Abstract
Non-wood fibers were the first material ever used by mankind for paper production and had played a dominant role until about one hundred years ago. Today, non-wood fibers such as bagasse and straw remain an important pulping raw material in certain developing countries with limited forest resources. In addition, non-wood fibers such as abaca, sisal, flax, jute, and hemp are used to produce specialty papers in several countries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
C. Lapierre and B. Monties, Structural informations gained from the thioacidolysis of grass lignins and their relation with alkali solubility, in: Tappi Proceedings, International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry (Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1989), pp. 615–621.
C. Lapierre, D. Jouin, and B. Monties, Lignin characterization of wheat straw samples as determined by chemical degradation procedures, in: Physicochemical Characterisation of Plant Residues for Industrial and Feed Use, edited by A. Chesson and E. R. Orskov (Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, 1989), pp. 118–130.
H. Zhai and Y. Z. Lai, The characteristics of wheat straw lignin in situ, in: Proceedings 8 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume II Poster Presentations (Helsinki, 1995), pp. 119–124.
N. Nishimura, A. Izumi, and K. Kuroda, Structural characterization of kenaf lignin: differences among kenaf varieties, Industrial Crops and Products, in press (2001).
J. Ralph, R. D. Hatfield, F. Lu, J. H. Grabber, H. G. Jung, and J. S. Han, Kenafs amazing lignin, in: Proceedings 8 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume II Poster Presentations (Helsinki, 1995), pp. 125–128.
E. Billa and B. Monties, Structural variability of lignin and associated phenolic acids in wheat straw, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 29, 305–314 (1995).
Z. Z. Lee and X.Q. Pan, Characterization of wheat straw lignin, in: International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry Proceedings, Technical Papers (Vancouver, 1985), pp. 153–154.
W. He, J. Xue, Q. Lee, D. Tai, and Z. Lee, A study on the structure of wheat straw lignin by nuclear exchange method, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 1 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996) pp. 65–71.
X.-J. Pan and Y. Sano, Comparison of acetic acid lignin with milled wood and alkali lignins from wheat straw, Holzforschung 54, 61–65 (2000).
L. Huawu and C. Jiaxiang, Study on graft co-polymerization of bagasse kraft lignin with maleic anhydride, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 25, 79–84 (1991).
A. M. L. Seca, J. A. S. Cavaleiro, F. M. J. Dominguez, A. J. D. Silvestre, D. V. Evtuguin, and C. P. Neto, Structural characteristics of the bark and core kenaf lignin (variety Salvador), in: Proceedings 9 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Poster Presentations (Montreal, 1997), pp. 132–1 to 132–4
S. J. Song, X. Z. Nie, and M. Y. Zhang, Studies on the lignin chemical characteristics of hemp, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume III (Beijing, 1993), pp. 329–333.
A. Islam and K. V. Sarkanen, The isolation and characterization of the lignins of jute (Corchorus capsularis), Holzforschung 47, 123–132 (1993).
M. Shimada, T. Fukuzuka, and T. Higuchi, Ester linkages of p-coumaric acid in bamboo and grass lignins, Tappi 54(1), 72–78 (1971).
H. H. Nimz, D. Robert, O. Faix, and M. Nemr, Carbon-13 NMR spectra of lignins. 8. Structural differences between lignins of hardwoods, softwoods, grasses and compression wood, Holzforschung 35, 16–26 (1981).
N. Fernandez, R. Mörck, S.C. Johnsrud, and K. P. Kringstad, Carbon-13 NMR study on lignin from bagasse, Holzforschung 44, 35–38 (1990).
S. Galkin, E. Ämmalahti, I. Kilpeläinen, G. Brunow, and A. Hatakka, Characterisation of milled wood lignin from reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Holzforschung 51, 130–134 (1997).
J. Ralph, Recent advances in characterizing non-traditional lignins, in: Proceedings 9 th International Synposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Oral Presentations (Montreal, 1997), pp. PL2–1 to PL2–7.
A. Scalbert, B. Monties, J. Y. Lallemand, E. Guittet, and C. Rolando, Ether linkage between phenolic acids and lignin fractions from wheat straw, Phytochemistry 24, 1359–1362 (1985).
A. Scalbert, B. Monties, C. Rolando, and A. Sierra-Escudero, Formation of ether linkage between phenolic acids and graminaeae lignin: a possible mechanism involving quinone methides, Holzforschung 40, 191–195 (1986).
A. Scalbert, B. Monties, E. Guittet, and J. Y. Lallemand, Comparison of wheat straw lignin preparations. I. Chemical and spectroscopic characterization, Holzforschung 40, 119–127 (1986).
T. A. Gorshkova, V. V. Salnikov, N. M. Pogodina, S. B. Chemikosova, E. V. Yablokova, A. V. Ulanov, M. V. Ageeva, J. E. G. Van Dam, and V. V. Lozovaya, Composition and distribution of cell wall phenolic compounds in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stem tissues, Annals of Botany 85, 477–486 (2000).
J. M. Lawther, R. C. Sun, and W. B. Banks, Extraction and comparative characterization of ball-milled lignin (LM), enzyme lignin (LE) and alkali lignin (LA) from wheat straw, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 30, 395–410 (1996).
J. Jacquet, B. Pollet, C. Lapierre, F. Mhamdi, and C. Rolando, New ether-linked ferulic acid-coniferyl alcohol dimers identified in grass straws, J. Agric. Food Chem. 43, 2746–2751 (1995).
T. B. T. Lam, K. Iiyama, and B. A. Stone, Quantitative determination of lignin polysaccharide associations in wheat internode cell walls: ferulic acid bridges, in: Appita Proceedings, 6 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume 1 (Melbourne, 1991), pp. 29–33.
H. S. Yu, S. Y. Fu, X. H. Wen, B. Shen, X. Y. Huang, and Y. L. Shi, Characterization of lignincarbohydrate complexes in rice straw, in: Proceedings 8 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume I Oral Presentations (Helsinki, 1995), pp. 139–146.
X. H. Wen, H. S. Yu, S. Y. Fu, X. Y. Huang, and Z. Y. Cai, A two dimensional 1H-13C NMR study of rice straw lignin, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume III (Beijing, 1993), pp. 495–502.
Y. I. Rumyantseva, R. G. Zhbankov, R. Teeiaere, and R Krus, Comparative analysis of bagasse alkaline and Björkman lignins structure by spectroscopic methods, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 28, 425–434 (1994).
S. Y. Fu, X. H. Wen, H. S. Yu, X. Y. Huang, and Z. Y. Cai, Application of quantitative 13C-NMR technique to rice straw lignin characterization, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume II (Beijing, 1993), pp. 788–794.
C. Crestini, G. G. Sermanni, and D. S. Argyropoulos, Biodegradation of wheat lignin by Lentinus edodes, in: Proceedings 9 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Poster Presentations (Montreal, 1997), pp. 16–1 to 16–4.
J. Wei, F. Chen, and M. Baoqi, Heavy crude oil sweepment with alkaline black liquor, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume II (Beijing, 1993), pp. 863–868.
W. He, D. Tai, and S. Lin, A comparative study of the reactivities of straw and wood alkali lignin in sulfonation reactions, in: Appita Proceedings, 6 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume 1 (Melbourne, 1991), pp. 509–515.
W. He, Y. Jin, Z. Z. Lee, and D. Tai, Chemical structure and properties of SF lignosulfonate, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 2 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 693–702.
J. Lora, Unpublished data.
O. Faix, D.S. Argyropoulos, D. Robert, and V. Neirinck, Determination of hydroxyl groups in lignins - Evaluation of 1H-, 13C-, 31P-NMR, FTIR and wet chemical methods, Holzforschung 48, 387–394 (1994).
R. S. G. Piccolo, F. Santos, and E. Frollini, Sugar cane bagasse lignin in resol-type resin: alternative application for lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins, J. M. S. Pure Appl. Chem. A34(1), 153–164 (1997).
J. H. Lora, S. R. Winner, and E. K. Pye, Organosolv pulping of kenaf by the Alcell® process, in: Kenaf Properties, Processing and Products, edited by T. Sellers and N. A. Reichert (Mississippi State University Publications Department, Mississippi State, 1999), pp. 285–291.
G. H. Van der Klashorst and H. F. Strauss, Properties and potential utilization of industrial soda bagasse lignin, Holzforschung 40(6), 375–382 (1986).
R. K. Kulkarni, R. K. Jain, A. Gupta, A. K. Dixit, and R. Pant, Studies on lignin-carbohydrate complexes in bagasse and their influence on black liquor properties, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume I (Beijing, 1993), pp. 523–531.
F. Chen, Chemical characteristics of soda lignin from Chinese alpine rush, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume III (Beijing, 1993), pp. 555–559.
R. J. A. Gosselink, A. Abacherli, H. Semke, R. Malherbe, A. Nadif, and J. E. G. van Dam, Characterization of sulfur-free lignins from alkaline pulping of annual fibre crops, in: Proceedings, Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
J. S. Gratzl and C. L. Chen, Technical lignins from non-wood sources, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Supplementary Volume (International Academic Publishers, Beijing 1996), pp. 15–21.
S. Baumberger, C. Lapierre, J. Lora, and B. Monties, Novel utilization of wheat straw organosolv lignin in starch composites, in: Proceedings 10 th International Symposium Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume I Oral Presentations (Yokohama, 1999), pp. 680–683.
W. R. Trevelin and A. A. S. Curvelo, Poliamidas a partir de bagaço de cana de açucar, in: Anais do 2° Congresso Brasileiro de Polimeros, Volume I (Sao Paulo, 1993), pp. 126–129.
N. Duran, J. A. de Souza, and A. Ferraz, Sugar cane bagasse lignin: characterization and use as a controlled release device for 2,4-D and its biodegradation, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Supplementary Volume (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 10–14.
A. Abacherli, New lignins from agricultural plants, Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
J.-Y. Lu, Y.-M. Hu, and P.-K. Du, Lignin separator and its application: A technique of separating lignin from black liquor, China Pulp Pap. 14(5), 19–23 (1995).
J. Lan, Ligno-sulfonates from straw-based alkaline pulping black liquors, in: Proceedings Second International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume II (CTAPI, Shanghai, 1992), pp. 986–992.
S. Liancan Sun et al., Chinese Patent 1050064 (1989).
L. Jinyi et al., Chinese Patent 1050241 (1990).
A. Abacherli and F. Doppenberg, Method for preparing alkaline solutions containing aromatic polymers, PCT WO 98/42912 (1998).
R. K. Jain, A. Gupta, R. M. Mathur, and A. G. Kulkarni, Lignin removal process - an emerging eco-friendly technology for non-wood based pulp and paper mills, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 208–216.
S. Wu, Y. Hu, and W. Liang, A preliminary study on the bio-treatment of spent liquor from the preparation of wheat straw alkali lignin, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 2 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 631–636.
L. Xie, Y. Chen, and S. Wu, Studies on the treatment of black liquor from wheat straw soda-AQ pulping process by photosynthetic bacterium, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 331–337.
B.-Y. Liu, R.-N. Yang, and Y.-Z. Zhang, Method for reducing pollution load in wheat straw pulping, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 1 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 270–275.
D. Tan and L. Deng, A study on the mechanism of the wet cracking of wheat straw alkaline sulfite pulping spent liquor, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 2 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 662–665.
W. He, D. Tai and Z. Lee, Effect of formaldehyde during alkaline sulfite pulping of wheat straw, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume I (Beijing, 1993), pp. 523–531.
S. R. Winner, L. Minogue, and J. H. Lora, Alcell pulping of annual fibers, in: Proceedings 9 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Poster Presentations (Montreal, 1997), pp. 120–1 to 120–4.
J. H. Lora and E. K. Pye, The Alcell® process: an environmentally sound approach to annual fibres pulping, in: Proceedings Non-wood Fibres for Industry Conference, Volume II (Pira International, Surrey, 1994), Paper 15.
S. R. Winner, G.C. Goyal, E. K. Pye, and J. H. Lora, Pulping of agricultural residues by the ALCELL process, in: Proceedings Tappi Pulping Conference (Orlando, 1991), pp. 435–439.
R. A. M. C. De Groote, A. A. S. Curvelo, P. C. Frangiosa, M. F. T. Pinto, and M. D. Zambon, Molecular weight distribution of sugar cane bagasse lignin in the Acetosolv process, in: Appita Proceedings, 6 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume 2 (Melbourne, 1991), pp. 385–391.
A. Seisto and K. Poppius-Levlin, Milox pulping of agricultural plants, in: Proceedings 8 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume I Oral Presentations (Helsinki, 1995), pp. 407–414.
P. Rousu, P. Teemu, and K. Teemu, Formic acid based pulping technology - Efficient, economical and environmentally friendly, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 33–42.
J. H. Lora and M. Wayman, Delignification of hardwoods by autohydrolysis and extraction, Tappi 61(6) 47–50 (1978).
R. Reiman, Sucrolin - a new lignin from sugar cane bagasse, in: Proceedings EWLP ‘80, Utilization and Analysis of Lignins (Hamburg, 1990), pp. 29–37.
C. Bonini and M. D’Auria, Low cost steam exploded lignin from straw: degradation and use, in: Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
F. Chen, J. Miao, and Z. Lu, Liquefaction of wheat straw soda lignin in organic solvent, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 253–259.
L. Ma and X. Li, Treatment of mill effluents from reed BKP process, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 616–621.
C. Wu, G. Yang, Z. Li, and J. Chen, Recycling of effluents from biological and flocculation treatments of wheat straw pulp wastewater, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 613–615.
J. H. Lora, A. Abacherli, and F. Doppenberg, Debottlenecking the recovery system of soda pulp mills by lignin recovery and wet oxidation - Application to non-wood fibers black liquors, in: Tappi 2000 Pulping Process & Product Quality Conference - Abstract Book (Boston, 2000), p. 27.
F. Chen and B. Ma, The mechanisms of sweeping oil from underground strata with non-wood black liquor, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 2 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 683–689.
W. Ma and F. Chen, Technical methods for increasing oil recovery with non-wood black liquor, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Supplementary Volume (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 38–43.
X. Wang and B. Ma, Preparation of high temperature gel in alkali black liquor, in: Appita Proceedings, 6 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume 1 (Melbourne, 1991), pp. 473–475.
B. Ma, X. Wang, and X. Zhang, Studies on the characteristics of gel from alkali lignin“, Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume II (Beijing, 1993), pp. 534–538.
P. Käuper, A. Nadif, A. Hunkeler, and D. Hunkeler, Sulfur-free lignin from alkaline pulping as emulsifiers, in: Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
H. Nitz and R. Mülhaupt, Lignin based polymer compounds and liquid wood, in: Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
S. Baumberger, Lignin utilization in starch thermoplastics: molecular origin of compatibility, in: Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
D. Y. Chang and S. Y. N. Chan, Straw pulp waste liquor as a water-reducing admixture, Magazine of Concrete Research 47(171), 113–118 (1995).
J. Xue and D. Tai, Studies on grafting copolymerization of lignosulfonate, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, VolumeIII (Beijing, 1993), pp. 539–544.
J. Zhang and Z. Lee, The effectiveness of SEP lignin in drilling fluids, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 2 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996), pp. 690–692.
G. H. van der Klashorst, Lignin formaldehyde wood adhesives, in: Wood Adhesives - Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 2, edited by A. Pizzi, Chapter 6 (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989).
R. E. Ysbrandy, R. D. Sanderson, and G. F. R. Gerischer, DSC thermal analysis of phenol and phenollignin extended resols and their physical behavior in paper laminates, Das Papier 45, Jahrgang, Heft 2, 62–67 (1991).
R. E. Ysbrandy, R. D. Sanderson, and G. F. R. Gerischer, Adhesives from autohydrolysis bagasse lignin, a renewable resource, Holzforschung 46(3),249–252 (1992).
R. E. Ysbrandy, R. D. Sanderson, R. L. Wright, and G. F. R. Gerischer, Thermal reactivity and molecular mass analyses of phenosolvan pitch resoles and phenolated pitch/lignin mixtures, Holzforschung 48(3), 244–253 (1994).
R. E. Ysbrandy, G. F. R. Gerischer, and R. D. Sanderson, Reactive filler/binder from inexpensive byproducts for use in high-pressure phenolic paper laminates, in: Proceedings Pacific Rim Bio-based Composites Symposium, FRI Bulletin No. 177 (Rotorua, New Zealand, 1992), pp. 364–375.
J.-S. M. Kazayawoko, B. Riedl, J. Poliquin, A. O. Barry, and L. M. Matuana, A lignih-phenolformaldehyde binder for particleboard. Part 1. Thermal characteristics, Holzforschung 46(3), 257–262 (1992).
J.-S. M. Kazayawoko, B. Riedl, and J. Poliquin, A lignin-phenol-formaldehyde binder for particleboard. Part 2. Physicomechanical properties, Holzforschung 46(4), 349–354 (1992).
P. Käuper, A. Nadif, and D. Hunkeler, Carboxymethylation of a soda lignin from sisal crop, Unpublished data (2001).
W. G. Glasser and R. K. Jain, Lignin derivatives. I. Alkanoates, Holzforschung 47, 225–233 (1993).
E. De Jong, E. Scott, R. Gosselink, and J. E. G. van Dam, Simultaneous colouring and U. V. stabilisation of materials using dyed lignin, in: Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux, France, 2000).
M. A. El-Taraboulsi and M. M. Nassar, Lignin derivatives from desilicated rice straw soda black liquor, Indian Pulp and Paper 33(5), 3–12 (1979).
K.-L. Chen, L. Zhang, S.-H. Yang, and S.-C. Li, Preparation of polyurethane based on lignin isolated from alkali-oxygen pulping wheat straw waste liquor, in: Proceedings 4 th International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference (CTAPI, Jinan, 2000), pp. 344–352.
X. Pan, D. Xie, L. Xie, and Y. Long, Chelate resins based on straw soda-AQ lignin, in: Proceedings 7 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Volume II (Beijing, 1993), pp. 858–862.
A. R. Goncalves, M. P. Urbano, A. R. Cotrim, and F. Texeira da Silva, Oxidation of lignin —containing liquor from acetosolv pulping osf sugar-cane bagasse, in: Proceedings 9 th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Oral Presentations (Montreal, 1997), pp. I4–1 to I4–3.
T. F. Da Silva and R. M. Wilkins, Use of lignins as support to herbicides in controlled release formulations, in: Proceedings Second Brazilian Symposium on Chemistry of Lignin and Other Wood Components, Volume 3 (Campinas, 1992), pp. 165–172.
A. R. Cotrim, J. A. Souza, A. Ferraz, F. T. Da Silva, and R. Wilkins, The influence of different lignins on the controlled-release of 2,4-D and Ametryn herbicides, Proceedings Third Brazilian Symposium on Chemistry of Lignin and other Wood Components, Volume 4 (Belo Horizonte, 1993), pp. 278–281.
N. Fernandez, Pulp and paper development from sugar cane bagasse, in: Proceedings 3 rd International Non-Wood Fiber Pulping and Papermaking Conference, Volume 1 (International Academic Publishers, Beijing, 1996 231–240.
V. I. Popa, I. Tudose, and N. Anghel, Influence of polyphenols and lignin products on the biosynthesis processes, in: Proceedings Fifth International Forum (The International Lignin Institute, Bordeaux France, 2000).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lora, J.H. (2002). Characteristics, Industrial Sources, and Utilization of Lignins from Non-Wood Plants. In: Hu, T.Q. (eds) Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5173-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0643-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive