Abstract
Numerous toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic compounds, arc being released to the environment as a result of increasing industrialization. Because of their abundance and toxicity, some heavy metals have been placed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) list of 129 priority pollutants (Keith and Telliard 1979). Most heavy metals, unlike organic contaminants, are not biotransformed and hence persist in the environment (Sterritt and Lester 1980; Hickey et al. 1989).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahlf, W, Munawar, M (1988) Biological assessment of environmental impact of dredge material. In: Salomons, W, Forstner, U (eds) Chemistry and biology of solid wastes, dredged material and mine tailings. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 127–142.
Ajmal, M., Khan, AU (1984) Effect of water hardness on the toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms. Water Res 12: 1487–1491.
Alsop, GM., Waggy, GT., Conway, RA (1980) Bacterial growth inhibition test. J Water Pollut Control Fed 52: 2452–2456.
Altman, FP (1976) Tetrazolium salts: A consumer’s guide. Histochem J 8: 471–485.
American Public Health Association (AFHA), AWWA, WPCF (1980) Bioassay methods for aquatic organisms. In: Greenberg, AE, Connors, JJ, Jenkins, D (eds) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Am Publ Hlth Assoc, Washington, DC, pp 615–743.
Anderson, K, Koopman, B, Bitton, G (1988). Evaluation of INT-dehydrogenase assay for heavy metal inhibition of activated sludge. Water Res 22: 349–353.
Ankley, GT, Mattsonm, VR, Leonard, EN, West, CW, Bennett, JL (1993) Predicting the acute toxicity of copper in freshwater sediments: Evaluation of the role of acid-volatile sulfide. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 315–320.
Aqua Survey (1991) Daphnia magna IQ Toxicity Test Technical Information Updates. Aqua Survey, Inc., Flemington, NJ.
Ball, IR (1967) The toxicity of cadmium to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich). Water Res 1: 805–806.
Balsalobre, C, Calonge, J, Jimenez, E, Lafuente, R, Mourino, M, Munoz, MT, Riquelme, M (1993) Using the metabolic capacity of Rhodobacter sphaerodes to assess heavy metal toxicity. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 8: 437–450.
Baudo, R, Giesy, JP, Muntau, H (eds) (1990) Sediments: Chemistry and toxicity of in-place pollutants. Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.
Bauer, NJ, Seidler, RF, Knittel, MD (1981) A simple rapid bioassay for detecting effects of pollutants on bacteria. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 577–582.
Beckman Instruments (1981) Advantages of using several test times. In Microtox® Application Notes, Carlsbad. CA, Number M102.
Berkowitz, D (1979) Potential uses of bacteria in toxicology. Vet Hum Toxicol 32: 422–426.
Berner, DB (1986) Taxonomy of Ceriodaphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera) in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cultures. Report EPA/600/4-86/032. USEPA, Cincinnati, OH.
Bills, TD, et al (1977) Effects of residues of polychlorinated Aroclor 1254 on sensitivity of rainbow trout to selected environmental contaminats. Prog Fish-Cult 39: 150. Cited in Brungs WA, Carltron RW, Horning WB, McCormick JH. Spehar RL, Lee Yount JD (1978) Effects of pollution of fresh water fish. J Water Pollut Control Fed 50: 1582 - 1637.
Bitton G (1983) Bacterial and biochemical tests for assessing chemical toxicity in the aquatic environment: A review. CRC Crit Rev Environ Control 13: 51–67.
Bitton, G, Koopman, B, Wang, HD (1984) Baker’s yeast assay procedure for testing heavy metal toxicity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 32: 80–84.
Bitton, G, Dutka, BJ (eds) (1986) Toxicity testing using microorganisms. Vol. 1. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.
Bitton, G., Khafif, T, Chataigner,N, Bastide, J, Coste, CM (1986) A direct INT-dehydrogenase assay (DIDHA) for assessing chemical toxicity. Tox Assess 1: 1–12.
Bitton, G, Koopman, B (1986) Biochemical tests for toxicity screening. In: Bitton, G., Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity testing using microorganisms, Vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton. FL, pp 27–55.
Bitton, G, Koopman, B (1992) Bacterial and enzymatic bioassays for toxicity testing in the environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 125: 1–22.
Bitton, G., Koopman, B., Agami, O (1992a) MetPAD™: A bioassay for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity in wastewater. Water Environ Res 64: 834–836.
Bitton, G, Campbell, M, Koopman, B (1992b) MetPAD™: A bioassay kit for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity in sediments from hazardous waste sites. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 7: 323–328.
Bitton, G (1994) Wastewater microbiology. Wiley-Liss, New York.
Bitton, G, Jung, K, Koopman, B (1994) Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 25–28.
Bitton, G, Jung, K, Koopman, B (1994) Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 25–28.
Blaise, C., Legault, R, Bermmgham, N, van Coillie, R, Vasseur, P (1986) A simple microplate algal assay technique for aquatic toxicity assessment. Tox Assess 1: 261–281.
Blaise, C, Forghani, R, Uguault, R, Guzzo, J, Dubow, MS (1994) A bacterial toxicity assay performed with microplates, microluminomctry. and Microtox® reagent. Biotechniques 16: 932–937.
Blaise, CR (1993) Practical laboratory applications with micro-algae for hazard assessment of aquatic contaminants. In: Richardson, M (ed) Ecotoxicology monitoring. VCH, Weinheim, pp 83–107.
Blom, A, Harder, W, Matin, A (1992) Unique and overlapping pollutant stress proteins of Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 331–334.
Buikema, AL, Geiger, JG, Lee, DR (1980) Daphnia toxicity tests. In: Buikema, AL, Cairns, J (eds) Aquatic invertebrates bioassays, STP 715. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 48–69.
Bulich, AA, Greene, MW, Isenberg, DL (1981) Reliability of the bacterial luminescence assay for determination of the toxicity of pure compounds and complex effluents. In: Branson, DR, Dickson, KL (eds) Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 4th conf, STP 737. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 338–347.
Bulich, AA., Greene, MW., Isenberg, DL (1982) A practical and reliable method for monitoring the toxicity of aquatic samples. Process Biochem 17: 45–47.
Bulich, AA (1986) Bioluminescent assays. In: Bitton, G., Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity testing using microorganisms. Vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 57–74.
Burkhard, LP, Ankley, GT (1989) Identifying toxicants: NETACs toxicity-based approach. Environ Sci Technol 23: 1438–1443.
Byoung-Kwan, K, Daniels, L (1994) The exposure of methanogens to Cu2+ increases the level of specific proteins in the culture supernatant. In Proc 94th Gen Meet, Am. Soc. Microbiol., Las Vegas, NV. May 23–27, 1994, Abstract # Q–96.
Cairns, J, Dikson, KL, Westlake, GF (eds) (1976) Biological monitoring of water and effluent quality, ASTM STP 607. Am Soc Test Mat. Philadelphia. PA, p 246.
Calamari, D, Marchetti, R, Vailati, G (1980) Influence of water hardness on cadmium toxicity to Salmo gairdneri. Water Res 14: 1421–1426.
Callahan, CA., Menzie, CA., Burmaster, DE., Wilborn, DC, Ernst, T (1991) On-site methods for assessing chemical impact on the soil environment using earthworms: A case study at the Baird and McGuire superfund site, Holbrook, Massachusetts. Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 817–826.
Campbell, M, Bitton, G, Koopman, B (1993) Toxicity testing of sediment elutriates based on inhibition of α-glucosidase biosynthesis in Bacillus licheniformi. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24: 469–472.
Campbell, PGC, Stokes, PM (1985) Acidification and toxicity of metals to aquatic biota. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 42: 2034–2049.
Casida, JR, Klein, LE, Santoro, T (1964) Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Sci 98: 371–376.
Cenci, G, Morozzi, G (1979) The validity of the TTC-test for dehydrogenase activity of activated sludges in the presence of chemical inhibitors. Zbl Bakt Hyg, I Abt Orig B 169: 320–330.
Chander, K, Brookes, PC (1991) Is the dehydrogenase assay invalid as a method to estimate microbial activity in copper-contaminated soils? Soil Biol Biochem 23: 909–915.
Codina, JC, Romero, PP., de Vicente, A (1993) A comparison of microbial bioassays for the detection of metal toxicity. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 25: 250–254.
Coleman, RN, Qureshi, AA (1985) Microtox and Spirillum volutans tests for assessing toxicity of environmental samples. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 35: 443–451.
Corbisier, P, Diels, L., van der Lelie, D, Mergeay, M (1993) Bioluminescent biosensors for the detection of heavy metals or xenobiotic compounds. In: Proc. 6th Int Symp Toxicity Assessment and On-line Monitoring, Berlin University of Technology, May 10–14, 1993, p 58.
Dave, G (1992) Sediment toxicity in lakes along the river Kolbacksan. central Sweden. Hydrobiologia 235/236:419–433.
de Zwart, D., Sloof, W (1983) The Microtox as an alternative assay in the acute toxicity assessment of water pollutants. Aquatic Toxicol 4: 129–138.
Dickson, KL, Maki, AW, Brungs, WA (eds) (1987) Fate and effects of sediment- bound chemicals in aquatic systems. Pergamon Press, Toronto.
Di Toro, DM, Mahony, JD, Hansen, DJ., Scott, KJ., Hicks, MB., Mayr, SM., Redmond, MS (1990) Toxicity of cadmium in sediments: The role of acid volatile sulfide. Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 1487–1502.
Di Toro, DM., Mahony, JD., Hansen, DJ, Scott, KJ, Carison, AR, Ankley, GT (1992) Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environ Sci Technol 26: 96 - 101.
Donkin, SG., Dusenbery, DB (1993) A soil toxicity test using the nematode Caenor-habtidis elegans and an effective method of recovery. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 25: 145–151.
Dutka, BJ., Kwan, KK (1981) Comparison of three microbial toxicity screening tests with the Microtox test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 753–757.
Dutka, BJ, Kwan, KK (1984) Studies on a synthetic activated sludge toxicity screening procedure with comparison to three microbial toxicity tests. In Dickson, L, Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity screening procedures using bacterial systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 125–138.
Dutka, BJ, Nyholm, N, Petersen, J (1983) Comparison of several microbiological toxicity screening tests. Water Res 17: 1363–1368.
Dutton, RJ, Bitton, G, Koopman, B (1983) Malachite green-INT (MINT) method for determining active bacteria in sewage. Appl Environ Microbiol 46: 1263–1267.
Dutton, RJ, Bitton, G, Koopman, B (1986a) Application of a direct microscopic method for the determination of active bacteria in lakes. Water Res 20: 1461–1464.
Dutton, RG, Bitton, G., Koopman, B (1986b) Rapid test for toxicity in wastewater systems. Tox Assess 1: 147–158.
Dutton, RG, Bitton, G., Koopman, B (1988) Enzyme biosynthesis versus enzyme activity as a basis for microbial toxicity testing. Tox Assess 3: 245–254.
Dutton, RG, Bitton, G, Koopman, B, Agami, O (1990) Effect of environmental toxicants on enzyme biosynthesis: A comparison of ß-galactosidase, α-glucosidase and tryptophanase. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19: 395–398.
Elder, JF (1990) Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water quality assessment. Circular 1049. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO.
Elnabarawy, MT (1986) Short-term microbial and biochemical assays for assessing chemical toxicity. Haz Sub 2: 11–14.
Elnabarawy, MT, Robideau, RR, Beach, SA (1988) Comparison of three rapid toxicity lest procedures: Microtox, Polytox, and activated sludge respiration inhibition. Tox Assess 3: 361–370.
Fischer, RB., Peters, D (1968) Quantitative chemical analysis, 3rd ed. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Fiskesjo, G (1985) The Allium test as a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas 102: 99–112.
Fiskesjo, G (1993) Allium test I: A 2–3 day plant test for toxicity assessment by measuring the mean root growth of onions (Allium cepa L). Environ Toxicol Water Qual 8: 461–470.
Flemming, CA, Trevors, JT (1989) Copper toxicity and chemistry in the environment: A review. Water Air Soil Pollut 44: 143–158.
Folsom, BR., Popescu, NA, Wood, JM (1986) Comparative study of aluminum and coppcr transport and toxicity in an acid-tolerant freshwater green alga. Environ Sri Technol 20: 616–620.
Forstner, U (1990) Contaminated sediments. In: Lecture Notes in Earth Science, Vol 21. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Gadd, GM, Griffiths, AJ (1978) Microorganisms and heavy metal toxicity. Microbiol Ecol 4: 303–317.
Gala, WR, Giesy, JP (1990) Flow cytometric techniques to assess toxicity to algae. In: Landis, WG, van der Schalie, WH (eds) Aquatic toxicology and risk assessment: thirteenth volume, ASTM STP 1096. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 237–246.
Goatcher, LJ, Qureshi, AA, Gaudet, ID (1984) Evaluation and refinement of the Spirillium volutans test for use in toxicity screening. In: Liu, D., Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity screening procedures using bacterial systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 89–108.
Greene, JC., Miller, WE, Shiroyama, T, Maloney, TE (1975) Utilization of algal assays to assess the effects of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewater effluents upon phytoplankton production of the Snake River system. Water Air Soil Pollut 4: 415–434.
Greene, JC, Miller, WE, Debacon, MK, Long, MA, Bartels, CL (1985) A comparison of three microbial assay procedures for measuring toxicity of chemical residues. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 659–667.
Hale, JG (1977) Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 17: 66–73.
Hart, BT (1981) Trace metal complcxing capacity of natural waters: A review. Environ Technol Lett 2: 95–110.
Hastings, JW (1978) The chemistry and biology of bacterial light emission. Photochem Photobiol 27: 397–404.
Hickey, CW, Blaise, C, Costan, G (1991) Microtesting appraisal of ATP and cell recovery toxicity end points after acute exposure of Seknasirum capricornutum to selected chemicals. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 6: 383–403.
Hickey, RF, Vanderwielen, J, Switzenbaum, MS (1989) The effect of heavy metals on methane production and hydrogen and carbon monoxide levels during batch anaerobic sludge digestion. Water Res 23: 207–218.
Hirose, K (1990) Chemical speriation of trace metals in seawater: Implication of particulate trace metals. Mar Chem 28: 267–273.
Hockett, JR., Mount, DR (1990) Use of metal chelating agents to differentiate among sources of toxicity. In: Proc Soc Environ Toxicol Chem 11th Ann Meeting, Washington. DC. Nov. 1990.
Hung, Y-W (1982) Effects of temperature and chelating agents on cadmium uptake in the American Oyster. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 546–551.
Hutchinson, TC, Stokes, PM (1975) Heavy metal toxicity and algal bioassay. In: Water quality parameters. STP 563. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia. PA, pp 320–343.
Janssen, CR, Persoone, G (1993) Rapid toxicity screening tests for aquatic biota. 1. Methodology and experiments with Daphnia magna. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 711–717.
Jenner, HA, Janssen-Mommen, JPM (1993) Duckweed Lemna minor as a tool for testing toxicity of coal residues and polluted sediments. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 25: 3–11.
Johansson-Sjobeck, ML, Larsson, A (1979) Effects of inorganic lead on delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and hematological variables in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 419–431.
Jonas, RB, Gilmour, CC, Stoner, DL, Weir, MM, Tuttle, JH (1984) Comparison of methods to measure acute metal and organometal toxicity to natural aquatic microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 47: 1005–1011.
Jones, FV, Moffitt, CM, Bettge, W, Leuterman, AJJ, Garrison, R (1986) Drilling fluids firms respond to EPA toxicity concentration. Oil Gas J 84: 71–78.
Joubert, G (1980) A bioassay application for quantitative toxicity measurements using the green alga Selenaslrvm capricornufum. Water Res 14: 1759–1763.
Joubert, G (1980) A bioassay application for quantitative toxicity measurements using the green alga Selenaslrvm capricornufum. Water Res 14: 1759–1763.
Katayama-Hirayama, K (1986) Inhibition of the activities of 0-galactosidase and dehydrogenases of activated sludge by heavy metals. Water Res 20: 491–494.
Keith, LH, Telliard, WA (1979) Priority pollutants: a perspective view. Environ Sci Technol 13: 416–423.
Kennicut, MC (1980) ATP as an indicator of toxicity. Water Res 14: 225–228.
Khangarot, BS, Ray, PK (1987) Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38: 722–726.
King, EF, Dutka, BJ (1986) Respirometric techniques. In: Bitton, G, Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity testing using microorganisms. Vol 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 75–113.
Klaine, SJ, Wall, TD., Warren, JE (1993) Heavy metal bioavailability in freshwater sediments: Implication for sediment quality criteria. In: 6th Int Symp Tox Assess and On-line Monitoring, Berlin Univ of Technol, May 10–14, p 33.
Klapwijk, A., Drent, J, Steenvoorden, JHAM (1974) A modified procedure for the TTC-dehydrogcnase test in activated sludge. Water Res 8: 121–125.
Klein, DA., Loh, TC, Goulding, RL (1971) A rapid procedure to evaluate the deydrogenase activity of soils low in organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 3: 385–387.
Koopman, B, Bitton, G, Dutton, RJ, Logue, CL (1989) Toxicity testing in wastewater systems: Application of a short-term assay based on induction of the lac opcron in E. coli. Water Sci Technol 20 (11/12): 137–143.
Kwan, KK (1993a) Direct toxicity assessment of solid phase samples using the toxi-chromotest kit. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 8: 223–230.
Kwan, KK (1993b) Direct solid phase toxicity testing procedure. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 8: 345–350.
Kwan, KK, Dutka, BJ (1992a) Evaluation of Toxi-Chromotest direct sediment toxicity testing procedure and Microtox solid-phase testing procedure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49: 656–662.
Kwan, KK., Dutka, BJ (1992b) A novel bioassay approach: Direct application of the Toxi-Chromotest and SOS Chromotest to sediments. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 7: 49–60.
Landner, L (ed) (1987) Speciation of metals in water, sediment and soil systems. In: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Vol 11. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Langerman, N, Biltonen, RL (1979) In: Hirs, CHW and Timascheff, SN (eds) Methods in enzymology, Vol 61, Academic Press, New York, pp 287–317.
Lee, CW, Koopman, B, Bitton, G (1988) Evaluation of the formazan extraction step of INT-dehydrogenase assay. Tox Assess 3: 41–54.
Lee, KC., Cunningham, BA., Paulsen, GM., Liang, GH, Moore, RB (1976) Effects of cadmium on respiration rate and activities of several enzymes in soybean seedlings. Physiol Plant 36: 4–6.
Lee, S, Suzuki, M, Tamiya, E, Karube, I (1991) Microbial detection of toxic compounds utilizing recombinant DNA technology and bioluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 244: 201–206.
Lenhard, G (1963) Dehydrogenase activity as criterion for determination of toxic effects on biological purification systems. Hydrobiologia 25: 1–8.
Lewis, PA., Weber, CI (1985) A study of the reliability of Daphnia acute toxicity tests. In: Cardwell, RD., Purdy, R, Bahner, RC (eds) Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, STP 854. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 73–86.
Liu, D (1981) A rapid biochemical test for measuring chemical toxicity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 26: 145–149.
Liu, D, Dutka, BJ (eds) (1984) Toxicity screening procedures using bacterial systems. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Liu, D, Kwasniewska, K (1981) An improved agar plate method for rapid assessment of chemical inhibition to microbial populations. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 289–294.
Lloyd, R (1965) Factors that affect the tolerance of fish to heavy metal poisoning. In: Tarzwell, CM (ed) Biological problems in water pollution, 3rd Seminar. Publication 999-WP-25. U.S. Dept Health, Educ Welfare, Publ Health Serv, Cincinnati, OH, pp 181–186.
Maciorowski, HD, Clarke, R (1980) Advantages and disadvantages of using invertebrates in toxicity testing. In: Builema, AL., Cairns, J (eds) Aquatic invertebrate bioassays, STP 715. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia, PA, pp 36–47.
Matin, A, Auger, E, Blum, P, Schultz, J (1989) Genetic basis of starvation survival in nondifferentiating bacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 43: 293–316.
Matthys, W (1975) Enzyme of heavy metal-resistant and non-resistant populations of Silene cucubalus and their interaction with some heavy metals in vitro and in vivo. Physiol Plant 33: 161–165.
Mazidji, CN, Koopman, B, Bitton, G (1992) Distinction between heavy metal and organic toxicity using EDTA chelation and microbial assays. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 7: 339–354.
McFeters, GA, Bond, PJ, Olson, SB, Tehan, YT (1983) A comparison of microbial bioassays for the detection of aquatic toxicants. Water Res 17: 1757–1762.
Merian, E (1991) Metals and their compounds in the environment: Occurrence, analysis and biological relevance. Weinheim, New York.
Miller, TG, Mackay, WC (1980) The effects of hardness, alkalinity and pH of test water on the toxicity of copper to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Res 14: 129–133.
Miller, WE, Peterson, JC, Greene, JC, Callahan, CA (1985) Comparative toxicology of laboratory organisms for assessing hazardous waste sites. J Environ Qual 14: 569–574.
Moody, RP., Weinberger, P., Greenhalgh, R (1983) Algal fluorometric determination of the potential phytoioxicity of environmental pollutants. In: Nriagu, JO (ed) Aquatic toxicology. Wiley, New York, pp 503–512.
Mount, DI, Norberg, TJ (1984) A seven-day life style cladoceran toxicity test. Environ Toxicol Chem 3: 425–434.
Munawar, M, Dixon, G, Mayfieid, CI., Reynoldson, T., Sadar, MH (eds) (1989) Environmental bioassay techniques and their application. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Belgium.
Munkittrick, KR, Power, EA, Sergy, GA (1991) The relative sensitivity of Microtox Daphnia, rainbow trout, and fathead minnow acute lethality tests. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 6: 35–62.
Neidhardt, FR, van Bogelen, RA, Vaughn, V (1984) The genetics and regulation of heat-shock proteins. Ann Rev Gen 18: 295–329.
Obst, U, Holzapfel-Pschorn, A, Wiegand-Rosinus, M (1988) Application of enzyme assays for toxicological water testing. Tox Assess 3: 81–91.
Paran, JH., Sharma, S, Qureshi, AA (1990) A rapid and simple toxicity assay based on growth rate inhibition of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Tox Assess 5: 351–365.
Peltier, WH., Weber, CI (1985) Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwater and marine organisms. Report EPA-600/4-85/013. USEPA. Cincinnati, OH.
Perez-Garcia, A, Codina, JC., Cazoria, FM., de Vicente, A (1993) Rapid respirometric toxicity test: Sensitivity to metals. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 50: 703–708.
Phipps, GL., Holcombe, GW (1984) A method for aquatic multiple spccics toxicant testing: Acute toxicity of 10 chemicals to 5 vertebrates and 2 invertebrates. Environ Pollut 38: 141–157.
Qureshi, AA., Flood, KW., Thompson, SR., Janhurst, CS., Inniss, CS., Rokosh, DA (1982) Comparison of a luminescent bacterial test with other bioassays for determining toxicity of pure compounds and complex effluents. In: Pearson, JG., Foster, RB, Bishop, WE (eds) Aquatic toxicity and hazard assessment. 5th Conf, STP No. 766. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia. PA, pp 179–195.
Qureshi, AA., Coleman, RN., Paran, JH (1984) Evaluation and refinement of the Microtox test for use in toxicity screening. In: Liu, D, Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity screening procedures using bactcrial systems. Marcel Dckker. New York, pp 1.
Ralston, DM, O’Halloran, TV (1990) Ultrasensitive and heavy metal selectivity of the allosterically modulated merR transcription complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3846–3850.
Raspor, B (1991) 1.5 Metal and metal compounds in water. In: Merian, E (ed) Metals and their compounds in the environment: Occurrence, analysis and biological relevance. Weinheim, New York, pp 233–256.
Reinhartz, A, Lampert, I, Herzberg, M, Fish, F (1987) A new, short term, sensitive, bacterial assay kit for the detection of toxicants. Tox Assess 2: 193–206.
Rhodes, K (1992) A rapid acute toxicity test based on daphnid feeding behavior. M.S. thesis. Dept Environ Eng Sci, Univ of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Ribo, JM, Kaiser, KLE (1983) Effects of selected chemicals to photolumincscent bacteria and their correlations with acute and sublethal effects on other organisms. Chemosphere 12: 1421–1442.
Ribo, JM., Yang, JE., Huang, PM (1989) Luminescent bacteria toxicity assay in the study of mercury speciation. Hydrobiologia 188/189: 155–162.
Rodriguez, E., Jones, LP (1994) Expression of heat-stress proteins by heavy-metal resistant Acinetobacter. 94th Gen Meeting, Am Soc Microbiol, Las Vegas, Nevada. May 23–27, 1994. Abstract #Q–109.
Rogers, JE, Li, SW (1985) Effect of metals and other inorganic ions on soil microbial activity: soil dehydrogenase assay as a simple toxicity test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34: 858–865.
Schubauer-Berigan, MK, Dierkes, JR., Monson, PD, Ankley, GT (1993a) pH- dependent toxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azereca, and Lumbriculus variegalus. Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 1261–1266.
Schubauer-Berigan, MK., Amato, JR., Ankley, GT., Baker, SE., Burkhard, LP., Dierkes, JR., Jenson, JJ, Lukasewycz, MT, Norberg-King, TJ (1993b) The behavior and identification of toxic metals in complex mixtures: Examples from effluent and sediment pore water toxicity identification evaluation. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24: 298–306.
Selifonova, O., Burlage, R., Barkay, T (1993) Bioluminescent sensors for the detection of bioavailable Hg (II) in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 3083–3090.
Sengal, F., Tarkman, A (1989) Chromium treatment of wastewaters by chemical methods. In: Broekaert, JAC, Gucer, S., Adams, F (eds) Metal speciation in the environment, NATO ASI series G, Vol 23, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Slabbert, JL (1986) Improved bacterial growth test for rapid water toxicity screening. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37: 565–569.
Sloof, W, Canton, JH., Hermens, JL (1983) Comparison of the susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I. (Sub)acute toxicity tests. Aquat Toxicol 4: 113–128.
St-Laurent, D., Blaise, C., MacQuarrie, P., Scroggins, R., Trottier, B (1992) Comparative assessment of herbicide phytotoxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum using microplate and flask bioassay procedures. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 7: 35–48.
Sterritt, RM, Lester, JN (1980) Interaction of heavy metals with bacteria. Sci Total Environ 14: 6–17.
Stom, DI, Geel, TA, Balayan, AE., Shachova, GI, Kuznetsov, AM., Medvedeva, SE (1992) Bioluminescent method in studying the complex effect of sewage components. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 22: 203–208.
Stotzky, G (1979) Physicochemical factors that affect the toxicity of heavy metals to microbes in aquatic habitats. In: Colwell, RR., Foster, J, Ahearn, HL (eds) Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Univ of Maryland, College Park, pp 81–125.
Sylva, RN (1976) The environmental chemistry of copper (II) in aquatic systems. Water Res 10: 789–792.
Tanizaki, Y, Shimokawa, T, Yamazaki, M (1992) Physico-chemical speciation of trace elements in urban streams by size fractionation. Water Res 26: 55–63.
Tarradellas, J, Rossel, D (1991) Dehydrogenase activity of soil microflora: Significance in ecotoxicological tests. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 6: 17–34.
Tescione, L, Belfort, G (1993) Construction and evaluation of a metal ion detector. Biotechnol Bioeng 42: 945–952.
Tessier, L, Vaillancourt, G, Pazdernik, L (1994) Temperature effects on cadmium and mercury kinetics in freshwater molluscs under laboratory conditions. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 26: 179–184.
Trevors, JT (1986) Bacterial growth and activity as indicators of toxicity. In: Bitton, G, Dutka, BJ (eds) Toxicity testing using microorganisms. Vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 9–25.
Tucker, RK (1979) Effects of in vivo cadmium exposure on ATPase in gill of the lobster, Homarus amehcanus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 23: 33–35.
Tung, KK, Scheibner, MG, Walbourn, CC (1991) The solid phase assay: New Microtox test procedure. In: Proc. 17th Ann. Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Nov 5–7, 1990, Vancouver. BC, Vol. I.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1979) Bibliography of literature pertaining to the genus Selenasirum. USEPA, Corvallis, OR.
USEPA (1988) Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluation. Phase I toxicity characterization procedures. Report EPA 600/3-88/034. USEPA, Duluth, MN.
USEPA (1989a) Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluation. Phase II toxicity identification procedures. Report 600/3-88/035. USEPA. Duluth, MN.
USEPA (1989b) Methods for aquatic toxicity identification evaluation. Phase III toxicity confirmation procedures. Report 600/3-88/036. USEPA, Duluth, MN.
USEPA (1989c) Algal (Selenastrum caprtcornutum) growth test. In: Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms EPA/600/4-89/001. USEPA. Cincinnati, OH. pp 147–174.
van Assche, F., Cardinaels, C, Clijsters, H (1988) Induction of enzyme capacity in plants as a results of heavy metal toxicity: Dose-response relations in Phaseolus vulgaris L.. treated with zinc and cadmium. Environ Pollut 52: 103–115.
van Coillie, R, Couture, P., Visser, SA (1983) In: Nriagu, JO (ed) Aquatic toxicology. Wiley, New York, pp 487–502.
van Dyk, TK., Majarian, WR., Konstantinov, KB., Young, RM, Dhurjati, PS, LaRossa, RA (1994) Rapid and sensitive pollutant detection by induction of heat shock gene-bioluminescence gene fusions. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 1414–1420.
Vasseur, P, Ferard, JF, Rast, C, Larbaigt, G (1984) Luminiscent marine bacteria in acute toxicity testing. In: Persoone, G., Jaspers, E, Claus, C (eds) Ecotoxicological testing for the marine environment. Vol 2, State Univ of Ghent and Inst of Marine Sci Res, Bredene. Belgium, pp 381–396.
Versteeg, DJ., Graney, RL, Gicsy, JP (1988) Field utilization of clinical measures for the assessment of xenobiotic stress in aquatic organisms. In: Adams, WJ, Chapman, GA, Landis, WG (Eds) Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, Vol 10, STP 971. Am Soc Test Mat, Philadelphia. PA, pp 289–306.
Vidakovic, Z, Papes, D, Tomic, M (1993) Toxicity of waste drilling fluids in modified allium test. Water Air Soil Pollut 69: 413–423.
Walsh, GE., Garnas, RL (1983) Determination of chemical fractions of liquid wastes using freshwater and saltwater algae and crustaceans. Environ Sci Technol 17: 180–182.
Wood, JM, Wang, H-K (1983) Microbial resistance to heavy metals. Environ Sci Technol 17: 582A–590A.
Xu, H, Dutka, BJ (1987) ATP-TOX system: A new rapid sensitive bacterial toxicity screening system based on the determination of ATP. Tox Assess 2: 149–166.
Zimmermann, R, Iturriaga, R, Becker-Birck, J (1978) Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number thereof involved in respiration. Appl Environ Microbiol 36: 926–935.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kong, IC., Bitton, G., Koopman, B., Jung, KH. (1995). Heavy Metal Toxicity Testing in Environmental Samples. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 142. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4252-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4252-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8709-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4252-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive