Abstract
This chapter will emphasize recently derived knowledge concerning the nature of defective interfering (DI) particles of RNA animal viruses, their biological origins and functions, and their involvement in long-term persistent infections. We will not attempt to review all of the DI literature, and we will confine ourselves to DI particles of RNA viruses. The previous review by Huang and Baltimore (1977) amply documents the occurrence and behavior of DI particles in a wide variety of DNA and RNA viruses and discusses their biological effects, and a very thorough recent review of rhabdovirus DI particles by Reichmann and Schnitzlein (1978) provides excellent in-depth coverage of many areas not covered by the present chapter as well as some alternate viewpoints of areas which are considered here. We will omit DNA virus DI particles from extensive consideration because of space limitations and because they are generally less well characterized at present.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Adachi, T., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1978, Elementary aspects of autointerference and the replication of defective interfering virus particles, Virology 87: 152.
Adler, R., and Banerjee, A. K., 1976, Analysis of the RNA species isolated from defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, J. Gen. Virol. 33: 51.
Ahmed, R., and Graham, A. F., 1977, Persistent infections in L cells with temperature sensitive mutants of reovirus, J. Virol. 23: 250.
Baltimore, D., 1971, Expression of animal virus genomes, Bacteriol. Rev. 35: 235.
Baltimore, D., Cole, C. N., Villa-Komaroff, L., and Spector, D., 1974, Poliovirus defective interfering particles, in: Mechanisms of Virus Disease: ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 1 ( W. S. Robinson and C. F. Fox, eds), pp. 117–130, Academic Press, New York.
Bean, W. J., Jr., and Simpson, R. W., 1976, Transcriptase activity and genome composition of defective influenza virus, J. Virol. 18: 365.
Bellett, A. J. D., and Cooper, P. D., 1959, Some properties of the transmissible interfering component of vesicular stomatitis virus preparations, J. Gen. Microbiol. 21: 498.
Brown, F., Martin, S. J., Cartwright, B., and Crick, J., 1967, The ribonucleic acids of the infective and interfering components of vesicular stomatitis virus, J. Gen. Virol. 1: 479.
Bruton, C. J., and Kennedy, S. I. T., 1976, Defective interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus: Structural differences between standard virus and defective interfering particles, J. Gen. Virol. 31: 383.
Bruton, C. J., Porter, A., and Kennedy, S. I. T., 1976, Defective interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus: Intracellular events during interference, J. Gen. Virol. 31: 397.
Chambers, V. C., 1957, The prolonged persistence of western equine encephalitis in cultures of strain L cells, Virology 3: 62.
Choppin, P. W., 1969, Replication of influenza virus in a continuous cell line: High yield of infective virus from cells inoculated at high multiplicity, Virology 39: 130.
Choppin, P. W., and Pons, M. W., 1970, The RNAs of infective and incomplete influenza virus grown in MDBK and HeLa cells, Virology 42: 603.
Chow, J. M., Schnitzlein, W. M., and Reichmann, M. E., 1977, Expression of genetic information contained in the RNA of a defective interfering particle of vesicular stomatitis virus, Virology 77: 579.
Clewley, J. P., Bishop, D. H. L., Kang, C. Y., Coffin, J., Schnitzlein, W. M., Reichmann, M. E., and Shope, R. E., 1977, Oligonucleotide fingerprints of RNA species obtained from rhabdoviruses belonging to the vesicular stomatitis virus subgroup, J. Virol. 23: 152.
Cole, C. N., and Baltimore, D., 1973a, Defective interfering particles of poliovirus. 2. Nature of the defect, J. Mol. Biol. 76: 325.
Cole, C. N., and Baltimore, D., 1973Z?, Defective interfering particles of poliovirus. 3. Interference and enrichment, J. Mol. Biol. 76: 345.
Cole, C. N., and Baltimore, D., 1973c, Defective interfering particles of poliovirus. 4. Mechanisms of enrichment, J. Virol. 12: 1414.
Cole, C. N., Smoler, D., Wimmer, E., and Baltimore, D., 1971, Defective interfering particles of poliovirus. 1. Isolation and physical properties, J. Virol. 7: 478.
Colonic, R. J, and Banerjee, A. K., 1976, A unique RNA species involved in initiation of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA transcription in vitro, Cell 8: 197.
Colonno, R. J., and Banerjee, A. K., 1978, Complete nucleotide sequence of the leader RNA synthesized in vitro by vesicular stomatitis virus, Cell 15: 93.
Colonno, R. J., Lazzarini, R. A., Keene, J. D., and Banerjee, A. K., 1977, In vitro synthesis of messenger RNA by a defective interfering particle of vesicular stomatitis virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1884.
Cooper, P. D., and Bellett, A. J. D., 1959, A transmissible interfering component of vesicular stomatitis virus preparations, J. Gen. Microbiol. 21: 485.
Crick, J., and Brown, F., 1977, In vivo interference in vesicular stomatitis virus infection, Infect. Immun. 15: 354.
Crick, J., Cartwright, B., and Brown, F., 1966, Interfering components of vesicular stomatitis virus, Nature (London) 211: 1204.
Crowell, R. L., and Syverton, J. T., 1961, Poliovirus persistent infection in cell culture, J. Exp. Med. 113: 419.
Davey, M. W., and Dalgarno, L., 1974, Semliki Forest virus replication in cultured Aedes albopictus cells: Studies on the establishment of persistence, J. Gen. Virol. 24: 453.
Dimmock, N. J., and Kennedy, S. I. T., 1978, Protection of lethally infected mice with low doses of defective-interfering Semliki Forest virus, J. Gen. Virol. 39: 231.
Doyle, M., and Holland, J. J., 1973, Prophylaxis and immunization in mice by use of virus-free defective T particles to protect against intracerebral infection by vesicular stomatitis virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 2105.
Duesberg, P. H., 1968, The RNAs of influence virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59: 930.
Eaton, B. T., 1975, Defective interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus do not interfere with viral RNA synthesis in Aedes albopictus cells, Virology 68: 534.
Eaton, B. T., 1977, Evidence for the synthesis of defective interfering particles by Aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with Sindbis virus, Virology 77: 843.
Faulkner, G., Dubois-Dalcq, M., Hoogke-Peters, E., McFarland, H. F., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1979, Defective interfering particles modulate VSV infection of dissociated neuron cultures, Cell 17: 979.
Fernandes, M. V., Wiktor, T. J., and Koprowski, H., 1964, Endosymbiotic relationship between animal viruses and their host cells, J. Exp. Med. 120: 1099.
Fields, B. N., 1972, Genetic manipulation of reovirus—A model for modification of disease ? N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 1026.
Graham, A. F., 1977, Possible role of defective virus in persistent infection, in: Microbiology 1977 ( D. Schlessinger ed.). pp. 445 - 450, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Guild, G. M., and Stollar, V., 1975, Defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus. 3. Intracellular viral RNA species in chick embryo cell cultures, Virology 67: 24.
Guild, G. M., and Stollar, V., 1977, Defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus. 5. Sequence relationships between SVSTD 42 S RNA and intracellular defective viral RNAs, Virology 77: 175.
Guild, G. M., and Stollar, V., 1977, Defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus. 5. Sequence relationships between SVSTD 42 S RNA and intracellular defective viral RNAs, Virology 77:175
Guild, G. M., Flores, L., and Stollar, V., 1977, Defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus. 4. Virion RNA species and molecular weight determination of defective double-stranded RNA, Virology 77: 158.
Hackett, A. J., 1964, A possible morphological basis for the autointerference phenomenon in vesicular stomatitis virus, Virology 24: 51.
Hackett, A. J., Schaffer, F. L., and Madin, S. H., 1967, The separation of infectious and autointerfering particles in vesicular stomatitis virus preparations, Virology 31: 114.
Hall, W. W., Martin, S. J., and Gould, E., 1974, Defective interfering particles produced during the replication of measles virus, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 160: 155.
Hall, W. W., Kiessling, W., and ter Meulen, V., 1978, Membrane proteins of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and measles viruses, Nature (London) 272: 460.
Hall, W. W., Lamb, R. A., and Choppin, P. W., 1979, Measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus proteins: Lack of antibodies to the M protein in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 2047.
Henle, W., and Henle, G., 1943, Interference of inactive virus with the propagation of virus of influenza, Science 98: 87.
Henry, B. E., Newcomb, W. W., and O’Callaghan, D. J., 1979, Biological and biochemical properties of defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus type 1, Virology 92: 495.
Hewlett, M. J., Petterson, R. F., and Baltimore, D., 1977, Circular forms of Uukuniemi virion RNA: An electron microscopic study, J. Virol. 21: 1085.
Holland, J. J., and Doyle, M., 1973, Attempts to detect homologous autointerference in vivo with influenza virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, Infect. Immun. 7: 526.
Holland, J. J., and Villarreal, L. P., 1974, Persistent noncytocidal vesicular stomatitis virus infections mediated by defective T particles that suppress virion transcriptase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 2956.
Holland, J. J., and Villarreal, L. P., 1975, Purification of defective interfering T particles of vesicular stomatitis and rabies viruses generated in vivo in brains of newborn mice, Virology 67: 438.
Holland, J. J., Villarreal, L. P., and Breindl, M., 1976a, Factors involved in the generation and replication of Rhabdovirus defective T particles, J. Virol. 17: 805.
Holland, J. J., Villarreal, L. P., Breindl, M., Semler, B. L., and Kohne, D., 19766, Defective interfering virus particles attenuate virus lethality in vivo and in vitro, in: Animal Virology (D. Baltimore, A. S. Huang, and C. F. Cox, eds.), pp. 773–786, Academic Press, New York.
Holland, J. J., Villarreal, L. P., Welsh, R. M., Oldstone, M. B. A., Kohne, D., Lazzarini, R., and Scolnick, E., 1976c, Long-term persistent vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus infection of cells in vitro, J. Gen. Virol. 33: 193.
Holland, J. J., Semler, B. L., Jones, C., Perrault, J., Reid, L., and Roux, L., 1978, Role of DI, virus mutation, and host response in persistent infections by envelope RNA viruses, in: Persistent Viruses ( J. Stevens, G. Todaro, and C. F. Fox, eds.), pp. 57–73 Academic Press, New York.
Holland, J. J., Grabau, E., Jones, C. L., and Semler, B. L., 1979, Evolution of multiple genome mutations during long term persistent infection by vesicular stomatitis virus, Cell 16: 495.
Huang, A. S., 1973, Defective interfering virus, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 27: 101.
Huang, A. S., 1977, Viral pathogenesis and molecular biology, Bacteriol. Rev. 41: 811.
Huang, A. S., and Baltimore, D., 1970, Defective viral particles and viral disease processes, Nature (London) 226: 325.
Huang, A. S., and Baltimore, D., 1977, Defective interfering animal viruses, in: Comprehensive Virology, Vol. 10 ( H. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, eds.), pp. 73–116, Plenum Press, New York.
Huang, A. S., and Manders, E. K., 1972, Ribonucleic acid synthesis of vesicular stomatitis virus. 4. Transcription by standard virus in the presence of defective intefering virus particles, J. Virol. 9: 909.
Huang, A. S., and Wagner, R. R., 1966a, Defective T particles of vesicular stomatitis virus. 2. Biologic role in homologous interference, Virology 30: 173.
Huang, A. S., and Wagner, R. R., 1966b, Comparative sedimentation coefficients of RNA extracted from plaque-forming and defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, J. Mol. Biol. 22: 381.
Huang, A. S., Greenwalt, J. W., and Wagner, R. R., 1966, Defective T particles of vesicular stomatitis virus. 1. Preparation, morphology, and some biologic properties, Virology 30: 161.
Huang, A. S. Little, S. P., Oldstone, M. B. A., and Rao, D., 1978, Defective interfering particles: Their effect on gene expression and replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, in: Persistent Viruses ( J. Stevens, G. Todaro, and C. F. Fox, eds.), pp. 399–408, Academic Press, New York.
Igarashi, A., and Stollar, V., 1976, Failure of defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus produced in BHK or chicken cells to affect viral replication in Aedes albopictus cells, J. Virol. 19: 398.
Igarashi, A., Koo, R., and Stollar, V., 1977, Evolution and properties of Aedes albopictus cell cultures persistently infected with Sindbis virus, Virology 82: 69.
Inglot, A. D., and Chudzio, T., 1972, Incomplete Sindbis virus, in: Proceedings of the Second International Congress for Virology ( J. L. Melnick, ed.), pp. 158–162, Karger, New York.
Inglot, A. D., Albin, M., and Chudzio, T., 1973, Persistent infection of mouse cells with Sindbis virus: Role of virulence of strains, auto-interfering particles and interferon, J. Gen. Virol. 20: 105.
Ito, Y., Nishiyama, Y., Shimokata, K., Kimura, Y., Nagata, I., Shimizu, K., and Kunii, A., 1975, Interferon induction in mice by BHK cells persistently infected with HVJ, J. Gen. Virol. 27: 93.
Janda, J. M., David, A. R., Nayak, D. P., and De, B. K., 1979, Diversity and generation of defective interfering influenza virus particles, Virology 95: 48.
Johnson, L. D., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1977, Replication in viral RNA by a defective interfering vesicular stomatitis virus particle in the absence of helper virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 4387.
Johnston, R. E., Jovell, D. R. Brown, D. T., and Falkner, P., 1975, Interfering passages of Sindbis virus: Concomitant appearance of interference, morphological variants and truncated viral RNA, J. Virol. 16: 951.
Johnston, R. E., Jovell, D. R. Brown, D. T., and Falkner, P., 1975, Interfering passages of Sindbis virus: Concomitant appearance of interference, morphological variants and truncated viral RNA, J. Virol. 16: 951.
Joseph, B. S., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1975, Immunologic injury in measles infection. II. Suppression of immune injury through antigenic modulation, J. Expl. Med. 142: 864.
Kang, C. Y., and Allen, R., 1978, Host function—dependent induction of defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, J. Virol. 25: 202.
Kang, C. Y., Glimp, T., Clewley, J. P., and Bishop, D. H. L., 1978, Studies on the generation of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype) defective interfering particles, Virology 84: 142.
Kawai, A., and Matsumoto, S., 1977, Interfering and noninterfering defective particles generated by a rabies small plaque variant virus, Virology 76: 60.
Kawai, A., Matsumoto, S., and Tanabe, K., 1975, Characterization of rabies viruses recovered from persistently infected BHK cells, Virology 67: 520.
Keene, J. D., Schubert, M., Lazzarini, R. A., and Rosenberg, M., 1978, Nucleotide sequence homology at the 3’ termini of RNA from vesicular stomatitis virus and its defective interfering particles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 3225.
Kennedy, S. I. T., 1976, Sequence relationships between the genome and the intracellular RNA species of standard and defective interfering Semliki Forest virus, J. Mol. Biol. 108: 491.
Kennedy, S. I. T., Bruton, C. J., Weiss, B., and Schlesinger, S., 1976, Defective interfering passages of Sindbis virus: Nature of the defective virion RNA, J. Virol. 19: 1034.
Khan, S. R., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1977, The relationship between autointerference and the replication of a defective interfering particle, Virology 77: 189.
Kiley, M. P., Gray, R. H., and Payne, F. E., 1974, Replication of measles virus: Distinct species of short nucleocapsids in cytoplasmic extracts of infected cells, J. Virol 13: 721.
Kimura, Y., Ito, Y., Shimokata, K., Nishiyama, Y., Nagata, I., and Kitoh, J., 1975, Temperature sensitive virus derived from BHK cells persistently infected with HVJ, J. Virol. 15: 55.
Kingsbury, D. W., and Portner, A., 1970, On the genesis of incomplete Sendai virions, Virology 42: 872.
Kingsbury, D. W., Portner, A., and Darlington, R. W., 1970, Properties of incomplete Sendai virions and subgenomic viral RNAs, Virology 42: 857.
Kolakofsky, D., 1976, Isolation and characterization of Sendai virus DI RNAs, Cell 8: 547.
Kolakofsky, D., 1979, Studies on the generation and amplification of Sendai virus DI genomes, Virology 93: 589.
Kolakofsky, D., Leppert, M., and Kort, L., 1978, A genetic map of Sendai virus DI RNAs, in: Negative Strand Viruses and the Host Cell ( B. W. J. Mahy and R. D. Barry, eds.), pp. 539–553, Academic Press, New York.
Lazzarini, R. A., Weber G. H., Johnson, L. D., and Stamminger, G. M., 1975, Covalently linked message and anti-message (genomic) RNA from a defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle, J. Mol. Biol. 97: 289.
Leamnson, R. N., and Reichmann, M. E., 1974, The RNA of defective vesicular stomatitis virus in relation to viral cistrons, J. Mol. Biol. 85: 551.
Lehmann-Grubbe, F., Slenzka, W., and Reef Tees, 1969, A persistent and inapparent infection of L cells with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, J. Gen. Virol. 5: 63.
Leppert, M., Kort, L., and Kolakofsky, D., 1977, Further characterization of Sendai virus DI RNAs: A model for their generation, Cell 12: 539.
Levin, J. G., Ramseur, J. M., and Grimley, P. M., 1973, Host effect on arbovirus replication: Appearance of defective interfering particles in murine cells, J. Virol. 12: 1401.
Lunquist, R. E., Sullivan, M., and Maizel, J. V., 1979, Characterization of a new isolate of poliovirus defective interfering particles, Cell 18: 79.
Little, S. P., and Huang, A. S., 1977, Synthesis and distribution of VSV specific polypeptides in the absence of progeny production, Virology 81: 37.
Logan, K. B., 1979, Generation of defective interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus in a clone of Aedes aldopictus (mosquito) cells, J. Virol. 30: 38.
Marcus, P. I., and Sekellick, M. J., 1977, Defective interfering particles with covalently linked [=b] RNA induce interferon, Nature (London) 266: 815.
Marcus, P. I., Sekellick, M. J., Johnson, L. D., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1977, Cell killing by viruses. V. Transcribing defective interfering particles of VSV function as cell killing particles, Virology 82: 242.
McClure, M. A., Holland, J. J., and Perrault, J., 1980, Generation of defective interfering particles in picornaviruses, Virology 100: 408.
McGeoch, D. J., and Dolan, A., 1979, Sequence of 200 nucleotides at the 3’ terminus of the genome RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus, Cell 6: 3199.
Meinkoth, J., and Kennedy, S. I. T., 1979, Semliki Forest virus persistence in mouse L929 cells, Virology 100: 141.
Mims, C. A. C., 1956, Rift Valley fever in mice. 4. Incomplete virus: Its production and properties, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 37: 129.
Minato, N., Bloom, B. R., Jones, C., Holland, J. J., and Reid, L. M., 1979, Mechanism of rejection of virus persistently infected tumor cells by athymic nude mice, J. Exp. Med. 149: 1117.
Mocarski, E. S., and Stinski, M. F., 1979, Persistence of the cytomegalovirus genome in human cells, J. Virol. 31: 761.
Mudd, J. A., Leavitt, R. W., Kingsbury, D. T., and Holland, J. J., 1973, Natural selection of mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus by cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Gen. Virol. 20: 341.
Narayan, O., Griffin, D. E., Chase, J., 1977, Antigenic shift of Visna virus in persistently infected sheep, Science 197: 376.
Nayak, D. P., Tobita, K., Janda, J. M., Davis, A. R., and De, B. K., 1978, Homologous interference mediated by defective interfering influence virus derived from a temperature-sensitive mutant of influenza virus, J. Virol 28: 375.
Nicholson, B. L., and Dunn, J., 1972, Autointerference in the replication of the infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus of trout, Bacteriol. Proc. 72: 196.
Nishiyama, Y., 1977, Studies of L cells persistently infected with VSV: Factors involved in the regulation of persistent infection, J. Gen. Virol. 35: 265.
Nishiyama, Y., Ito, Y., Shimokata, K., Kimura, Y., and Nagata, J., 1976, Relationship between establishment of persistent infection of heamagglutinating virus of Japan and the properties of the virus, J. Gen. Virol. 32: 73.
Nishiyama, Y., Ito, Y., and Shimokata, K., 1978, Properties of viruses selected during persistent infection of L cells with VSV, J. Gen. Virol. 40: 481.
Nomoto, A., Jacobson, A., Lee, Y. F., Dunn, J., and Wimmer, E., 1978, Defective interfering particles of poliovirus: Mapping of the deletion and evidence that the deletion in the genome of DI (1), (2) and (3) is located in the same region. J. Mol. Biol. 128: 179.
Nonoyama, M., and Graham, A. F., 1970, Appearance of defective virions in clones of reovirus, J. Virol. 6: 693.
Nonoyama, M., Watanabe, Y., and Graham, A. F., 1970, Defective virions of reovirus, J. Virol. 6: 693.
Norkin, L. C., 1979, The emergence of simian virus 40 variants in a persistent infection of Rhesus monkey kidney cells, and their interaction with standard simian virus 40, Virology 95: 598.
Obijeski, J. F., Bishop, D. H. L., Palmer, E. L., and Murphy, F. A., 1976, Segmented genome and nucleocapsid of La Crosse virus, J. Virol. 20: 664.
Palma, E. L., and Huang, A. S., 1974, Cyclic production of vesicular stomatitis virus caused by defective interfering particles, J. Infect. Dis. 126: 402.
Peleg, J., 1969, Inapparent persistent virus infection in continuously grown Aedes aegypti mosquito cells, J. Gen. Virol. 5: 463.
Perrault, J., 1976, Cross-linked double-stranded RNA from a defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle, Virology 70: 360.
Perrault, J., and Holland, J. J., 1972a, Variability of vesicular stomatitis virus autointerference with different host cells and virus serotypes, Virology 50: 148.
Perrault, J., and Holland, J. J., 1972£, Absence of transcriptase activity or transcription-inhibiting activity in defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, Virology 50: 159.
Perrault, J., and Leavitt, R. W., 1977a, Characterization of snap-back RNAs in vesicular stomatitis defective interfering virus particles, J. Gen. Virol. 38: 21.
Perrault, J., and Leavitt, R. W., 1911b, Inverted complementary terminal sequences in single-stranded RNAs and snap-back RNAs from vesicular stomatitis defective interfering particles, J. Gen. Virol. 38: 35.
Perrault, J., and Semler, B. L., 1979, Internal genome deletions in two distinct classes of defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 6191.
Perrault, J., Semler, B. L., Leavitt, R. W., and Holland, J. J., 1978, Inverted complementary sequences in defective interfering particle RNAs of vesicular stomatitis virus and their possible role in autointerference, in: Negative Strand Viruses and the Host Cell ( B. W. J. Mahy and R. D. Barry, eds.), pp. 527–538, Academic Press, New York.
Perrin, L., Tishon, A., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1977, Immuniologic injury in measles virus infection. 3. Presence and characterization of human cytotoxic lymphocytes, J. Immunol. 118: 282.
Petterson, R. F., and Hewlett, M. J., 1976, The structure of the RNA of Uukuniemi virus, a proposed Bunyavirus, in: Animal Virology ( D. Baltimore, A. S. Huang, and C. F. Fox, eds.), pp. 515–527, Academic Press, New York.
Petterson, R. F., and Von Bonsdorff, C. H., 1975, Ribonucleoproteins of Uukuniemi virus are circular, J. Virol. 15: 386.
Popescu, M., and Lehmann-Grube, F., 1977, Defective interfering particles in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Virology 77: 78.
Preble, O. T., and Youngner, J. S., 1975, Temperature sensitive mutant viruses and the etiology of chronic and inapparent infections, J. Infect. Dis. 131: 467.
Prevec, L., and Kang, C. Y., 1970, Homotypic and heterotypic interference by defective particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, Nature (London) 228: 25.
Rabinowitz, S. G., Dal Canto, M. C., and Johnson, T. C., 1976, Comparison of central nervous system disease produced by wild type and temperature-sensitive mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus, Infect. Immun. 13: 1242.
Rahacek, J., 1968, Persistent infection of mosquito cells grown in vitro with Murray Valley encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis viruses, Acta Virol. 12: 340.
Ramseur, J. M., and Friedman, R. M., 1977, Prolonged infection of interferon-treated cells by VSV: Possible role of temperature sensitive mutants and interferon, J. Gen. Virol. 37: 523.
Reichmann, M. E., and Schnitzlein, W. M., 1978, Defective interfering particles of rhabdoviruses, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 86: 124.
Reichmann, M. E., Pringle, C. R., and Follett, E. A. C., 1971, Defective particles in BHK cells infected with temperature sensitive mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus, J. Virol. 8: 154.
Reichmann, M. E., Villarreal, L. P., Kohne, D., Lesnaw, J., and Holland, J. J., 1974, RNA polymerase activity and poly(A) synthesizing activity in defective T particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, Virology 58: 240.
Reid, L. M., Jones, C. L., and Holland, J., 1979, Virus carrier state suppresses tumori- genicity of tumor cells in athymic (nude) mice, J. Gen. Virol. 42:60.
Rima, B. K., and Martin, S. J., 1977, Persistent infection of tissue culture cells by RNA viruses, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 162: 89.
Rima, B. K., and Martin, S. J., 1979, Effect of undiluted passage on the polypeptides of measles virus, J. Gen. Virol. 44: 135.
Rima, B. K., Davidson, W. B., and Martin, S. J., 1977, The role of defective interfering particles in persistent infection of vero cells by measles, J. Gen. Virol. 35: 89.
Roux, L., and Holland, J. J., 1979, Role of defective interfering particles of Sendai virus in persistent infections, Virology 93: 91.
Roux, L., and Holland, J. J., 1980, Viral genome synthesis in BHK21 cells persistently infected with Sendai virus, Virology 100: 53.
Rowlands, D. J., 1979, Sequences of VSV RNA in the region coding for leader RNA, N mRNA and their function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4793.
Roy, P., and Bishop, D. H. L., 1972, Genome homology of vesicular stomatitis virus and defective T particles and evidence for the sequential transcription of the virion ribonucleic acid, J. Virol. 9: 946.
Roy, P., Repik, P., Hefti, E., and Bishop, D. H. L., 1973, Complementary RNA species isolated from vesicular stomatitis (HR) strain defective virions, J. Virol. 11: 915.
Samso, A., Bouloy, M., and Hannoun, C., 1975, Présence de ribonucléoproteines circulaires dans le virus Lumbo (Bunyavirus), C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 280: 213.
Schaffer, F. L., Hackett, A. J., and Soergel, M. E., 1968, Vesicular stomatitis virus RNA: Complementarity between infected cell RNA and RNAs from infectious and autointerfering viral fractions, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 31: 685.
Schincariol, A. L., and Howatson, A. F., 1972, Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. 2. Separation and characterization of virus-specific RNA species, Virology 49: 766.
Schlesinger, S., Schlesinger, M., and Burge, B. W., 1972, Defective virus particles from Sindbis virus, Virology 48: 615.
Schmaljohn, C., and Blair, C. D., 1977, Persistent infection of cultured mammalian cells by Japanese encephalitis virus, J. Virol. 24: 580.
Schnitzlein, W. M., and Reichmann, M. E., 1976, the size and cistronic origin of defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle RNAs in relation to homotypic and heterotypic interference, J. Mol. Biol. 101: 307.
Schnitzlein, W. M., and Reichmann, M. E., 1977, A possible effect of viral proteins on the specificity of interference by defective vesicular stomatitis virus particles, Virology 80: 275.
Schubert, M., Keene, J. D., Lazzarini, R. A., and Emerson, S. U., 1978, The complete sequence of a unique RNA species synthesized by a DI particle of VSV, Cell 15: 103.
Schubert, M., Keene, J. D., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1979, A specific internal RNA polymerase recognition site of VSV RNA is involved in the generation of DI particles, Cell 18: 749.
Schuerch, A. R., Matsuhisa, T., and Joklik, W. K., 1974, Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. 6. Mutant ts447 and ts556 particles that lack either one or two genome segments, Intervirology 3: 36.
Semler, B. L., Perrault, J., Abelson, J., and Holland, J. J., 1978, Sequence of a RNA templated by the 3’-OH RNA terminus of defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 4704.
Semler, B. L., Perrault, J., and Holland, J. J., 1979, The nucleotide sequence of the 5’ terminus of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA, Nucl. Acids Res. 6: 3923.
Shenk, T. E., and Stollar, V., 1973, Defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus. 1. Isolation and some chemical and biological properties, Virology 53: 162.
Simpson, R. W., and Iinuma, M., 1975, Recovery of infectious proviral DNA from mammalian cells infected with respiratory syncitial virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 3230.
Singh, K. R. P., 1967, Cell cultures derived from larvae of Aedes albopictus (SRuse) and Aedes aegypti (L), Curr. Sci. 36: 506.
Spandidos, D. A., and Graham, A. F., 1976, Generation of defective virus after infection of newborn rats with reovirus, J. Virol. 20: 234.
Spandidos, D. A., Krystal, G., and Graham, A. F., 1976, Regulated transcription of the genomes of defective virions and temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus, J. Virol. 18: 7.
Stamminger, G., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1974, Analysis of the RNA of defective VSV particles, Cell 3: 85.
Stamminger, G. M., and Lazzarini, R. A., 1977, RNA synthesis in standard and autointerfered vesicular stomatitis infections, Virology 77: 202.
Stampfer, M., Baltimore, D., and Huang, A. S., 1971, Absence of interference during high multiplicity infection by clonally purified vesicular stomatitis virus, Virol. 7: 409.
Staneck, L. D., and Pfau, C. J., 1974, Interfering particles from a culture persistently infected with parana virus, J. Gen. Virol. 22: 437.
Staneck, L. D., Trowbridge, R. S., Welsh, R. M., Wright, E. A., and Pfau, C. J., 1972, Arenaviruses: Cellular response to long-term in vitro infection with parana and lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses, Infect. Immun. 6: 444.
Stanners, C. P., and Goldberg, V. J., 1975, On the mechanism of neurotropism of VSV in newborn hamsters. Studies with temperature-sensitive mutants, J. Gen. Virol. 29: 281.
Stanners, C. P., Francoeur, A. M., and Larn, T., 1977, Analysis of VSV mutant with attenuated cytopathogenicity: Mutation in viral function P for inhibition of protein synthesis, Cell 11: 273.
Stanwick, T. L., and Kirk, B. F., 1976, Analysis of baby hamster kidney cells persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, J. Gen. Virol. 32: 361.
Stark, C., and Kennedy, S. I. T., 1978, The generation and propagation of defective interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus in different cell types, Virology 89: 285.
Stevens, J., 1978, Latent herpetic infections in the central nervous system of experimental animals, in: Persistent Viruses ( J. Stevens, G. J. Todaro, and C. F. Fox, eds.), p. 701, Academic Press, New York.
Stevens, T. M., 1970, Arbovirus replication in mosquito cell lines (Singh) grown in monolayer or suspension culture, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 134: 356.
Stinski, M. F., Mocarski, E. S., and Thomsen, D. R., 1979, DNA of human cytomegalovirus: Size heterogeneity and defectiveness resulting from serial undiluted passages, J. Virol. 31. 231.
Stollar, V., and Shenk, T. E., 1973, Homologous viral interference in Aedes albopictus cultures chronically infected with Sindbis virus, J. Virol. 11: 592.
Taber, R., Alexander, V., and Whitford, W., 1976, Persistent reovirus infection of CHO cells resulting in virus resistance, J. Virol. 17: 513.
Thorne, H. V., and Dermott, E., 1976, Circular and elongated forms of measles virus nucleocapsid, Nature (London) 264: 473.
Trowbridge, R. S., and Pfau, C. J., 1970, Persistent infection of cultured BHK21/13C cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Bacteriol. Proc., p. 199.
Villarreal, L. P., and Holland, J. J., 1976, RNA synthesis in BHK2i cells persistently infected with vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus, J. Gen. Virol. 33: 213.
Von Magnus, P., 1951, Propagation of the PR 8 strain of influenza virus in chick embryos. 3. Properties of the incomplete virus produced in serial passages of undiluted virus, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 29: 156.
von Magnus, P., 1954, Incomplete forms of influenza virus, Adv. Virus Res. 2: 59.
Wagner, R. R., 1974, Pathogenicity and immunogenicity for mice of temperature sensitive mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus, Infect. Immun. 10: 309.
Wagner, R. R., 1975, Reproduction of rhabdoviruses, in: Comprehensive Virology, Vol. 4 ( H. Fraenkel-Conrat and R. R. Wagner, eds.), pp. 1 - 93, Plenum Press, New York.
Wagner, R. R., Levy, A., Snyder, R., Ratcliff, G., and Hyatt, D., 1963, Biologic properties of two plaque variants of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype), J. Immunol. 91: 112.
Walker, D. L., 1964, The viral carrier state in animal cultures, Progr. Med. Virol. 6: 111.
Wechsler, S. L., and Fields, B. N., 1978, Differences between the intracellular polypeptides of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus, Nature (London) 272: 458.
Weiss, B., and Schlesinger, S., 1973, Defective interfering passages of Sindbis virus: Chemical composition, biological activity and mode of interference, J. Virol. 12: 862.
Weiss, B., Goran, D., Cancedda, R., and Schlesinger, S., 1974, Defective interfering passages of Sindbis virus: Nature of the intracellular defective viral RNA, J. Virol. 14: 1189.
Weiss, B., Rosenthal, R., and Schlesinger, S., 1980, Establishment and maintenance of persistent infection by Sindbis virus in BHK cells, J. Virol. 33: 463.
Welsh, R. M., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1977, Inhibition of immunologic injury of cultured cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Role of defective interfering virus in regulating viral antigenic expression, J. Exp. Med. 145: 1449.
Welsh, R. M., and Pfau, C. J., 1972, Determinants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis interference, J. Gen. Virol. 14: 177.
Welsh, R. M., O’Connell, C. M., and Pfau, C. J., 1972, Properties of defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, J. Gen. Virol. 17: 355.
Welsh, R. M., Lampert, P. W., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1977, Prevention of virus- induced cerebral disease by defective interfering lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, J. Infect. Dis. 136: 391.
Wiktor, T. J., and Clark, H. F., 1972, Chronic rabies virus infection of cell cultures, Infect. Immun. 6: 988.
Wiktor, T. J., Dietyzsehold, B., Leamnson, R. N., and Koprowski, H., 1977, Induction and biological properties of defective interfering particles of rabies virus, J. Virol. 21: 626.
Wild, T. F., and Dugre, R., 1978, Establishment and characterization of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles) virus persistent infection in BGM cells, J. Gen. Virol 39: 113.
Wilfert, C. M., Buckley, R., Rosen, F. S., Whismant, J., Oxman, M. N., Griffith, J. F., Katz, S. L., and Moure, M., 1977, Persistent enterovirus infections in agammaglobulinemia, in: Microbiology 1977 ( D. Schlesinger, ed.), pp. 488 - 493, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Wunner, W. H., and Clark, H. F., 1978, Study of virulent and avirulent rabies viruses and their defective RNA-containing particles, in: Negative Strand Viruses and the Host Cell ( B. Mahy and R. Barry, eds.), pp. 599 - 606, Academic Press, London.
Yamada, T., and Hatano, M., 1972, Lowered transplantability of cultured tumor cells by persistent infection with paramyxovirus (HVJ), Gann 63: 647.
Youngner, J. S., and Quagliana, D. O., 1975, Temperature-sensitive mutants isolated from hamster and canine cell lines persistently infected with Newcastle disease virus, J. Virol. 16: 1332.
Youngner, J., Dubovi, E. J., Quagliana, D. O., Kelly, M., and Preble, O. T., 1976, Role of temperature sensitive mutants in persistent infections initiated with vesicular stomatitis virus, J. Virol. 19: 90.
Zhdanov, V. M., 1975, Integration of viral genomes, Nature (London) 256: 471.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Holland, J.J., Kennedy, S.I.T., Semler, B.L., Jones, C.L., Roux, L., Grabau, E.A. (1980). Defective Interfering RNA Viruses and the Host-Cell Response. In: Fraenkael-Conrat, H., Wagner, R.R. (eds) Comprehensive Virology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3129-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3129-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3131-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3129-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive