Abstract
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the release of catecholamines (principally epinephrine) from the adrenal medulla into the blood stream and of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings throughout the body. The effects of these catecholamines are thus widespread and are mediated by four different types of adrenergic receptors, located on the plasma membranes of their target cells. Two of these receptors (β1 and β2) are linked positively to adenylate cyclase, and the effects of their activation can be attributed to an increase in cellular cAMP in almost all situations. The other two receptors (α1 and α2) elicit quite different responses. Activation of α2-adrenergic receptors leads to inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Although most of the resulting physiological responses can be attributed to the decline in cAMP, there are some tissues (platelets, pancreatic islets) in which this is questionable. Activation of α1-adrenergic receptors is linked to the breakdown of polyphosphoinositides in the plasma membrane with the generation of two intracellular messages, namely myoinositol 1,4,5-P3 (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) (Figure 1). The function of IP3 is to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores, which are probably located in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby raising cytosolic Ca2+ and altering the activity of Ca2+ (calmodulin)-sensitive proteins; whereas that of DAG is to activate the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C.
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© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
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Exton, J.H. (1987). Mechanisms of α1-Adrenergic and Related Responses. In: Elson, E., Frazier, W., Glaser, L. (eds) Cell Membranes. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1915-3_4
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