Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Morphology of Myelin and Myelination

  • Chapter
Myelin

Abstract

Myelin is a membrane characteristic of nervous tissue, laid down in segments along selected nerve fibers, that functions as an insulator to increase the velocity of stimuli being transmitted between a nerve-cell body and its target. While well documented in several invertebrates (annelids and crustaceans) in which it exists in its peripheral nervous system (PNS) form, myelin is most commonly associated with the vertebrate nervous system in which it has evolved into two forms, central and peripheral. Morphologically, myelin is unique, and while this chapter will highlight the morphological uniqueness of myelin, it is important to note that myelin is also distinct biochemically, physiologically, and immunologically. The latter three aspects form the subjects of later chapters in this volume. Structurally, myelin is recognized as a lipid bimolecular leaflet sandwiched between two layers of protein and wrapped in a spiral fashion around a segment of axon. Such a length of myelin sheath is known as an internode, being delineated at either end by nodes of Ranvier, specialized areas along the axon. Ontogenetically, myelin arises from its cell of origin as a flattened cytoplasmic process that is elaborated around the axon and that later becomes compacted and loses its cytoplasmic content (except for small pockets, usually displaced peripherally) to form a tightly wound, membranous sheath comprising a series of alternating lipid and protein lamellae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aguayo, A. J., Charron, L., and Bray, G. M, 1976,Potential of Schwann cells from unmyelinated nerves to produce myelin: A quantitative ultrastructural and radiographic study, J. Neurocytol. 5:565

    Google Scholar 

  • Allt, G., 1969,Development of nodal processes in nerve, J. Anat. (London) 105:283

    Google Scholar 

  • Andres, K 1965Heber die Feinstruktur besonderer Einrichtungen in markhaltigen Nervenfasern des Kleinhirns der Ratte Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 65:701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asbury, A. K., 1975,The biology of Schwann cells, in: Peripheral Neuropathy, Vol. 1 (P J. Dyck, P. K. Thomas, and E. H. Lambert, eds.), pp. 201–212, W B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballin, R. H. M., and Thomas, P. K., 1969,Electron microscope observations on demyelination and remyelination in experimental allergic neuritis. Part 2 Remyelination, J. Neurol. Sei. 8:225

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargmann, W., and Lindner, E., 1964, Ueher den Feinbau des Nebennierenmarks des Igels, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 64: 868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthold, C.-H., 1968, Ultrastructure of the node-paranode region of mature feline ventral lumbar spinal-root fibres, Acta Soc. Med. Upsal 73: 37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berthold, C.-H., 1978, Morphology of normal peripheral nerves, in: Physiology and Pathohiology of Axons ( S. G. Waxman, ed.), pp. 3–63, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthold, C.-H., and Sköglund, S., 1968, Postnatal development of feline paranodal myelin-sheath segments. II. Electron microscopy, Acta Soc. Med. Upsal 73: 145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bignami, A., and Ralston, H. J., III, 1968, Myelination of fibrillary astroglial processes in long-term b’allerian degeneration: The possible relationship to “status marmoratus,” Brain Res. 11: 710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, W. F., 1969, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in the central nervous system, J. Ultra.struct. Res 29: 496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, W. F., 1973, Remyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the mouse following demyelination induced by feeding cuprizone, J. Neurol. Sci 20: 73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, W. F., Bunge, M. B., and Burge, R. P., 1974, The sensitivity of the myelin sheath, particularly the Schwann-cell axolemmal junction, to lowered calcium levels in cultured sensory ganglia, Brain Res. 67: 503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodian, D., and Taylor, N., 1963, Synapse arising at central node of Ranvier, and note on fixation of the central nervous system, Science 139: 330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boll, F., 1877, Studi sulk imagini microscopic he della fibra nervosa midollare, Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Rc. Ser 3 (I): 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bologa-Sandru, L., Siegrist, H. P., Zgraggen, H., Holman, K., Wiesmann, U., Dahl, D., and Herschkowitz, N., 1981, Expression of antigenic markers during the development of oligodendrocytes in mouse brain cultures, Brain Res. 210: 217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnaud-Toulze, E. N., and Raine, C. S., 1980, Remodelling during remyelination in the peripheral nervous system, Neuropathol. Appt. Neurobiol 6: 273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnaud-Toulze, E. N., Johnson, A., Bornstein, M., and Raine, C. S., 1981, A marker for oligodendrocytes and its relation to myelinogenesis: An immunocytochemicalstudy with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis serum and central nervous system cultures, J. Neurocytol 10: 645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. B., and Appel, S. H., 1961, The application of tissue culture to the study of experimental “allergic” encephalomyelitis. I. Patterns of demyelination, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 20: 141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. B., and Raine, C. S., 1970, Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Antiserum inhibition of myelination in vitro, Lab. Invest 23: 536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. B., and Raine, C. S., 1980, Antiserum-induced alterations of myelinogenesis in cultured CNS and PNS tissue, in: Tissue Culture in Neurobiology ( E. Giacobini, A. Vernadakis, and A. Shahar, eds.), pp. 427–440, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, R. O., and Quarles, R. H., 1973, The enzymology of myelination, blot. Cell. Biocheut 2: 23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockes, J. P., Fryxell, K. J., and Lemke, G. E., 1981, Studies on cultured Schwann cells: The induction of myelin synthesis, and the control of their proliferation by a new growth factor, J. Exp. Biol 95: 215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, M. B., Bunge, R. P., and Ris, H., 1961, Ultrastructural study of remyelination in an experimental lesion in adult cat spinal cord, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol 10: 67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, M. B., Bunge, R. P., and Pappas, G. D., 1962, Electron microscopic demonstrations of connections between glia and myelin sheaths in the developing mammalian central nervous system, J. Cell Biol 12: 448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, R. P., 1968, Glial cells and the central myelin sheath, Physiol. Rev 48: 197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, R. P., 1970, Structure and function of neuroglia: Some recent observations, in: The Neurosciences: Second Study Program (F. O. Schmitt, cd.), pp. 728–797, Rockefeller University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunge, R. P., and Glass, P., 1965, Some observations on myelin-glial relationships and on the etiology of the cerebrospinal fluid exchange lesion, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 122: 15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caley, D. W., 1967, Ultrastructural differences between central and peripheral myelin sheath formation in the rat, Anat. Rec 157: 223A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caley, D. W., and Butler, A. B., 1974, Formation of central and peripheral myelin sheaths in the rat: An electron microscopic study, Am. J. Anal 140: 339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, D. J., and Bunge, R. P., 1982, Factors influencing the release of protein by cultured Schwann cells, J. Cell. Biol 91: 666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caspar, D. L., and Kirschner, D. A., 1971, Myelin membrane structure at 10 A resolution, Nature (London) 231: 46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clos, J., and Legrand, J., 1970, Influence de la deficience thyroidienne et de la sousalimentation sur la croissance et la myelinisation des fibres nerveuse du nerf sciatique chez jeune rat blanc: Etude au microscope electroniquc, Brain Res. 22:285

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayson, H., and Danielli, J. F., 1943, The Permeability of Natural Membranes, Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBaecque, C., Raine, C. S., and Spencer, P. S., 1976, Copper binding at PNS nodes of Ranvier during demyelination and remyelination in the perincurial window, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol 2: 459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denny-Brown, D., and Brenner, D., 1944, Lesion in peripheral nerve induced by direct pressure and by tourniquet, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry (Chicago) 41: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermictzcl, K., 1974a, Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. I. Membrane fusion in central myelin, Cell Tissue Res. 148: 565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dermietzel, K., 1974b, Junctions in the central nervous system. I1. A contribution to the tertiary structure of the axonal-glial junction in the paranodaI region of the node of Ranvier, Cell Tissue Res. 148: 577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Robertts, E., Gerschenfcld, H., and Wald, F., 1958, Cellular mechanisms of myelination in the central nervous system, J. Biophys. Bioc hem. Cytol 4: 651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, D., 1934, A relation between axon diameter and myelination determined by measurements of myelinated spinal root fibers, J. Comp. Neurol 60: 437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elfv in, L.-G., 1961, The ultastructure of the nodes of Ranvier in cat sympathetic nerve fibers, J. Ultrastruct. Res 5: 371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elfyin, L.-G., 1968, The structure and composition of motor, sensory’, and autonomic nerves and nerve fibers, in: The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue, Vol. 1 ( G. H. Bourne, ed.), pp. 325–377, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eruyei, S., and Young, M. R., 1966, Pulsatile and myelin-forming activities of Schwann cells in vitro, J. Phqsiol. (London) 183: 469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farooq, M., Camrzeer, W., Snyder, D., Raine, C. S., and Norton, W., 1981, Properties of bovine oligodendroglia isolated by a new procedure using physiologic media, J. Neurochem 36: 431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Moran, H., 1950, EM observations on the structure of the mselinated nerve sheath, Exp. Cell Res. 1: 143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Moran, H., 1954, The submicroscopic structure of nerve fibres, Prog. Biophys. 4:112. 1’ewster, M. E., Blackstone, S. C., and Ihrig, T. J., 1973, The preparation and characterization of isolated oligodendroglia from bovine white matter, Brain Res. 63: 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, E. J., Raine, C. S., and Hughes, D., 1968, Failure to induce myelin sheath formation around artificial fibres: With a note on the toxicity of polyester fibres for nervous tissue in vitro, J. Neurol. Sci 8: 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finean, J. B., 1953, Structural features of lipid and lipoprotein complexes in nerve myelin, in: Conference on Biochemical Problems of Lipids, pp. 82–91, Palais der Academien

    Google Scholar 

  • Brussels. ’Mean, J. B., 1965, Molecular parameters in the nerve myelin sheath, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 122:51. Friede, R. I., 1972a, Mechanics of myelin sheath expansion, Prog. Brain Res 40:425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friede, R. L., 1972b, Control of myelin formation by axon caliber (with a model of the control mechanism), J. Comp. Neural 144: 233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friede, R. L., and Bischhausen, R., 1982, How are sheath dimensions affected by axon caliber and inlernode length?, Brai„ Res. 235: 335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friede, R. L., and Miyagishi, T., 1972, Adjustment of the myelin sheath to changes in axon caliber, Anat. Rec 172: 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friede, R. L., and Samorajski, T., 1967, Relation between the number of myelin lamellae and axon circumference in fibers of vagus and sciatic nerves in mice, J. Comp. Neural 130: 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser, 11. S., 1952, Discussion in the hypothesis of saltatory conduction, Cold Spring Harbor Syrnp. Quant. Biol 17: 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebicke-Harter, P., Althaus, H., Schwartz, P., and Neuhoff, V., 1981, Oligodendrocytes from postnatal cat brain in cell cultures. 1. Regeneration and Maintenance, Brain Res. 227: 197.

    Google Scholar 

  • CGeren, B. B., 1954, The formation from the Schwann cell surface of myelin in peripheral nerves of chick embryos, Exp. Cell Res. 7: 558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghabriel, M. N., and Allt, G., 1981, Incisures of Schmidt-Lanterman, Prog. Neurobiol. 17:25. Ghabriel, M. N., and Alit, G., 1982, The node of Ranvier, in: Progress in Anatomy, Vol. 2 ( R. J. Harrison and V. Navaratnam, eds.), pp. 138–160, Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gombault, M., 1888, Contributions a l’étude anatomique de la névrite parenchymateuse subSigue et chronique: Névrite segmentaire periaxiale, Arch. Neurol. (Paris) 1: 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gbthl in, G. F., 1913, Die doppelbrechenden Eigenschaften des Nervengewebes, K. Sven. I’etenskapsakad. Handl 51 (1): 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, E. G., 1959, Axo-somatic-and axo-dendritic synapses of the cerebral cortex: An electron microscope study, J. Anat 93: 420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, E. G., 1970, The fine structure of nerve, Comp. Biochem. Physiol 36: 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. M., and Williams, P. L., 1970, Studies on the “incisures” of Schmidt and Lanterman, J. Cell Sci 6: 767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamburgh, M., 1969, The role of thyroid and growth hormones in neurogenesis, in: Developmental Biology, Vol. 4 ( A. A. Moscona and A. Montoy, eds.), pp. 109–148, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkin, J. C., 1964, A series of desmosomal attachments in the Schwann sheath of myelinated mammalian nerves, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat 64: 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. G., 1924, Neuroblast versus sheath cell in the development of peripheral nerves, J. Comp. Neurol 37: 123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A., 1965, Developmental changes in the structure of the synapse in the myelinated cell bodies of the chicken ciliary ganglion, J. Cell Biol 25: 1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A., and Young, J. Z., 1949, Correlation of interrtoda1 length and fibre diameter in the central nervous system, Nature (London) 164: 490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A., and Young, J. Z., 1952, The nodes of Ranvier, Proc. R. Soc. (London) See. B 140:301. Hild, W., 1957, Myelinogenesis in cultures of mammalian central nervous tissue, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat 46: 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, C., 1971a, Ultrastructural and light-microscopic studies of the nodal region in large myelinated fibers of the adult feline spinal cord white matter, Acta Physiol. Scand 364: 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, C., 1971b, Ultrastructvral and light-microscopic studies of the developing feline spinal cord white matter. II. Cell death and myelin sheath disintegration in the early postnatal period, Acta Physiol. Scand 364: 109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, C., 1972, Evidence for a correlation between myelin period and number of myelin lamellae in fibres of the feline spinal cord white matter, J. Neurocytol 1: 223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, C., and Muller, H., 1974, Low-angle X-ray diffraction studies on the period of central myelin sheaths during preparation for electron microscopy: Comparison between different anatomical areas, Neurobiology 4: 71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillarp, N. A., and Olivecrona, H., 1946, Role played by axons and Schwann cells in degree of myelination of peripheral nerve fibres, Acta Anat. 2: 17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., 1968„N confirmation of the oligodendroglial origin of myelin in the adult rat, J. Cell Biol 38: 637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., 1981, Structure of normal central myelinated fibers, in: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 31, Demyelinating Diseases: Basic and Clinical Electrophysiology ( S. C. Waxman and J. M. Ritchie, eds.), pp. 51–68, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., 1982, The permeability of the extracellular spaces at the Schmidt- Lanterman clefts and paranodes in peripheral myelin sheaths, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 58: 34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., and Dembitzer, H. M., 1967, A structural analysis of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system, J. Cell Biol 34: 555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., and Dembitzer, H. M., 1969, The transverse bands as a means of access to the periaxonal space of the central myelinated nerve fibre, J. Ultrastruct. Res 28: 141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, A., and Dembitzer, H. M., 1982, Further studies on the transverse bands, J. Neurocytol. 11:861. Hirano, A., Levine, S., and Zimmerman, H. M., 1968, Remyelination in the central nervous system after cyanide intoxication, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 27: 234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiscoe, H. B., 1947, The distribution of nodes and incisures in normal and regenerating nerve fibers, Anat. Rec 99: 447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honjin, R., Kosaka, T., Tatano, I., and Hiramatsu, K., 1963, Electron microscopy of nerve fibers. VII. On the electron dense radial component in the laminated myelin sheath, Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn 39: 39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itoyama, Y., Sternberger, N. H., Kies, M. W., Cohen, S. R., Richardson, E. P., Jr., and Webster, H. de F., 1980a, Immutoeytochemiea1 method to identify myelin basic protein, oligodendroglia and myelin sheaths of the human nervous system, Ann. Neurol 7: 157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itoyama, Y., Sternberger, N. H., Webster, H. de F., Quarles, R. H., Cohen, S. R., and Richardson, E. P., Jr., 1980b, Immunocytochemical observations on the distribution of myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis lesions, Ann. Neural 7: 167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. M., and Cavanagh, J. B., 1972, Aggregations of filaments in Schwann cells of spinal roots of the normal rat, J. Neurocytol 1: 161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, U., 1966, Comparison of the myelin period of peripheral and central origin by electron microscopy, J. Ultrastruct. Res 15: 451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Key, A., and Retzius, G., 1876, Studien in der Anatomie des Nervensystems und des Bindegewebes,Sampson and Wallin, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristol, C., Sandir, C., and Akert, K., 1978, Intramembranous particles at the nodes of Ranvier of the cat spinal cord: A morphometric study, Brain Res. 142: 391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., and Maxwell, D. S., 1966, Electron microscopy of oligodendroglia in normal rat cerebrum, Am. J. Anat 118: 411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laatsch, R. H., and Cowan, M. W., 1966, A structural specialization at nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system, Nature (London) 210: 757.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lampert, P. W., 1965, Demyelination and remyelination in E.A.E.: Further E.M. observations, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neural 24: 371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D. N., 1981, Structure of normal peripheral myelinated nerve fibres, in:,chances in Neurology, Vol. 31, Demyelinating Diseases: Basic and Clinical Electrophy.siology (S. G. Waxman and J. M. Ritchie, eds.), pp. 25–49, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D., and Williams, P., 1963, Ultrastructure of the node of Ranvier, Nature (London) 199:575. Langley, O. K., and Landon, D. N., 1968, A light and electron histochernical approach to the node of Ranvier and myelin of peripheral nerve fibers, J. HO to(h em. Cytoc hem 14: 722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lan terman, A. J., 1877, Ueber den feineren Bau der Mark halt igen Nervenfasern, Arch. Mikrosk. Antat. 13: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A. R, Webster, K. F., and Spacek, J., 1972, Multiple myelinated branches from nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system, Brain Res. 44: 652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, R. B., Pfenninger, K., Moor, H., and Akert, K., 1973, Specialized paranodal and in terparanodal glial-axonal junctions in the peripheral and central nervous system: A freeze-etching study, Brain Res. 1: 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubinska, L., 1959, Region of transition between preserved and regenerating parts of myelinated fibers, J. Camp. Neural 113: 315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I.udwin, S. K., 1979, The perineuronal satellite oligodendrocyte: A role in remyelination, Acta Neuropathol. (Berlin) 47: 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luse, S. A., 1956, Formation of the myelin in the CNS of mice and rats as studied with electron microscopy, J. Biophys. Bloc hem. Cytol 2: 777.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luxoro, NI., 1958, Observations in myelin structure: Incisures and nodal regions, Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A 44: 152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. R., and Webster, H. de F., 1973, Mitotic Schwann cells in developing nerve: Their changes in shape, fine structure and axon relationships, Dec. Biol 32: 417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. A., 1968, An electron microscopic study of the relationship between axon diameter and the initiation of myelin production in the peripheral nervous system, Anat. Rec 161: 337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthieu, J.-M., Honegger, P., Favrod, P., Poduslo, J. F., Costantino-Ceccarini, E., and Krstic, R., 1980, Myelination and demyelination in aggregating cultures of rat brain cells, in Tissue Culture in Neurobiology ( F’. Giacobini, A. Vernadakis, and A. Shahan, eds.), pp. 441–459, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H. R., 1960, The fine anatomy of the optice nerve of anurans—An EM study, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol 7: 107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAlear, J. H., Milburn, N. S., and Chapman, G. B., 1958, The fine structure of Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier, and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures in the central nervous system of the crab, Cancer irroratus, J. Ultrastruct. Res 2: 171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, K., and deVellis, J., 1980, Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue, J. Cell Biol 85: 890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meier, C., 1976, Some observations on early myelination in the human spinal cord: bight and electron microscope.study, Brain Res. 104: 21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, J. R., and Whitaker, J. N., 1977, Immunocytochemical localization studies of myelin basic protein, J. Cell Biol 76: 502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metuzals, J., 1961, The relationship between the glia satellite cell and the axon in the central myelinated fibers, in: Proceedings of the Third European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy, Vol. B ( M. Titlbach, ed.), p. 301, Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Met uzals, J., 1965, Ultras tructurc’ of the nodes of Ranvier and their surrounding structures in the central nervous system, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat 65: 719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, R., 1982, The use of antibodies to define and study major cell types in the central and peripheral nervous system, in: Current Topics in Neurobiology, Neuroimmunalogy (J. Brockes, cd.), pp. 141–181, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, R., Winter, J., Abney, E. R., Press, R. M., Gavrilovic, J., and Raff, M. C., 1980, Myelin-specific protein and glycolipids in rat Schwalm cells and oligodendrocyte.s in culture, J. Cell Biol 84: 483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuhira, V., and Ozawa, H., 1967, On the fine structure of nerve myelin by means of glutaraldehyde fixation, J. Electron Microsc 16: 169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morell, P., and Norton, W. ‘1’., 1980, Myelin, Sci. Am 242: 88–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S., and Leblond, C. P., 1970, Electron microscopic identification of three classes of oligodendrocytes and a preliminary study of their proliferative activity in the corpus callosum of young rats, J. Comp. Neural 139: 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moscona, A. A., 1965, Recombination of dissociated cells and the development of cell aggregates, in: Cells and Tissues in Culture ( B. NI. Wilhner, ed.), pp. 189–529, Academic Press, Ness’ York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mugnaini, E., and Schnapp, B., 1971, Possible role of zonula occludcns of the myelin sheath in demyelinating conditions, Nature (London) 251: 725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mugnaini, E., and \Valberg, F., 1964, U1trastructure of neuroglia, Frgeb. Anal. F, ntu’icklungsgesch 37: 194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagara, H., and Suzuki, K., 1982, Radial component of the central myelin in neurologic mutant mice, Lab. Invest 47: 51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, K., 1979, Ultrastructural study of rnyelinating cells and subpial astrocytes in developing rat spinal cord, J. Neuroi. Sri 44: 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nageotte, J., 1910, Phenomenes de sécretion dans le protoplasma de cellules neurologiques de la substance grise, C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 68: 1068.

    Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano, L. M., and Scallen, T. J., 1969, Observations on the fine structure of peripheral nerve myelin, Anat. Rec 163: 1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano, L. 51., LeBaron, F., and Scaletti, J., 1967, Preservation of myelin lamellar structure in the absence of lipid: A correlated chemical and morphological study, J. Cell Biol 34: 817.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, %V. T, Farooq, NI., Fields, K. L., and Raine, C. S., 1983. The long terra culture of bulk-isolated bovine oligodendroglia from adult brain, Brain Res. 270: 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa, J., Fowler, T. J., and Gillian, R. W., 1972„ Anatomical changes in peripheral nerves compressed by a pneumatic tourniquet, J. Anat 113: 433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada, N., 1982, Early myelin formation and glial cell development in the human spinal cord, Anat. Rec 202: 483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omlin, F. X., Webster, H. de F., Palkovits, C. G., and Cohen, S. R., 1982, Immunocytochemical localization of basic protein in major dense line regions of central and peripheral myelin, J. Cell. Biol 95: 212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palay, S. L., Sotelo, C., Peters, A., and Orkand, P. M., 1968, The axon hillock and initial segment, J. Cell. Biol 38: 193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Périer, 0., 1962, La myeline in nitro, in: Livre Jubilaire, Institut Bunge, Doc teurLudo non Bogaert, pp. 621–639, Acta Modica Belgica, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., 1960a, The structure of myelin sheaths in the CAS of Xeunpu.s laevis, J. Btophvs. Biochem. Cytol 7: 121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., 1960b, The formation and structure of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol 8: 431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., 1961, A radial component of central myelin sheaths, J. Biophps. Biochem. Cytol. 11:733. Peters, A., 1964, Observations on the connexions between myelin sheaths and glial cells in the optic nerve of young rats, J. Anat 98: 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., 1966, The node of Ranvier in the central nervous system, Q. J. Exp. Phy.siol. 51:229. Peters, A., and Proskauer, C. C., 1969, The ratio between myelin segments and oligodendrocytes in the optic nerve of the adult rat, Anal. Rec 163: 213A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., and Vaughn, J. E., 1970, Morphology and development of the myelin sheath, in: diyelirrntion(A. N. Davison and A. Peters, eds.), pp. 3–79, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., Palay, S. I_., and Webster, H. de F., 1976, The Fine Structure of the Nervous System, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, E. R., and Murray, M. R., 1955, Myelin sheath formation in cultures of avian spinal ganglia, Am. J. Anat 96: 319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. D., Hibbs, R. G., Ellison, J. P., and Shapiro, H., 1972, An electron microscopic study of central and peripheral nodes of Ranvier, J. Anat 111: 229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto da Silva, P., and Miller, R. G., 1975, Membrane particles on fractun faces of frozen myelin, Prot. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 72: 4046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pleasure, D., Abramsky, O., Silberberg, D., Quinn, B., Parris, J., and Saida, T., 1977, Lipid synthesis by an oligodendroglial fraction in suspension culture, Brain Res. 134: 377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poduslo, S. E., and Norton, W. T., 1972, Isolation and some chemical properties of oligodendroglia from calf brain, J. Neureschem 19: 727.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poduslo, S. E., Miller, K., and McKhann, G. M., 1978, Metabolic properties of maintained oligodendroglia purified from brains, J. Biol. Chem 253: 1592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prineas, J., Raine, C. S., and Wisniewski, H., 1969, An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. III. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the central nervous system, Lab. Invest 21: 472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raff, M. C., Minsky, R., Fields, K. I., Lisak, R., Dorfman, S., Silberberg, D., Gregson, M., Leibowitz, S., and Kennedy, M., 1978, Ga tact ocerebroside is a specific cell surface antigenic marker for oligodendrocytes in culture, Nature (London) 274: 813.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raff, M. C., Fields, K. L., I Iakomori, S., Minsky, R., Pruss, R. M., and Winter, J., 1979, Cell-type specific markers for distinguishing and studying neurons and the major classes of glial cells in culture, Brain Res. 174: 283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1973, Ultrastructural applications of cultured nervous system tissue to neuropathology, in: Progress in Neuropathology, Vol. 2 ( H. M. Zimmerman, ed.), pp. 27–68, Grune Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1976a, Neurocellular anatomy, in: Basic Neurochemistry, 3rd ed. ( R. W. Albers, G. J. Siegel, R. Katzman, and B. W. Agranoff, eds.), pp. 5–33, Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1976b, Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and related conditions, in: Progress in Neuropathology, Vol. 3 ( H. M. Zimmerman, ed.), pp. 225–251, Grune Sc Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1977, Schwann cell responses during recurrent demyelination and their relevance to onion bulb formation, Neuropatltol. Appt. Neurobiol 3: 453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1978, Pathology of demyelination, in: Physiology and Pathobiology of Axons ( S. G. Waxman, ed.), pp. 283–310, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1982, Differences between the nodes of Ranvier of large and small diameter fibers in the P.N.S., J. Neurocytol 11: 935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., 1984, On the association between perinodal astrocytic processes and the node of Ramier in the CNS, J. Neurocytol. 13: 12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., and Bornstein, M. B., 1970, Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: A light and electron microscope study of remyelination and “sclerosis’’ in vitro, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neural 29: 552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., and Bornstein, M. B., 1974, Unusual profiles in or,ganotypic cultures of central nervous tissue, J. Neurocytol 3: 313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., Hughes, D., and Field, E. J., 1968, Electron microscopic observations on the development of myelin in cultures of neonatal rat cerebellum, J. Neuroi. Sci 8: 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., Wisniewski, H., and Prineas, J., 1969, An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. II. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the peripheral nervous system, Lab. Invest 21: 316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., Poduslo, S. E., and Norton, W. T., 1971a, The ultrastructure of purified preparations of neurons and glial cells, Brain Res. 27: 1 I.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., Wisniewski, H., Dowling, P. C., and Cook, S. D., 1971b, An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. IV. Recurrent episodes and peripheral nervous system plaque formation in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Lab. Invest 25: 28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S., Traugott, U., and Stone, S. H., 1978, Glial bridges and Schwann cell invasion of the CNS during chronic demyelination, J. Neurocytol 7: 541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramon y Cajal, S., 1934, in: Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Vol. 2, p. 485, Oxford University Press, London, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranvier, L., 1871, Contributions a l’histologie et à 15 physiologie des nerfs periph’eriques, C. R. Acad. Sri 73: 1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranvier, I., 1875, Trâite Technique d’Histologie, F. Savy, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reale, E., Luciano, L., and Spitznas, M., 1975, Zonulae occludentes of the myelin lamellae in the nerve fiber layer in the optic nerve of the rabbit: A demonstration by the freeze-facture method, J. Neurocytol 4: 131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Refer, P. J., and Hughes, A. F., 1972, The effect of neonatal radiothyroidectomy upon myelinated axons and associated Schwann cells during maturation of the mouse sciatic nerve, Brain Res. 41: 263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Revel, J. P., and Hamilton, D. W., 1969, The double nature of the intermediate dense line in peripheral nerve myelin, Anat. Rec 163: 7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revel, J. P., and Karnovsky, M. J., 1967, Hexagonal array of subunits in intercellular junctions in the mouse heart and liver, J. Cell Biol 33: C7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, J. M., and Chiu, S. Y., 1981, Distribution of sodium and potassium channels in mammalian myelinated nerve, in: Advances in Neurology, Vol. 31, DemyelinatingDiseases: Basic and Clinical Electrophysiology (S. G. Waxman and J. M. Ritchie, eds.), pp. 329–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven Press, New York. Robertson, J. D., 1955, The ultrastructure of adult vertebrate peripheral myelinated fibers in relation to myelinogenesis, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cyito1 1: 271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. D., 1957, The ultrastructure of nodes of Ranvier in frog nerve fibers, J. Phvsiol. (London) 137: 8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. D., 1958, The ultrastructure of Schmidt-Lanterman clefts and related shearing defects of the myelin sheath, J. Biophys. Biocltent. Cytol 4: 39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. D., Bodenheimer, T. S., and Stage, T. E, 1963, The ultrastructure of Mauthner cell synapses and nodes in goldfish brains, J. Cell Biol 19: 159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbluth, J., 1966, Redundant myelin sheaths and other ultrastructural features of the toad cerebellum, J. Cell Biol 28: 73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbluth, J., and Palay, S. L., 1962, The fine structure of nerve cell bodies and their myelin sheaths in the eighth nerve ganglion of the goldfish, J. Biophys. Biochern. Cytol 9: 853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schachner, M., Kim, S. K., and Zehnle, R., 1981, Developmental expression in central and peripheral nervous system of oligodendrocyte cell surface antigens (O antigens) recognized by monoclonal antibodies, Dee. Biol 83: 328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlaepfer, W. W., and Myers, F. K., 1973, Relationship of myelin internode elongation and growth in the rat sural nerve, J. Comp. Neurol 147: 255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, H. D., 1874, On the construction of the dark or double-bordered nerve fiber, Mon. Microsc. J 11: 200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, W. J., 1936, Doppelbrechung und Feinbau der Markscheider der Nervenfasern, Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat 23: 657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., and Bear, R. S., 1937, Optical properties of vertebrate nerve axons as related to fiber size, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol 9: 261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., and Bear, R. S., 1939, The ultrastructure of the nerve axon sheath, Biol. Rev 14: 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., Bear, R. S., and Clark, G. I., 1935, X-ray diffraction studies on nerve, Radiology 25: 131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, F. O., Bear, R. S., and Palmer, J. J., 1941, X-ray diffraction studies of the nerve myelin sheath, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 18: 31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnapp, B., and Mugnaini, E., 1975, The myelin sheath: Electron microscopic studies with thin section and freeze fracture, in: Golgi Centennial Symposium: Perspectives in Neurobiology, ( M. Santini, ed.), p. 209–240, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnapp, B., Peracchia, C., and Mugnaini, E., 1976, The paranodal axo-glial junction in the central nervous system studied with thin sections and freeze fracture, Neuroscience 1: 181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, J. M., 1970, Zur Feinstrukter und quantitativ Auswertung regenerierter peripherer Nervenfasern, in: Proceedings of the VIM International Congress of Neuropathology, pp. 628–646, Masson, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwann, T., 1839, Mikroskopishe Untersuchungen über die Ueberein.stimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Tiere und Pflanzen, Sander, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeds, N. W., 1973, Differentiation of aggregating brain cell cultures, in: Tissue Culture of the Nervous System ( C;. Sato, ed.), pp. 35–53, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silberberg, D. 11., Dorfman, S. H., Latovitski, N., and Younkin, L. H., 1980, Oligodendrocyte differentiation in myelinating cultures, in: Tissue Culture in Neurobiology ( E. Giacobini, A. Vernadakis, and A. Shahar, eds.), pp. 489–500, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, S. A., and Young, J. Z., 1945, Regeneration of fibre diameter after cross-unions of visceral and somatic nerves, J. Anat 79: 48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M., 1968, Penetration of labelled amino acids into the peripheral nerve fiber from surrounding body fluids, in: Ciba Foundation Symposium: Growth of the Nervous System ( G. E. W. Wolstenholme and M. O’Connor, eds.), pp. 200–215, Churchill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöstrand, F. S., 1949, EM study of the retinal rods in the guinea pig eye, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol 33: 383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, D. S., Raine, C. S., Farooq, M., and Norton, W. T., 1980, The bulk isolation of oligodendroglia from whole rat forebrain: A new procedure using physiologic media, J. Neurochem 34: 1614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speidel, C. C., 1964, In vivo studies of myelinated nerve fibers, Int. Rev. Cytol 16: 173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P. S., Peterson, E. R., Madrid, R., and Raine, C. S., 1973a, Effects of thallium salts on neuronal mitochondria in organotypic cord-ganglia-muscle combination cultures, J. Cell Biol 58: 79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P. S., Raine, C. S., and Wisniewski, H., 1973b, Axon diameter and myelin thickness—Unusual relationships in dorsal root ganglia, Anat. Rec 176: 225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P. S., Weinberg, H. J., Raine, C. S., and Prineas, J. W., 1975, The perineurial window—A new model of focal demyelination and remyclination, Brain Res. 96: 323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberger, N. H., Itoyama, Y., Kies, M. W., and Webster, H. de F., 1978, Immunocytochemical method to identify basic protein in myelin-forming oligodendrocytes of newborn rat central nervous system, J. Neurocytol 7: 251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, S., 1946, The effect of rupture of the perineurium on the contained nerve fibres, Brain 69: 149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szuchet, S., and Stefansson, K., 1980, In vitro behavior of isolated oligodendrocytes, in: Advances in Cellular Neurobiology, Vol. 1 (S. Federoff and L. Hertz, eds.), pp. 313–346, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P. K., 1964, Changes in the endoneurial sheaths of peripheral myelinated nerves during Wallerian degeneration, J. Antat 98: 175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P. K., and Lascelles, R. G., 1966, Hypertrophie neuropathy, Q. J. Med. 36:223. Thomas, P. K., and Young, J. Z., 1949, Internode lengths in the nerves of fishes, J. Anat 83: 336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tourneux, F., and LcGoff, R., 1875, Note sur les étranglements des tubes nerveux de la moeile epiniere, J. Anat. Physiol 2: 403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trapp, B. D., Honegger, P., Richelson, E., and Webster, H. de F., 1979, Morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brain in aggregating cell cultures, Brain Res. 160: 117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traugott, U., Snyder, D. S., Norton, W. ‘T., and Raine, C. S., 1978, Characterization of antioligodendrocyte serum, Ann. Neurol 4: 431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traugott, U., Stone, S. H., and Raine, C. S., 1982, Chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Treatment with combinations of myelin components promotes clinical and structural recovery, J. Neurol. Sri 56: 65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unman, B. G., and Nogueira-Graf, G., 1957, Electron microscope studies of the formation of nodes of Ranvier in mouse sciatic nerves, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol 3: 589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzman, B. G., and Villegas, G. M., 1960, A comparison of nodes of Ranvier in sciatic nerves with node-like structures in optic nerves of the mouse, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol 7: 761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenheuvel, F. A., 1965, Structural studies of biological membranes: The structure of myelin, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 122: 57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virchow, R., 1854, Ueber das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben, Pirchows Arch. Pathol. Anat 6: 562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vizoso, A. D., and Young, J. Z., 1918, Internode length and fibre diameter in developing and regenerating nerves, J. Anat. (London) 82: 110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G., 1971, An ultrastructural study of the pattern of myelination of preterminal fibers in teleost oculomotor nuclei, electromotor nuclei, and spinal cord, Brain Res. 27: 189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G., Pappas, G. D., and Bennett, M. V. L., 1972, Morphological correlates of functional differentiation of nodes of Ranvier along single fibers in the neurogenic electric.organ of the knife fish Sternarchus, J. Cell Biol 53: 210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., 1962, Transient, local accumulation of axonal mitochondria during the early stages of Wallerian degeneration, J. Cell Biol 12: 361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., 1964, The relationship between Schmidt-Lanterman incisures and myelin segmentation during Wallerian degeneration, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 122: 29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., 1971, The geometry of peripheral myelin sheaths during their formation and growth in rat sciatic nerves, J. Cell Biol 48: 348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., 1975, Peripheral nerve structure, in: The Peripheral Nervous System (J I. Hubbard, ed.), pp. 3–26, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., and Spiro, D., 1960, Phase and electron microscopic studies of experimental demyelination. I. Variations in myelin sheath contour in normal guinea pig, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 19: 42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., Spiro, D., Waksman, B., and Adams, R. D., 1961, Phase and electron microscope studies of experimental demyelination. II. Schwann cell changes in guinea pig sciatic nerves during experimental diphtheritic neuritis, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 20: 5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, H. de F., Martin, J. R., and O’Connell, M. F., 1973, The relationships between interphase Schwann cells and axons before myelination: A quantitative electron microscopic study, Dev. Biol 32: 401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, H. J., and Spencer, P. S., 1975, Studies on the control of myelinogenesis. I. Myelination of regenerating axons after entry into a foreign unmyelinated nerve, J. Neurocytol 4: 395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, H. J., and Spencer, P. S., 1976, Studies on the control of myelinogenesis. II. Evidence for neuronal regulation of myelin production, Brain Res. 113: 363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, R. O., 1968, An electron microscope study of hypertrophie neuropathy of Dejerine and Sottas, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 30: 111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley-Livingston, C., and Ellisman, M. H., 1980, Development of axonal membrane specializations defines nodes of Ranvier and precedes Schwann cell myelin elaboration, Dev. Biol 79: 334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. L., and Hall, S. M., 1970, In vivo observations on mature myelinated nerve fibres of the mouse, J. Anat 107: 31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. L., and Kashef, R., 1968, Asymmetry of the node of Ranvier, J. Cell Sri. 3:341. Williams, P. L., and Landon, D. N., 1963, Paranodal apparatus of peripheral myelinated nerve fibers of mammals, Nature (London) 198: 670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wollman, R. L., Szuchet, S., Barlow, J., and Jerkovic, M., 1981, Ultrastructural changes accompanying the growth of isolated oligodendrocytes, J. Neuro.sci. Res 6: 757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P., 1976, Separation of functional Schwann cells and neurons from peripheral nerve tissue, Brain Res. 115: 361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P. M., and Bunge, R. P., 1975, Evidence that sensory axons are mitogenic for Schwann cells, Nature (London) 256: 662.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P., and Bunge, R. P., 1984, The biology of the oligodendrocyte, in: Advances in Neurochemistry, Vol. 5, Oligodendroglia (W. T Norton, ed.), Chapter 1, Plenum Press, New York (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, P., Okada, E., and Bunge, R. P., 1980, The use of networks of dissociated dorsal root ganglion neurons to induce myelination by oligodendrocytes in culture, Brain Res. 196: 247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, C. R., and Blaurock, A. E., 1968, Electron density model for nerve myelin, Nature (London) 218: 87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wulfhekel, U., and Dullmann, J., 1971, Quantitative Untersuchungen an den Markscheiden im N. ischiadicus des Frosches und des Rhesusaffen unter besonderere Berücksichtigung der SchmidtI.antermanschen Einkerbungen, Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch 134: 298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zawerthal, W., 1874, Contribuzione alto studio anatomico della fibrea nervosa, Riv. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. (Napoli) 1: 82.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology) and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York, 10461, USA

    Cedric S. Raine

  2. The Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York, 10461, USA

    Cedric S. Raine

Authors
  1. Cedric S. Raine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Pierre Morell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raine, C.S. (1984). Morphology of Myelin and Myelination. In: Morell, P. (eds) Myelin. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1830-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1830-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1832-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1830-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation