Summary
Predicting and understanding the effects of multiple stressors is one of the most important challenges presently facing ecologists. Human activities expose ecological systems to a wide range of stressors, whose direct, indirect, and interactive effects can vary depending on system, species, and stressor characteristics. Understanding how multiple stressors affect natural systems will improve our ability to manage and protect these systems, as well as contribute to the understanding of fundamental ecological principles. However, a concerted effort is needed to explore this issue through experiments, modeling, and sampling conducted at a range of spatial and temporal scales, and in ways that take advantage of management-initiated as well as unintentional changes in human-influenced systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aber, J.D., A. Magill, R. Boone, J.M. Melillo, P. Steudler, and R. Bowden. 1993. Plant and soil responses to chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts.Ecological Applications3:156–166.
Abrams, P., B.A. Menge, G.G. Mittelbach, D. Spiller, and P. Yodzis. 1996. The role of indirect effects in food webs. Pages 371–395 in G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller, eds.Food webs: integration of patterns and dynamics.Chapman & Hall, New York.
Berge, J.A. 1990. Macrofauna recolonization of subtidal sediments. Experimental studies on defaunated sediment contaminated with crude oil in two Norwegian fjords with unequal eutrophication status. I. Community responses.Marine Ecology and Progress Series66:103–115.
Berge, J.A., R.G. Lichtenhtaler, and F. Orled. 1987. Hydrocarbon depuration and abiotic changes in artificially oil contaminated sediment in the subtidal.Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science24:567–583.
DeAngelis, D.L. 1980. Energy flow, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem resilience.Ecology61:764–771.
Flavin, C. 1997. The legacy of Rio. Pages 3–22 in L.R. Brown, C. Flavin, and H. French, eds.State of the world 1997 Worldwatch Institute.W.W. Norton and Company, New York.
Gilpin, M. The genetic effective size of a metapopulation. 1991.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society42:165–172.
Grey, G.W., and F.J. Deneke. 1986.Urban forestry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Goudie, A. 1990.The human impact on the natural environment.MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Gustafson, E.J., and T.R. Crow. 1994. Modeling the effects of forest harvesting on landscape structure and the spatial distribution of cowbird brood parasitism.Landscape Ecology9(4):237.
Hall, R.J., and G.E. Likens. 1981. Chemical flux in an acid-stressed stream.Nature292:329–331.
Harte, J., and R. Shaw. 1995. Shifting dominance within a montane vegetation community: results of a climate warming experiment.Science267:876–880.
Hay, M.E. 1984. Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: areprevious results typical?Ecology65:446–454.
Howarth, R.W. 1991. Comparative responses of aquatic ecosystems to toxic chemical stress. Pages 169–195 in J. Cole, G. Lovett, and S. Findlay, eds.Comparative analyses of ecosystems.Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hughes, T.P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef.Science265:1547–1551.
Jongman, R.H.G., C.J.F. ter Braak, and O.F.R. van Tongeren. 1995.Data analysis in community and landscape ecology.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Lessios, H.A. 1988. Mass mortality ofDiadema antillarumin the Caribbean: what have we learned?Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics19:371–393.
Lovett, G.M., and A.E. Ruesink. 1995. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from decomposing gypsy moth frass.Oecologia104:133–138.
McDonnell, M.J., and E.A. Roy. 1996. Vegetation dynamics of a remnant hardwoods-hemlock forest in New York City.Supplement to the Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America77:294.
McDonnell, M.J., and S.T.A. Pickett. 1990. The study of ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology.Ecology71:1231–1237.
McDonnell, M.J., and S.T.A. Pickett. 1993.Humans as components of ecosystems.Springer-Verlag, New York.
Murcia, C. 1995. Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation.Trends in Ecology and Evolution10:58–62.
National Research Council. 1990.Forestry research: a mandate for change. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Pickett, S.T.A., J. Kolasa, J.J. Armesto, and S.L. Collins. 1989. The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels.Oikos54:129–136.
Pouyat, R.V. 1992. Soil characteristics and litter dynamics in mixed deciduous forests along an urban-rural gradient. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
Pouyat, R.V., and M.J. McDonnell. 1991. Heavy metal accumulations in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in southeastern New York, USA. Water Air and Soil Pollution57–58:57–58.
Pouyat, R.V., M.J. McDonnell, and S.T.A. Pickett. 1997. Litter and nitrogen dynam-ics in oak stands along an urban-rural gradient.Urban Ecosystems1:117–131.
Pouyat, R.V., R.W. Parmelee, and M.M. Carreiro. 1994. Environmental effects on forest soil-invertebrate and fungal densities in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient.Pedobiologia38:385–399.
Riedel, G.F. 1984. Influence of salinity and sulfate on the toxicity of chromium (VI) to the estuarine diatomThalassiosira pseudonana. Journal of Phycology20:496–500.
Riedel, G.F. 1985. The relationship between chromium (VI) uptake, sulfate uptake, and chromium (VI) toxicity in the estuarine diatomThalassiosira pseudonana. Aquatic Toxicology7:191–204.
Rudnicky, J.L., and M.J. McDonnell. 1989. Forty-eight years of canopy change in a hardwood-hemlock forest in New York City.Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club116:52–64.
Sanders, J.G. 1979. Effects of arsenic speciation and phosphate concentration on arsenic inhibition ofSkeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology15:424–428.
Sanders, J.G., and G.F. Riedel. 1987. Control of trace element toxicity by phytoplankton. Pages131–149inJ.A. Saunders, L. Kosak-Channing, and E.E. Conneds. Recent advances in phytochemistry, vol. 21.Plenum Press, New York.
Sanders, J.G., G.F. Riedel, and R.W. Osman. 1994. Arsenic cycling and impact in estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. Pages289–308inJ.O. Nriagued. Arsenic in the environment part I: cycling and characterization.John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Schindler, D.W. 1977. The evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes.Science195:260–262.
Schindler, D.W., K.H. Mills, D.F. Malley, D.L. Findlay, J.A. Shearer, I.J. Davies, et al. 1985. Long-term ecosystem stress: the effects of years of experimental acidification on a small lake.Science228:1395–1401.
Schmitt, R.J., and C.W. Osenberg. 1997.Detecting ecological impacts: concepts and applications in coastal habitats.Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Steinberg, D.A., R.V. Pouyat, R.W. Parmalee, and P.M. Groffman. 1997. Earthworm abundance and nitrogen mineralization rates along an urban-rural land use gradient.Soil Biology and Biochemistry29:427–430.
ter Braak, C.J.F., and I.C. Prentice. 1988. A theory of gradient analysis.Advances in Ecological Research18:272–327.
Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability.Ecology77:350–363.
Turner, M.G. 1987.Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance.Springer, New York.
Wangberg, S.-A., and H. Blanck. 1990. Arsenate sensitivity in marine periphyton communities established under various nutrient regimes.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology139:119–134.
Webb, J.R., B.J. Cosby, F.A. Deviney, K.N. Eshleman, and J.N. Galloway. 1995. Change in the acid-base status of an Appalachian catchment following forest defoliation by the gypsy moth. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution85:535–540.
Williamson, C.E., S.L. Metzgar, P.A. Lovera, and R.E. Moeller. 1997. Solar ultraviolet radiation and the spawning habitat of yellow perchPerca flavescens. Ecological Applications7:1017–1023.
White, C.S., and M.J. McDonnell. 1988. Nitrogen cycling processes and soil characteristics in an urban versus rural forest.Biogeochemistry5:243–262.
Whittaker, R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation.Biological Reviews49: 207–264.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Breitburg, D.L. et al. (1998). Understanding Effects of Multiple Stressors: Ideas and Challenges. In: Pace, M.L., Groffman, P.M. (eds) Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_17
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98475-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-1724-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive