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Role of Growth Factors of Uterine and Fetal-Placental Origin During Pregnancy

  • Chapter
Endocrinology of Pregnancy

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 9))

Abstract

Implantation of the mammalian embryo and development of the placenta are interactive processes that depend on two-way communication between genetically distinct individuals. On the maternal side, the hormonal status of the uterus is crucial to change the uterus from a hostile environment to one that is receptive to the blastocyst (1). On the embryonic side, development must proceed from the fertilized ovum to the blastocyst stage before an implantation reaction can be initiated. The importance of the synchrony between the uterus and embryo was originally suggested by the pioneering embryo transfer experiments of Chang (2). Although the strictness of this relationship varies somewhat among species, the requirement for developmental synchrony has now been demonstrated to some extent for all species studied (1,3,4). The establishment and maintenance of pregnancy are complicated processes that can be more easily conceptualized by subdividing prenatal life into three distinct phases. In the first phase, the embryo is free-living in the maternal reproductive tract. However, luminal fluids provide a rich source of growth factors and nutrients during this phase, particularly in ungulates (5). Preimplantation development is remarkably similar among species even though there is exceptional diversity in placental types occurring later in pregnancy (6). The second phase of prenatal life spans the period of attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus and subsequent development of the placenta and fetal organs. Embryonic loss at this stage is high (7,8) often because of inadequate development of the placental vascular connections (9). Failure to produce bidirectional signals in the appropriate temporal sequence or amount may be largely responsible for embryo losses at this time (reviewed in 10). The latter half of pregnancy is considered to be the third and final phase of prenatal development. During this time, the major changes involve growth of the fetus and the placenta (reviewed in 11).

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Authors
  1. Virginia Rider PhD
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  2. Marta Piva PhD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Science and Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Fuller W. Bazer PHD

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Rider, V., Piva, M. (1998). Role of Growth Factors of Uterine and Fetal-Placental Origin During Pregnancy. In: Bazer, F.W. (eds) Endocrinology of Pregnancy. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 9. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1804-3_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1804-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7291-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1804-3

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