Abstract
Lignocellulose is generally considered to be the most abundant organic chemical on earth and has attracted much attention over recent years, both as a direct energy resource and as a feedstock for production of fuel, chemicals and food. Lynch (1987) considers that approximately 50% of the world’s biomass is in the form of lignocellulose (estimated at 3 × 1011 tonnes) and annual production is judged to be in the range 2–5 × 109 tonnes (Kirk and Fenn 1982). The majority of lignocellulose is found as wood and straw.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adler E (1977) Lignin Chemistry. Past, present and future Wood Science and Technol. 11: 169–218
Aspinall GO (1980) Chemistry of cell wall polysaccharides in The Biochemistry of Plants, a comprehensive treatise Vol 3 Preiss J (ed) Academic Press pp 473-500
Attala RH, van der Hart DL (1984) Native cellulose: a composite of two distinct crystalline forms. Science 223: 283–285
Baydoun EA-H, Brett CT (1984) The effect of pH on the binding of calcium to pea epicotyl cell walls J Expt Bot. 35: 1820–1831
Blackwell J, Marchessault RH (1971) In: Bikales NM, Segal L (eds) Cellulose and cellulose derivatives, part 4. Wiley Interscience, New York pp 1–2
Blackwell J, Kolpak FJ, Gardner KH (1977) In: Arthur JC (ed) Cellulose chemistry and technology, ACS Symposium Series No 48. American Chemical Society, Washington pp 42–43
Bowles DJ, Northcote DH (1974) The amounts and rates of export of polysaccharides found in the membrane systems of maize root cells. Biochem J 142: 139–144
Buliga GS, Brant DA, Fincher GB (1986) The sequence statistics and solution confirmation of a barley (1 3, 1 4)-β-D-glucan. Carbohydrate Res 157: 139–156
Camirand A, Brummell D, MacLachlan G (1987) Fucosylation of Xyloglucan. Plant Physiol. 84: 753–756
Crawford RL (1981) Lignin Biodegradation and Transformation. Wiley Interscience
Delmer DP (1987) Cellulose Biosynthesis. Ann. Revs. Plant Physiology 38: 259–290
Doyle CJ, Mason VC, Baker RD (1988) Straw disposal and utilisation: an economic evaluation of the end-uses for wheat straw in the UK. Biological Wastes 23:39–56
Eriksson K-EL, Blanchette RA, Ander P (1990) Biodegradation of cellulose. In: Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood and wood components. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg pp 89–177
Fan LT, Young-Hyun Lee, Gharpuray MM (1982) The nature of lignocellulosics and their pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis. Adv Biochem Eng 23:155–188
Feingold DS, Avigard G (1980) Sugar nucleotide transformations in Plants. In Biochemistry of Plants; A Comprehensive Treatise Vol 3 Preiss J (ed) Academic Press pp 101-170
Fengel D, Wegener G (1983) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 613 pp
Fincher GB, Stone BA (1981) Metabolism of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in Plant Carbohydrates II Tanner W, Loewus FA (eds) Springer, Berlin pp 68–132
Freudenberg K (1965) Lignin: Its constitution and formation from p-hydroxy cinnamyl alcohols Science 148: 595–600
Freudenberg K (1968) The constitution and biosynthesis of Lignin. In: The constitution and biosynthesis of Lignin Freudenberg K, Neish AC (eds) Springer, Berlin pp 47–122
Fry SC (1985) Primary cell wall metabolism Oxford Surv. Plant Mol. Cell. Biol. 2: 1–42 Mifflin BJ (ed)OUP
Fry SC (1987) Intracellular feruloylation of pectin polysaccharides Planta 171: 205–211
Fry SC, Northcote DH (1983) Sugar-nucleotide precursors of the aribinofuranosyl, arabinopyranosyl and xylanopyranosyl residues of spinach polysaccharides. Plant Physiol. 73: 1055–1061
Gross GG, Jansen C, Estner EF (1977) Involvement of malate, monophenols and superoxide radicals in hydrogen peroxide formation by isolated cell walls from horse radish (Aromoraeia lapathifolium Gilib) Planta 136: 271–276
Gross GG (1985) Biosynthesis and Metabolism of phenolic acids and monolignols in Biosynthesis and degradation of wood components Higuchi T (ed) Academic Press
Harris PJ, Hartley RD (1980) Phenolic constituents of the cell walls of monocotyledons Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 8: 153–160
Hayashi T, Matsuda K (1981) Biosynthesis of xyloglucan in suspension-cultured soyabean cells. Plant Cell Physiol 22: 1571–1584
Henry RJ, Stone BA (1982) Solubilisation of β-glucan synthases from the membranes of cultured ryegrass endosperm cells. Biochem J 203: 629–636
Higuchi T (1985) Biosynthesis of lignin. In: Higuchi T (ed) Biosynthesis and biodegradation of wood components Academic Press, San Diego pp 141–160
Higuchi T (1990) Lignin biochemistry: Biosynthesis and Degradation. Wood Sci Technol 24: 23–63
Hwang RH, Kennedy JF, Melo EHM, Paterson M, Jumel K (1990) Lignin structure: approach by conformational analysis. In: Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Cellulose sources and exploitation: industrial utilisation, biotechnology and physico-chemical properties, Ellis Horwood, England pp 497–504
Jeffries TW (1987) Physical, chemical and biochemical considerations in the biological degradation of wood. In: Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Wood and cellulosics: industrial utilisation, biotechnology, structure and properties. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England pp 213–230
Jansnekar H, Fiechter A (1983) Lignin: Biosynthesis, Application and Biodegradation. Adv Biochem Eng Biotech 27 119–178
Kennedy JF (1988) Biotransformation of polysaccharides. A report prepared for the Biotransformation Club of the Government Chemist, UK pp 14–34
Kerr AJ, Goring DAI (1975) The ultrastuctural arrangement of the wood cell wall. Cellul Chem Technol 9: 563–573
Kirk TK (1983) Degradation and conversion of lignocellulose in The Filamentous Fungi Vol. IV Fungal Technology Smith NE, Berry DR, Kristiansen B (eds) pp 266-295
Kirk TK, Farrell RL (1987) Enzymatic “combustion”: The Microbial Degradation of Lignin Ann Revs Microbiol 41: 464–505
Kirk TK, Fenn P (1982) Formation and action of the ligninolytic system in basidiomycetes. In: Swift MJ, Frankland J, Hedger JN (eds) Decomposer basidiomycetes, Br Mycol Soc Symp 4 Cambridge University Press, England pp 67–90
Krassig H (1985) Structure of cellulose and its relation to properties of cellulose fibres. In: Kennedy JF, Williams GO, Wedlock DJ, Williams PA (eds) Cellulose and its derivatives. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England pp 3–26
Krauss H, Swanson AL, Hassid WZ (1967) Biosynthesis of the methyl ester groups of pectin by transmethylation from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 26: 234–240
Loewus FA, Loewus MW (1980) myo-Inositol: Biosynthesis and metabolism in The Biochemistry of Plants, a comprehensive treatise Vol 3 Preiss J (ed) Academic Press pp 43-76
Lewis NG, Yamamoto E (1990) Lignin: occurrence, biogenesis and biodegradation. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41: 455–496
Lynch JM (1987) Utilisation of Lignocellulosic Wastes J Appl Bact Symp Suppl 71S-83S
McNeil M, Darvill AG, Fry SC, Albersheim P (1984) Structure and Function of the Primary Cell Wall of Plants Ann Revs Biochem 53: 625–663
Meier H, Buchs L, Buchala AJ, Homewood T (1981) (1 3)-β-glucan is a probable intermediate in the biosynthesis of cellulose of cotton fibres Nature 289: 821–822
Nakamura Y, Higuchi T (1976) Ester linkages of p-coumaric acid in Bamboo Holzforsch 30: 187–191
Northcote DH (1972) Chemistry of the plant cell wall. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 23:113–132
Northcote DH, Pickett-Heaps JD (1966) A function of the Golgi apparatus in polysaccharide synthesis and transport in the root cap cells of wheat Biochem J 98: 159–167
Obst JR (1982) Frequency and alkali resistance of lignin-carbohydrate bonds in wood. Tappi 65 109–112
Reid JSG (1985) Structure and function in legume-seed polysaccharides. In: Plant Cell Walls Brett CT, Hulman JR (eds) CUP pp 259-268
Robinson DG, Eisinger WR, Ray PM (1976) Dynamics of the Golgi system in wall matrix polysaccharide synthesis and secretion by pea cells. Ber deutch Bot Ges 89: 147–161
Ross P, Weinhouse H, Aloni Y, Michaeli D, Weinberger-Ohang P, Mayer R, Braun S, de Vroom E, van der Marcl G, van Boem JH, Benziman M (1987) Regulation of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter xylinwn by cyclic diguanylic acid. Nature 325: 279–281
Ross P, Mayer R, Benziman M (1991) Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria. Microbiological Reviews 55: 35–58
Sakakibara A (1983) Chemical structure of lignin related mainly to degradation products. In: Recent Advances in Lignin Biodegradation Research. Higuchi T, Chang H-M, Kirk TK. Tokyo: Uni Publishers Company Ltd pp 12–23
Sarkanen KV (1971) Precursors and their polymerisation. In: Lignins, occurence, formation sructure and reactions. Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) p 95
Stephenson PJ (1987) Modern analytical methods — application to cellulose and its derivatives. In: Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Wood and cellulosics: industrial utilisation, biotechnology, structure and properties. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, England pp 13–21
Tanahashi M, Aoki T, Higuchi T (1981) Dehydrogenative polymerisation of monolignols by peroxidase and H2O2 in a dialysis tube. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 27: 116–124
Tanaka K, Nakatsubo F, Higuchi T (1976) Reaction of guaiacyl-glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether with sugars I Mokuzai Gakkaishi 22: 587–590
Tanaka K, Nakatsubo F, Higuchi T (1979) Reaction of guaiacyl-glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether with sugars II. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 25: 653–659
Thelen MP, Delmer DP (1986) Gel Electrophoretic separation, detection and characterisation of plant and bacterial UDP-glucose glucosytransferases. Plant Physiol 81: 913–918
Waldron KW, Brett CT (1985) Interactions of enzymes involved in glucuronoxylan synthesis in pea (Pisum sativum) epicotuis. Biochem J 213:115–122
Whitmore FW (1978) Lignin-protein complex catalysed by peroxidase. Plant Sci Lett 13: 241–245
Wood TM (1985) Aspects of the Biochemistry of Cellulose Degradation in Cellulose and its Derivatives. Kennedy JF, Phillips GO, Wedlock DJ, Williams PA (eds) 173-188 Ellis Horwood
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Betts, W.B., Dart, R.K., Ball, A.S., Pedlar, S.L. (1991). Biosynthesis and Structure of Lignocellulose. In: Betts, W.B. (eds) Biodegradation. Springer Series in Applied Biology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3470-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3470-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3472-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3470-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive