner J, Sordillo PP, Magill GB, Golbey RB. Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: review of 123 patients. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1982; 49: 2431–2435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Ratzer ER, Pool JL, Melamed MR. Pleural mesotheliomas: Clinical experiences with thirty-seven patients. Am J Radiol 1967; 99: 863–880.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Newhouse ML, Berry G. Patterns of mortality in asbestos factory workers in London. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 330: 53–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Newhouse ML, Berry G. Predictions of mortality from mesothelial tumours in asbestos factory workers. Br J Ind Med 1976; 33: 147–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Epler GR, Gerlad MXF, Gaensler EA, Carrington CB. Asbestos-related disease from household exposure. Respiration 1980; 39: 229–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Chen W, Mottet NK. Malignant mesothelioma with minimal asbestos exposure. Hum Pathol 1978; 9: 253258.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Anderson HA, Lils R, Daum SM, et al. Asbestosis among household contacts of asbestos factory workers. Am NY Acad Sci 1979; 330: 387–399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Vianna NJ, Polan AK. Non-occupational exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma in females. Lancet 1978;i:1061–1063.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kane MJ, Chahinian P, Holland JF. Malignant mesothelioma in young adults. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1990; 65: 1449–1455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cazzadori A, Malesani F, Romeo L. Malignant pleural mesothelioma caused by non-occupational childhood exposure to asbestos. Br J Ind Med 1992; 49: 599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Dodoli D, Del Nevo M, Fiumalbi C, et al. Environmental household exposure to asbestos and occurrence of pleural mesothelioma. Am J Ind Med 1992; 21: 68 1687.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Staunton MF, Wrench C. Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972; 48: 797–821.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Stanton MF, Layord M, Tegeris A, et al. Relation of particle dimension to carcinogenicity in amphibole asbestos and other fibrous minerals. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 67: 965–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gross P. Is short fibered asbestos dust a biological hazard? Arch Environ Health 1974; 29: 115–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Churg A, Wiggs B. Fiber size and number in amphibole asbestos-induced mesothelioma. Am J Pathol 1984; 115: 437–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Weiss W. Mortality of a cohort exposed to chrysotile asbestos. J Occup Med 1977; 19: 737–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. McDonald JC, Liddell FDK, Gibbs GW, Eyssen GE, McDonald AD. Dust exposure and mortality in chrysotile mining, 1910–75. Br J Ind Med 1980; 37: 1124.

    Google Scholar 

  102. McDonald AD, Fry JS, Mesothelioma and fiber type in three American asbestos factories-preliminary report. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982; 8 (Suppl.): 55–58.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Acheson ED, Gardner MJ, Pippard EC, Grime LP. Mortality of two groups of women who manufactured gas masks from chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos: A 40-year follow-up. Br J Ind Med 1982; 39: 344–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Dement JM, Harris RL, Symons MJ, Shy CM. Exposure and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part II. Mortality. Am J Ind Med 1983; 4: 421–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Browne K, Smither WJ. Asbestos related mesothelioma: Factors discriminating between pleural and peritoneal sites. Br J Ind Med 1983; 40: 145–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Berry G, Newhouse ML. Mortality of workers manufacturing friction materials using asbestos. Br J Ind Med 1983; 40: 1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Acheson ED, Gardner MJ, Bennet C, Winter PD. Mesothelioma in a factory using amosite and chrysotile asbestos. Lancet 1981; ii: 1403–1406.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Churg A, Wiggs B, Depaoli L, Kampe B, Stevens B. Lung asbestos content in chrysotile workers with mesothelioma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 1042–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Rogers AJ, Leigh J, Berry G, Ferguson DA, Mulder HB, Ackad M. Relationship between lung asbestos fiber type and concentration and relative risk of mesothelioma: A case-control study. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1991; 67: 1912–1920.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Huncharek M. Brake mechanics, asbestos, and disease risk. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1990; 11: 236–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Begin R, Gauthier J, Desmeules M, Ostiguy G. Work-related mesothelioma in Quebec, 1967–1990. Am J Ind Med 1992; 22: 531–542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hillerdal G. Malignant mesothelioma 1982: Review of 4710 published cases. Br J Dis Chest 1983; 77: 321–343.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Peterson JT, Jr., Greenberg SD, Buffler PA. Nonasbestos-related malignant mesothelioma: A review. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1984; 54: 951–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Baris YI. Pleural mesotheliomas and abestos pleurisies due to environmental asbestos exposure in Turkey: An analysis of 120 cases. Hacettepe Bull Med/Surg 1975; 8: 165–185.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Baris YI, Sahin AA, Ozesmi M, et al. An outbreak of pleural mesothelioma and chronic fibrosing pleurisy in the village of Karain/Urgup in Anatolia. Thorax 1978; 33: 181–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Artvinli M, Baris YI. Malignant mesotheliomas in a small village in the Anatolian region of Turkey: An epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 63: 17–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Baris YI, Saracci R, Simonato L, SkidmoreJW, Artvinli M. Malignant mesothelioma and radiological chest abnormalities in two villages in central Turkey. Lancet 1981;i:984–987.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Artvinli M, Baris YI. Environmental fiber-induced pleuro-pulmonary diseases in an Anatolian village: An epidemiologic study. Arch Environ Health 1982; 37: 177–181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Lillis R. Fibrous zeolites and endemic mesothelioma in Cappadocia, Turkey. J Occup Med 1981; 23: 548–550.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Sebastien P, Gaudichet A, Bignon J, Baris YI. Zeolite bodies in human lungs from Turkey. Lab Invest 1981; 44: 420–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wagner JC, Skidmore JW, Hill RJ, Griffiths DM. Erionite exposure and mesotheliomas in rats. Br J Cancer 1985; 51: 727–750.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Rohl AN, Langer AM, Moncure G, Selikoff IJ, Fischbein A. Endemic pleural disease associated with exposure to mixed fibrous dust in Turkey. Science 1982; 216: 518–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hillerdal G, Berg J. Malignant mesothelioma secondary to chronic inflammation and old scars: Two new cases and review of the literature. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1985; 55: 1968–1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Austin MB, Fechner RE, Roggli VL. Pleural malignant mesothelioma following Wilms’ tumor. Am J Clin Pathol 1986; 86: 227–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Anderson KA, Hurley WC, Hurley BT, Ohrt DW. Malignant pleural mesothelioma following radiotherapy in a 16-year-old boy. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1985; 56: 273–276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Talerman A, Montero JR, Chilcote RR, Okagaki T. Diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in a 13year-old girl: Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 1985; 9: 73–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Fraire AE, Cooper S, Greenberg SD, Buffler PA, Langston C. Mesothelioma of childhood. Lab Invest 1987; 56: 25A.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Fraire AE, Cooper S, Greenberg SD, Buffler P, Langston C. Mesothelioma of childhood. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1988; 62: 838–847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lin-Chu M, Lee Y, Ho MY. Malignant mesothelioma in infancy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 409–411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lynch HT, Katz D, Markvicka SE. Familial mesothelioma: review and family study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1985; 15: 25–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Martensson G, Larsson S, Zettergren L. Malignant mesothelioma in two pairs of siblings: Is there a hereditary predisposing factor? Eur J Respir Dis 1984; 65: 179–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Hammar S. Familial mesothelioma: A report of two families. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 107–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Maolli PA, Macdonald JL, Goodglick LA, Kane AB. Acute injury and regeneration of the mesothelium in response to asbestos fibers. Am J Pathol 1987; 128: 426445.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Adamson IYR, Bakowska J, Bowden DH. Mesothelial cell proliferation after instillation of long or short asbestos fibers into mouse lung. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 1209–1216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Muscat JE, Wynder EL. Cigarette smoking, asbestos exposure, and malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2263–2267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Roggli VL, McGavran MH, Subach J, Sybers HD, Greenberg SD. Pulmonary asbestos body counts and electron probe analysis of asbestos body cores in patients with mesothelioma: A study of 25 cases. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1982; 50: 2423–2432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Tuomi T, Huuskonen MS, Tammilehto L, Vanhala E, Virtamo M. Occupational exposure to asbestos evaluated from work histories and analysis of lung tissues from patients with mesothelioma. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 48–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Leigh J, Rogers AJ, Ferguson DA, Mudler HB, Ackad M, Thompson R. Lung asbestos fiber content and mesothelioma cell type, site and survival. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1991; 68: 135–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Roggli VL, Pratt PC, Brody AR. Asbestos fiber type in malignant mesothelioma: An analytical scanning electron microscopic study of 94 cases. Am J Ind Med 1993; 23: 605–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. McCaughey WTE. Criteria for the diagnosis of diffuse mesothelial tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965; 132: 603613.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Kannerstein M, McCaughey WTE, Churg J, Selikoff IJ. A critique for the diagnosis of diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Mt Sinai J Med (NY) 1977; 44: 485–494.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kannerstein M, Churg J, McCaughey WTE. Asbestos and mesothelioma: a review. Pathol Annu 1978: 81130.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Adams VI, Unni KK. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of pleura: Diagnostic criteria based on an autopsy study. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 82: 15–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. McCaughey WTE, Kannerstein M, Churg J. Tumors and pseudotumors of the serous membranes. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Yousem SA, Hochholzer L. Malignant mesotheliomas with osseous and cartilaginous differentiation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987; 111: 62–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kannerstein M, Churg J. Desmoplastic diffuse malignant mesothelioma. In: Fernoglio CM, Wolff M, eds. Progress in surgical pathology. New York: Masson, 1980: 19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Cantin R, Al-Jabi M, McCaughey WTE. Desmoplastic diffuse mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6: 215222.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Dardick I, Al-Jabi M, McCaughey WTE, Srigley JR, van Nostrand AWP, Ritchie AC. Ultrastructure of poorly differentiated diffuse epithelial mesotheliomas. Ultrastruct Pathol 1984; 7: 151–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Henderson DW, Atwood HD, Constance TJ, Shilkin KB, Steele RH. Lymphohistiocytoid mesothelioma: A rare variant of predominantly sarcomatoid mesothelioma. Ultra Pathology 1988; 12: 367–384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Whitaker D, Henderson DW, Shilkin KB. The concept of mesothelioma in situ: Implications for diagnosis and histogenesis. Semin Diagn Pathol 1992; 98: 151–161.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Myer J, Tazelaar H, Katzenstein L, et al. Localized malignant epithelioid and biphasic mesothelioma of the pleura: Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analysis of 3 cases. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 679 (abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  152. Briselli M, Mark EJ, Dickersin GR. Solitary. fibrous tumors of the pleura: Eight new cases and review of 360 cases in the literature. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1981; 47: 2678–2689.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Doucet J, Dardick I, Srigley JR, van Nostrand AWP, Bell MA, Kahn HJ. Localized fibrous tumour of serosal surfaces: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evidence for a type of mesothelioma. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 1986; 409: 349–3653.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Carter D, Otis CN. Three types of spindle cell tumors of the pleura: fibroma, sarcoma and sarcomatoid mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12: 747–753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. England DM, Hochholzer L, McCarthy MJ. Localized benign and malignant fibrous tumors of the pleura: A clinicopathologic review of 223 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 640–658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Cook HG, Carbohydrates. In: Bancroft JD, Stevens A, eds. Theory and practice of histological techniques. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1982: 180–216.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Ernst CS, Atkinson BF. Mucicarmine positivity in malignant mesothelioma. Lab Invest 1980; 42: 113–114 (abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  158. McCaughey WTE, Colby TV, Battifora H, et al. Diagnosis of diffuse malignant mesothelioma: Experience of a US/Canadian mesothelioma panel. Mod Pathol 1991; 4: 342–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. MacDougall D, Wang SE, Zidar BL. Mucin-positive epithelial mesothelioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992; 116: 874–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Hammar SP, Bockus DE, Remington FL, Rohrbach KA. Mucicarmine positive mesothelioma: A histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural comparison with micin-producing pulmonary adenocarcinoma (submitted to Ultra Pathol).

    Google Scholar 

  161. Benjamin CJ, Ritchie AC. Histological staining for the diagnosis of mesothelioma. Am J Med Technol 1982; 48: 905–908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H. Use of avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: A comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures. J Histochem Cytochem 1981; 29: 577–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Sun TT, Eichner R, Nelson WG, et al. Keratin classes: Molecular markers for different types of epithelial differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 81: 109–115 (suppl).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Moll R, Franke WW, Schiller DL, et al. The catalogue of human cytokeratins: Patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell 1982; 31: 1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Bolen JW, Hammar SP, McNutt MA. Reactive and neoplastic serosal tissue: A light-microscopic, ultra-structural and immunocytochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 34–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Montag AG, Pinkus GS, Coson JM. Immunoreactivity for keratin proteins in sarcomatoid diffuse malignant mesothelioma: A diagnostic discriminant among spindle cell tumors. Lab Invest 1985; 52: 44A.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Leong AS-Y, Parkinson R, Milios J. “Thick” cell membranes revealed by immunocytochemical staining: A clue to the diagnosis of mesothelioma. Diagn Cytopathol 1990; 6: 9–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Miettinen M. Keratin subsets in spindle cell sarcomas: Keratins are widespread but synovial sarcoma contains a distinctive keratin polypeptide pattern and desmoplakins. Am J Pathol 1991; 138: 505–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Said JW, Nash G, Banks-Schlegel S, Sassoon AF, Shintaku IF. Keratin in human lung tumors: Patterns of localization of different molecular-weight keratin proteins. Am J Pathol 1983; 113: 27–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Watts AE, Said JW, Shintaku IP, Sassoon AF, Banks-Schlegel S. Keratins of different molecular weight in exfoliated mesothelial and adenocarcinoma cells-an aid to cell identification. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81: 442–446.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Kahn HJ, Hanna W, Yeger H, Baumal R. Immunohistochemical localization of prekeratin filaments in benign and malignant cells in effusions: Comparison with intermediate filament distribution by electromicroscopy. Am J Pathol 1982; 109: 206–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kahn HJ, Thorner PS, Yeger H, Bailey D, Baumal R. Distinct keratin patterns demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining of adenocarcinomas, carcinoids and mesotheliomas using polyclonal and monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies. Am J Clin Pathol 1986; 86: 566–574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Blobel GA, Moll R, Franke WW, Kayser KW, Gould VE. The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of malignant mesotheliomas and its diagnostic significance. Am J Pathol 1985; 121: 235–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Moll R, Dhovailly D, Sun T. Expression of keratin 5 as a distinctive feature of epithelial and biphasic mesotheliomas: An immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibody AE14. Virchow Arch [B] Cell Pathol 1989; 58: 129–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Churg A. Immunohistochemical staining for vimentin and keratin in malignant mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1985; 9: 360–365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Jasani B, Edwards RE, Thomas ND, Gibbs AR. The use of vimentin antibodies in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Virchows Arch [A] 1985; 406: 441–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Mullink H, Henzen-Logmans SC, Alons-van Kordelaar JJM, et al. Simultaneous immunoenzyme staining of vimentin and cytokeratins with monoclonal antibodies as an aid in the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch [B] Pathol Anat 1986; 42: 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Upton MP, Hirohashi S, Tome Y, Miyazawa N, Suemasu K, Shimosato Y. Expression of vimentin in surgically resected adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas of lung. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 560–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Marshall RJ, Herbert A, Braye SG, Jones DB. Use of antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen and human milk fat globule to distinguish carcinoma, mesothe-lioma and reactive mesothelium. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 1215–1221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Loosli H, Hurlimann J. Immunohistological study of malignant diffuse mesotheliomas of the pleura. Histopathology 1984; 8: 793–803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Hammar SP, Bolen J W, Bockus D, Remington F, Friedman S. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of common lung tumors: An overview. Ultra Pathol 1985; 9: 283–318.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Battifora H, Kopinski MI. Distinction of mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical approach. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1985; 55: 1679–1685.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Wang N-S, Huang S-N, Gold P. Absense of carcinoembryonic antigen-like material in mesothelioma: An immunohistochemical differentiation from lung cancer. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1979; 44: 947–954.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Whitaker D, Shilkin KB. Carcinoembryonic antigen in tissue diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Lancet 1981;i:1369.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Corson JM, Pinkus GS. Mesothelioma: Profile of keratin proteins and carcinoembryonic antigen: An immunoperoxidase study of 20 cases and comparison with pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Am J Pathol 1982; 108: 80–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Kwee WS, Veldhuizen RW, Golding RP, et al. Histologic distinction between malignant mesothelioma, benign pleural lesion and carcinoma metastasis: Evaluation of the application of morphometry combined with histochemistry and immunostaining. Virchows Arch [A] 1982; 397: 287–299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Said JW, Nash G, Tepper G, Banks-Schlegel S. Keratin proteins and carcinoembryonic antigen in lung carcinoma: An immunoperoxidase study of fifty-four cases with ultrastructural correlations. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 70–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Ghosh AK, Spriggs AL, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Mason DY. Immunocytochemical staining of cells in pleural and peritoneal effusions with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 1154–1164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Holden J, Churg A. Immunohistochemical staining for keratin and carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1984; 8: 277–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Lee I, Radosevich JA, Chejfec G, et al. Malignant mesotheliomas: Improved differential diagnosis from lung adenocarcinomas using monoclonal antibodies 44–3A6 and 624Al2. Am J Pathol 1986; 123: 497–507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Sheibani K, Battifora H, Burke JS. Antigenic phenotype of malignant mesotheliomas and pulmonary adenocarcinomas: An immunohistologic analysis demonstrating the value of Leu M1 antigen. Am J Pathol 1986; 123: 212–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Szpak CA, Johnston WW, Roggli V, et al. The diagnostic distinction between malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and adenocarcinoma of the lung as defined by a monoclonal antibody (B72.3). Am J pathol 1986; 122: 252–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Metzger J, Lamerz R, Permanether W. Diagnostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen in the differen-tial diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 860–866.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Sheibani K, Battifora H. Leu-M 1 positivity not specific for Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Sheibani K, Battifora H, Burke JS, et al. Leu-M 1 in human neoplasms: An immunohistologic study of 400 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 227–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Sheibani K, Battifora H, Burke J. Antigenic phenotype of malignant mesotheliomas and pulmonary adenocarcinomas: An immunohistologic analysis demonstrating the value of Leu M 1 antigen. Am J Pathol 1986; 123: 212–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Sheibani K, Azumi N, Battifora H. Further evidence demonstrating the value of Leu-M 1 antigen in differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma: an immunohistologic evaluation of 395 cases. Lab Invest 1988; 58: 84A.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Otis CN, Carter D, Cole S, Battifora H. Immunohistochemical evaluation of pleural mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1987; 11: 445–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Sheibani K, Shin SS, Kezirian J, Weiss LM. Ber-EP4 antibody as a discriminant in the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 860–866.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Goffey MJ, Mills SE, Swanson PE, Zarbo RJ, Shah AR, Wick MR. Immunoreactivity for BER-EP4 in adenocarcinomas, adenomatoid tumors, and malignant mesotheliomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 593–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Radosevich JA, Ma Y, Lee I, et al. Monoclonal antibody 44–3A6 in cell blocks in the diagnosis of lung carcinoma, carcinomas metastatic to lung and pleura, and pleural malignant mesotheliomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95: 322–329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Spagnolo DV, Whitaker D, Carrello S, Radosevich JA, Rosen ST, Gould VE. The use of monoclonal antibody 44–3A6 in cell blocks in the diagnosis of lung carcinoma, carcinomas metastatic to lung and pleura, and pleural malignant mesothelioma. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95: 322–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Collins CL, Ordones NG, Schaefer R, et al. Thrombomodulin expression in malignant pleural mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 827–833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Jordan D, Jagurdar J, Kanedo M. Blood group antigens, Lewis“ and Lewisy in the diagnostic discrimination of malignant mesothelioma versus adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 1989; 134: 931–937.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Noguchi M, Nakajima T, Hirohashi S, Akiba T, Shimosato Y. Immunohistochemical distinction of malignant mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma with anti-surfactant apoprotein, anti-Lewisa, and anti-Tn antibodies. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 53–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Kawai T, Suzuki M, Torikata C, Suzuki Y. Expression of blood group-related antigens and helix promatia agglutinin in malignant pleural mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 118124.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Wick MR, Mills SE, Swanson PE. Expression of “my-elomonocytic” antigens in mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas involving the serosal surfaces. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 94: 18–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Azumi N, Underhill CB, Kagan E, Sheibani K. A novel biotinylated probe specific for hyaluronate: Its diagnostic value in diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 116–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. O’Hara CJ, Corson JM, Pinkus GS, Stahel RA. ME1: A monoclonal antibody that distinguishes epithelial-type malignant mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma and extrapulmonary malignancies. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 421–428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Sheibani K, Esteban JM, Bailey A, Battifora H, Weiss LM. Immunopathologic and molecular studies as an aid to the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 107–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Okamoto H, Matsuno Y, Noguchi M, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma producing chorionic gonadotropin: report of two cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 969–974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. McAuley P, Asa SL, Chiu B, Henderson J, Goltzman D, Drucker DJ. Parathyroid hormone-like peptide in normal and neoplastic mesothelial cells. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1990; 66: 1975–1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Warnock ML, Stoloff A, Thor A. Differentiation of adenocarcinoma of the lung from mesothelioma: periodic acid-Schiff, monoclonal antibodies B72.3 and Leu M 1. Am J Pathol 1988; 133: 30–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Khoury N, Raju U, Crissman JD, Zarbo RJ, Greenawald KA. A comparative immunohistochemical study of peritoneal and ovarian serous tumors, and mesotheliomas. Hum Pathol 1990; 21: 811–819.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Wick MR, Loy T, Mills SE, Legier JF, Manivel JC. Malignant epithelioid pleural mesothelioma versus peripheral pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a histochemical, ultrastructural and immunohistologic study of 103 cases. Hum Pathol 1990; 21: 759–766.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Wirth PR, Legier J, Wright GL. Immunohistochemical evaluation of seven monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of pleural mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1991; 67: 655–662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Soosay GN, Griffiths M, Papadaki L, Happerfield L, Borrow L. The differential diagnosis of epithelial mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial proliferation. J Pathol 1991; 163: 299–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Esteban JM, Yokota S, Husain S, Battifora H. Immunocytochemical profile of benign and carcinomatous effusions: A practical approach to difficult diagnosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 94: 698–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Tickmon RJ, Cohen C, Varma VA, Fekete PS, De Rose PB. Distinction between carcinoma cells and mesothelial cells in serous effusions: Usefulness of immunohistochemistry. Acta Cytol 1990; 34: 491–496.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Nance KV, Silverman JF. Immunocytochemical panel for the identification of malignant cells in serous effusions. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95: 867–874.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Kuhlman L, Berghäuser K-H, Schäffer R. Distinction of mesothelioma from carcinoma in pleural effusions: An immunocytochemical study on routinely processed cytoblock preparations. Pathol Res Pract 1991; 187: 467–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  222. Cibas ES, Corson JM, Pinkus GS. The distinction of adenocarcinoma from malignant mesothelioma in cell blocks of effusions: The role of routine mucin histochemistry and immunohistochemical assessment of carcinoembryonic antigen, keratin proteins, epithelial membrane antigen, and milk fat globule-derived antigen. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 67–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Suzuki Y, Churg J, Kannerstein M. Ultrastructure of human malignant diffuse mesothelioma. Am J Pathol 1976; 85: 241–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Stoebner P, Bernaudin JF, Nebut M, Basset F. Contribution of electron microscopy to the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 330: 75 1760.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Kay S, Silvergerg SG. Ultrastructural studies of a malignant fibrous mesothelioma of the pleura. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1971; 92: 449–455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Wang N-S. Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1973; 31: 1046–1054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Bolen JW, Thorning D. Mesotheliomas. A light and electron-microscopical study concerning histogenetic relationships between the epithelial and mesenchymal variants. Am J Surg Pathol 1980; 4: 451–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Klima M, Bossart MI. Sarcomatous type of malignant mesothelioma. Ultrastruct Pathol 1983; 4: 349–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. d’Andiran G, Gabbiani G. A metastasing sarcoma of the pleura composed of myofibroblasts. In: Fenoglio CM, Wolff M, eds. Progress in surgical pathology. New York: Mason, 1980: 31–40.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Epstein JI, Budin RE. Keratin and epithelial membrane antigen immunoreactivity in nonneoplastic fibrous pleural lesions: Implications for the diagnosis of desmoplastic mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 514–519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Erlandson RA, Cordon-Cardo C, Melamed MR. Proposed classification of pleural neoplasms. Lab Invest 1986; 54: 19A.

    Google Scholar 

  232. el-Naggar A, Ward RM, Ro JY, Ayala AG, Ordonez NG. Fibrous tumor with hemangiopericytic pattern, so called “localized fibrous tumor of pleura. ” Lab Invest 1987; 56: 21A.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Warhol MJ, Hickey WF, Corson JM. Malignant mesothelioma: Ultrastructural distinction from adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6: 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Warhol MJ, Corson JM. An ultrastructural comparison of mesotheliomas with adenocarcinomas of the lung and breast. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 50–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Burns TR, Greenberg SD, Mace ML, Johnson EH. Ultrastructural diagnosis of epithelial malignant mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1985; 56: 2036 2040.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Burns TRI, Johnson EH, Cartwright J, Jr., Greenberg SD. Desmosomes of epithelial malignant mesothelioma. Ultra Pathol 1988; 12: 385–388.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Tiainen M, Tammilethol L, Rautonen J, Tumoi T, Mattson K, Knoutila S. Chromosomal abnormalities and their correlations with asbestos exposure and survival in patients with mesothelioma. Br J Cancer 1989; 60: 618–626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Hagemeijer A, Versnel MA, Van Drunen E, Moret M, Bouts MJ, van der Kwast TH, Hoogsteden HC. Cytogenetic analysis of malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1990; 47: 1–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Croonen AM, van der Valk P, Herman CJ, Lindeman J. Cytology, immunopathology and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of pleural and peritoneal effusions. Lab Invest 1988; 58: 725–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Hafiz MA, Becker RL Jr, Mikel UV, Bahr GE. Cytophotometric determination of DNA in mesotheliomas and reactive mesothelial cells. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1988; 58: 120–126.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Frierson HF, Mills SE, Legier JF. Flow cytometric analysis of ploidy in immunohistochemically confirmed examples of malignant mesothelioma. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 90: 240–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Burmer GC, Rabinovitch PS, Kulander BG, Rusch V, McNutt MA. Flow cytometric analysis of malignant pleural mesothelioma: relationship to histology and survival. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 777–783.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Dazzi H, Thatcher N, Hasleton PS, Chattlerjee AK, Lawson AM. DNA analysis by flow cytometry in malignant pleural mesothelioma: Relationship to histology and survival. J Pathol 1990; 162: 51–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Tierney G, Wilkinson MJ, Jones JSP. The malignancy grading method is not a reliable assessment of malignancy in mesothelioma. J Pathol 1990; 160: 209–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. El-Naggar AK, Ordone NG, Garnsey L, Batsakis JG. Epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas and pulmonary adenocarcinomas: A comparative DNA flow cytometric study. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 972–978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Esteban JM, Sheibani K. DNA ploidy analysis of pleural mesotheliomas: Its usefulness for their distinction from lung adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 1992; 6: 626630.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Raftery AT. Regeneration of parietal and visceral peritoneum. An electron microscopical study. J Anat 1973; 115: 375–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Schurch W, Seemayer TA, Legace R, Gabbiani G. Intermediate filament cytoskeleton of myofibroblasts: An immunofluorescence and ultrastructural study. Lab Invest 1984; 50: 52A.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Majno G. The story of the myofibroblast. Am J Surg Pathol 1979; 3: 535–542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Davila RM, Couch EC. The role of mesothelial and submesothelial stromal cells in matrix remodeling following pleural injury. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 547–555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Roberts GH. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma. A clinical and pathological study. Br J Dis Chest 1970; 64: 20 1211.

    Google Scholar 

  252. O’Donnell WM, Mann RH, Grosh JL. Asbestos, an extrinsic factor in the pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1966; 19: 1143–1148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. Chernow B, Sahn SA. Carcinomatous involvement of the pleura: An analysis of 96 patients. Am J Med 1977; 63: 695–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Babolini G, Blasi A. The pleural form of primary cancer of the lung. Dis Chest 1956; 29: 314–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Harwood TR, Gracey DR, Yokoo H. Pseudomesotheliomatous carcinoma of the lung: A variant of peripheral lung cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 1976; 65: 159–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. McCaughey WTE, Dardick I, Barr RJ. Angiosarcomas of serous membranes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983; 107: 304–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Willen R, Bruce T, Dahlstrom G, Dubiel WT. Squamous epithelial cancer in metaplastic pleura following extrapleural pneumothorax for pulmonary tuberculosis. Virchows Arch [A] 1976; 370: 225–231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Crome L. Squamous metaplasia of the peritoneum. J Pathol Bacteriol 1950; 62: 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Kwee WS, Veldhuizen RW, Golding RP, Donner R. Primary “adenosquamous” mesothelioma of the pleura. Virchows Arch [A] 1981; 393: 353–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  260. Falor WH, Ward RM, Brezler MR. Diagnosis of pleural effusions by chromosome analysis. Chest 1982; 81: 193197.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Henderson DW, Whitaker D, Shilkin KB. The differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma: A practical approach to diagnosis during life. In: Henderson DW, Shilkin KB, Langlois SLP, Whitaker D, eds. Malignant Mesothelioma, New York, Hemisphere, 1992; 184.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Friman C, Hellström PE, Juvani M, Riska H. Acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. Clin Chim Acta 1977; 76: 357–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Arai H, Kang K, Sato H, et al. Significance of the quantification and demonstration of hyaluronic acid in tissue specimens for the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 529–532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Castor CW, Naylor B. Acid mucopolysaccharide composition of serous effusions. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1967; 20: 462–466.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Rasmussen KN, Faber V. Hyaluronic acid in 247 pleural fluids. Scand J Respir Dis 1967; 48: 366–371.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Thompson ME, Bromberg PA, Amenta JS. Acid muco-polysaccharide determination: A useful adjunct for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma with effusion. Am J Clin Pathol 1969; 52: 335–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Pettersson T, Fröseth B, Rista H, Klockars M. Concentration of hyaluronic acid in pleural fluid as a diagnostic aid for malignant mesothelioma. Chest 1988; 94: 1037–1039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Hillerdal G, Lindqvist U, Engström-Laurent A. Hyaluronan in pleural effusions and in serum. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1991; 67: 2410–2414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Chiu B, Churg A, Tengblad A, Pearce R, McCaughey WTE. Analysis of hyaluronic acid in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1984; 54: 2195–2199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Nakano T, Fujii J, Tamura S, et al. Glycosaminoglycan in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1986; 57: 106–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Iozzo RV. Biology of disease. Proteoglycans: structure, function and role in neoplasia. Lab Invest 1985; 53: 373–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Iozzo RV, Goldes JA, Chen W J, Wight JN. Glycosaminoglycans of pleural mesothelioma: A possible biochemical variant containing chondroitin sulfate. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1981; 48: 89–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Hammar SP. Mesothelioma. In: Sheppard MN, ed. Practical Pulmonary Pathology,Mill Road, Hodder & Stoughton, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Antman KH. Current concepts: Malignant mesothelioma. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 200–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Butchart EG, Ashcroft T, Barnsley WC, Holden M. The role of surgery in diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Semin Oncol 1981; 8: 321–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Roberts GH. Distant visceral metastases in pleural mesothelioma. Br J Dis Chest 1976; 70: 246–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Elmes PC, Simpson MJC. The clinical aspects of mesothelioma. Quart J Med 1976; 45: 427–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Doward AJ, Stack BHR. Diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma in Glasgow. Br J Dis Chest 1981; 75: 397–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  279. Roggli VL, McGavran MH, Subach J, Sybers HD, Greenberg SD. Pulmonary asbestos body counts and electron probe analysis of asbestos body cores in patients with mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1982; 50: 2423–2432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Chahiniart AP, Pajak TF, Holland JF, Norton L, Ambindar RM, Mandel EM. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 746–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. Adams VI, Unni KK. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of pleura: Diagnostic criteria based on an autopsy study. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 82: 15–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Solomons K. Malignant mesothelioma-Clinical and epidemiological features. S Afr Med J 1984; 66: 407412.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Krumhaar D, Lange S, Hartman C, Anhuth D. Follow-up study of 100 malignant pleural mesotheliomas. Thorac Cardiovasc Surgeon 1985; 33: 272–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Huncharek M, Muscat J. Metastases in diffuse pleural mesothelioma: Influence of histological type. Thorax 1987; 42: 897–898.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Hulks G, Thomas JSJ, Waclawski E. Malignant pleural mesothelioma in western Glasgow, 1980–1986. Thorax 1989; 44: 496–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Sussman J, Rosai J. Lymph node metastasis as the initial manifestation of malignant mesothelioma: Report of six cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1990; 14: 819–828.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 36–1990: N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 659–667.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Huncharek M, Smith K. Extrathoracic lymph node metastases in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Chest 1988; 93: 443–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Kim SB, Varkey B, Choi H. Diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma by axillary lymph node biopsy. Chest 1986; 91: 279–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. Uri AJ, Schulman ES, Steiner RM, Scott RD, Rose LJ. Diffuse contralateral pulmonary metastases in malignant mesothelioma: An unusual radiographic presentation. Chest 1988; 93: 433–434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Kaye JA, Wang A, Joachim CL, Seltzer SE, Cibas E, Skarin A, Antman KH. Malignant mesothelioma with brain metastases. Am J Med 1986; 80: 95–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Sridkar RS, Hussein A, Ganjei P, et al. Brain metastases in malignant pleural mesotheliomas. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol 1989; 12: 22 2228.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Huncharek M, Muscat J. Cerebral metastases in pleural mesothelioma. Am J Clin Oncol 1990; 13: 180–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Falconieri G, Grandi G, DiBonito L, Bonifacio-Gori D, Giarelli L. Intracranial metastases from malignant pleural mesothelioma: report of three autopsy cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115: 591–595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Chen KTK. Malignant mesothelioma presenting as Sister Joseph’s nodule. Am J Dermatopathol 1991; 13: 300–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Antman KH, Blum RH, Greenberger JS, Flowerdew G, Skarin T, Canellos GP. Multimodality therapy for malignant mesothelioma based on a study of natural history. Am J Med 1980; 68: 356–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Chailleux E, Dabouis G, Pioche D, de Lajartre M, de Lajartre A-Y, Rembeaux A, Germaud P. Prognostic? factors in diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma: a study of 167 patients. Chest 1988; 93: 159–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Antman K, Shemin R, Ryan L, et al. Malignant mesothelioma: prognostic variables in a registry of 180 patients, the Dano-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital experience over two decades, 1965–1985. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 147–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Alberts AS, Falkson G, Goedhals L, Vorobiof DA, Van Dor Merwe CA. Malignant pleural mesotheliom: a disease unaffected by current therapeutic maneuvers. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 527–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Ruffle P, Feld R, Minkin S, et al. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura in Ontario and Quebec: A retrospective study of 322 patients. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1157–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Harvey JC, Fleischman EH, Kagan AR, Streeter 0E. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: a survival pleural mesothelioma: a survival study. J Surg Oncol 1990; 45: 40–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Ribak J, Selikoff IJ. Survival of asbestos insulation workers with mesothelioma. Br J Ind Med 1992; 49: 732–735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Tammilehto L. Malignant mesothelioma: Prognostic factors in a prospective study of 98 patients. Lung Cancer 1992; 8: 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  304. Sridhar KS, Doria R, Raub WA, Jr., Thurer RJ, Saldana M. New strategies are needed in diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1992; 70: 2969–2979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Worn H. Moglichkeiten and Ergebnisse der chirugischen Behandlung des malignen Pleura mesothelioms. Thoraxchirurgie 1974; 22: 391–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Wanebo HJ, Martini N, Melamed MR, Hilaris B, Beattie EJ, Jr. Pleural mesothelioma. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1976; 38: 2481–2488.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. DeLaria GA, Jensik R, Faber P, Kittle F. Surgical management of malignant mesothelioma. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 26: 375–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Samuel P. Hammar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The Virginia Mason Clinic, 98101, Seattle, WA, USA

    David H. Dail MD

  2. Diagnostic Specialties Laboratory, 700 Lebo Boulevard, 98310, Bremerton, WA, USA

    Samuel P. Hammar MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hammar, S.P. (1994). Pleural Diseases. In: Dail, D.H., Hammar, S.P. (eds) Pulmonary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3937-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3935-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation