Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts

  • Chapter
Radiologic-Pathologic Correlations from Head to Toe

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Grayson DE, Abbott RM, Levy AD, Sherman PM (2002) Emphysematous infections of the abdomen and pelvis: a pictorial review. Radiographics 22:543–561

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mentzer RM, Jr., Golden GT, Chandler JG, Horsley JS, 3rd (1975) A comparative appraisal of emphysematous cholecystitis. Am J Surg 129:10–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bloom RA, Libson E, Lebensart PD, et al (1989) The ultrasound spectrum of emphysematous cholecystitis. J Clin Ultrasound 17:251–256

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nemcek AA, Jr., Gore RM, Vogelzang RL, Grant M (1988) The effervescent gallbladder: a sonographic sign of emphysematous cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150:575–577

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wu CS, Yao WJ, Hsiao CH (1998) Effervescent gallbladder: sonographic findings in emphysematous cholecystitis. J Clin Ultrasound 26:272–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Goodman ZD, Ishak KG (1981) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Am J Surg Pathol 5:653–659

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ros PR, Goodman ZD (1997) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis versus gallbladder carcinoma. Radiology 203:10–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Reed A, Ryan C, Schwartz SI (1994) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. J Am Coll Surg 179:249–252

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Houston JP, Collins MC, Cameron I, Reed MW, Parsons MA, Roberts KM (1994) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Br J Surg 81: 1030–1032

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Albores-Saavedra J, Henson DE, Klimstra DS (2000) Tumors of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and ampulla of vater. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, fasc 27, ser 3. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chun KA, Ha HK, Yu ES, et al (1997) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: CT features with emphasis on differentiation from gallbladder carcinoma. Radiology 203:93–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim PN, Ha HK, Kim YH, Lee MG, Kim MH, Auh YH (1998) US findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Clin Radiol 53:290–292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ootani T, Shirai Y, Tsukada K, Muto T (1992) Relationship between gallbladder carcinoma and the segmental type of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. Cancer 69:2647–2652

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Levy AD, Murakata LA, Abbott RM, Rohrmann CA, Jr. (2002) From the archives of the AFIP. Benign tumors and tumorlike lesions of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Radiographics 22:387–413

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Raghavendra BN, Subramanyam BR, Balthazar EJ, Horii SC, Megibow AJ, Hilton S (1983) Sonography of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology 146:747–752

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Haradome H, Ichikawa T, Sou H, et al (2003) The Pearl Necklace Sign: An Imaging Sign of Adenomyomatosis of the Gallbladder at MR Cholangiopancreatography. Radiology 227: 80–88

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, Jimi M, et al (1999) MR diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder and differentiation from gallbladder carcinoma: importance of showing Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172: 1535–1540

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Terzi C, Sokmen S, Seckin S, Albayrak L, Ugurlu M (2000) Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder: report of 100 cases with special reference to operative indications. Surgery 127: 622–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Christensen AH, Ishak KG (1970) Benign tumors and pseudotumors of the gallbladder. Report of 180 cases. Arch Pathol 90:423–432

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sugiyama M, Atomi Y, Kuroda A, Muto T, Wada N (1995) Large cholesterol polyps of the gallbladder: diagnosis by means of US and endoscopic US. Radiology 196:493–497

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Albores-Saavedra J, Henson DE (1986) Tumors of the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: Atlas of tumor pathology. Fasc 22, ser 2. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

    Google Scholar 

  22. Albores-Saavedra J, Vardaman CJ, Vuitch F (1993) Non-neoplastic polypoid lesions and adenomas of the gallbladder. Pathol Annu 28 Pt 1:145–177

    Google Scholar 

  23. Furukawa H, Takayasu K, Mukai K, et al (1995) CT evaluation of small polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Hepatogastroenterology 42:800–810

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Greenlee RT, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA (2000) Cancer Statistics 2000. CA Cancer J Clin 50:7–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nagorney DM, McPherson GAD (1988) Carcinoma of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts. Semin Oncol 15: 106–115

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Albores-Saavedra J, Alcantra-Vazquez A, Cruz-Ortiz H, Herrera-Goepfert R (1980) The precursor lesions of invasive gallbladder carcinoma. Hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ. Cancer 45:919–927

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Khan ZR, Neugut AI, Ahsan H, Chabot JA (1999) Risk factors for biliary tract cancers. Am J Gastroenterol 94:149–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Welton JC, Marr JS, Friedman SM (1979) Association between hepatobiliary cancer and typhoid carrier state. Lancet 1: 791–794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bond GG, McLaren EA, Sabel FL, Bodner KM, Lipps TE, Cook RR (1990) Liver and biliary tract cancer among chemical workers. Am J Ind Med 18:19–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brandt DJ, MacCarty RL, Charboneau JW, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH, Ludwig J (1988) Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. AJR 150:571–574

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bloustein PA (1977) Association of carcinoma with congenital cystic conditions of the liver and bile ducts. Am J Gastroenterol 67:40–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Yoshida T, Shibata K, Matsumoto T, Sasaki A, Hirose R, Kitano S (1999) Carcinoma of the gallbladder associated with anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary duct in adults. J Am Coll Surg 189:57–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Berk RN, Armbuster TG, Saltzstein SL (1973) Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder. Radiology 106:29–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sons HU, Borchard F, Joel BS (1985) Carcinoma of the gallbladder: autopsy findings in 287 cases and review of the literature. J Surg Oncol 28:199–206

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Franquet T, Montes M, Ruiz de Azua Y, Jimenez FJ, Cozcolluela R (1991) Primary gallbladder carcinoma: imaging findings in 50 patients with pathologic correlation. Gastrointest Radiol 16:143–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lane J, Buck JL, Zeman RK (1989) Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. RadioGraphics 9:209–228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Levy AD, Murakata LA, Rohrmann CA, Jr (2001) Gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 21:295–314; questionnaire, 549–255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Weiner SN, Koenigsberg M, Morehouse H, Hoffman J (1984) Sonography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the gallbladder. AJR Am J Roentgenol 142: 735–739

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Smathers RL, Lee JK, Heiken JP (1984) Differentiation of complicated cholecystitis from gallbladder carcinoma by computed tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143:255–259

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, Shinozaki K, et al (2002) Helical CT of the local spread of carcinoma of the gallbladder: evaluation according to the TNM system in patients who underwent surgical resection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179:423–428

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rooholamini SA, Tehrani NS, Razavi MK, et al (1994) Imaging of gallbladder carcinoma. Radiographics 14:291–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Caroli J, Soupault R, Kossakowski J, Plocker L, Paradowska M (1958) La dilatation polykystique congénitale des voies biliaires intrahépatiques: essai de classification. Sem Hop Paris 34:128–135

    Google Scholar 

  43. Desmet VJ (1992) Congenital diseases of intrahepatic bile ducts: variations on the theme “ductal plate malformation”. Hepatology 16:1069–1083

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Levy AD, Rohrmann CA, Jr., Murakata LA, Lonergan GJ (2002) Caroli’s disease: radiologic spectrum with pathologic correlation. AJR 179:1053–1057

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Choi BI, Yeon KM, Kim SH, Han MC (1990) Caroli disease: central dot sign in CT. Radiology 174:161–163

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lucaya J, Gomez JL, Molino C, Atienza JG (1978) Congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli’s disease). Radiology 127:746

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Guy F, Cognet F, Dranssart M, Cercueil JP, Conciatori L, Krause D (2002) Caroli’s disease: magnetic resonance imaging features. Eur Radiol 12:2730–2736

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Barros JL, Polo JR, Sanabia J, Garcia-Sabrido JL, Gomez-Lorenzo FJ (1979) Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli’s disease): report of a case and review of the literature. Surgery 85:589–592

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McDuffie SR, Nelson IB, Scobey MW (1995) Unusual presentation of an unusual type of choledochal cyst. Am J Gastroenterol 90:1884–1885

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. De Vries JS, De Vries S, Aronson DC, et al (2002) Choledochal cysts: Age of presentation, symptoms, and late complications related to Todani’s classification. J Pediatr Surg 37:1568–1573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Yamaguchi M (1980) Congenital choledochal cyst. Analysis of 1,433 patients in the Japanese literature. Am J Surg 140: 653–657

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Todani T, Toki A (1996) Cancer arising in choledochal cyst and management. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 97:594–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Nagorney DM, McIlrath DC, Adson MA (1984) Choledochal cysts in adults: clinical management. Surgery 96:656–663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rossi RL, Silverman ML, Braasch JW, Munson JL, ReMine SG (1987) Carcinomas arising in cystic conditions of the bile ducts. A clinical and pathologic study. Ann Surg 205:377–384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Komi N, Kuwashima T, Kuramoto M, Udaka H, Ogasahara K (1976) Anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system in choledochal cyst. Tokushima J Exp Med 23: 37–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Jona JZ, Babbitt DP, Starshak RJ, LaPorta AJ, Glicklich M, Cohen RD (1979) Anatomic observations and etiologic and surgical considerations in choledochal cyst. J Pediatr Surg 14:315–320

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Babbitt DP (1969) Congenital choledochal cysts: new etiological concept based on anomalous relationships of the common bile duct and pancreatic bulb. Ann Radiol (Paris) 12: 231–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Babbitt DP, Starshak RJ, Clemett AR (1973) Choledochal cyst: a concept of etiology. AJR 119:57–62

    Google Scholar 

  59. Todani T, Watanabe Y, Narusue M, Tabuchi K, Okajima K (1977) Congenital bile duct cysts: Classification, operative procedures, and review of thirty-seven cases including cancer arising from choledochal cyst. Am J Surg 134:263–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dinsmore JE, Murphy JJ, Jamieson D (2001) Pediatric surgical images: MRCP evaluation of choledochal cysts. J Pediatr Surg 36:829–830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sugiyama M, Baba M, Atomi Y, Hanaoka H, Mizutani Y, Hachiya J (1998) Diagnosis of anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction: value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Surgery 123:391–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kim SH, Lim JH, Yoon HK, Han BK, Lee SK, Kim YI (2000) Choledochal cyst: comparison of MR and conventional cholangiography. Clin Radiol 55:378–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Wheeler W (1940) An unusual case of obstruction of the common bile duct (choledochocele?). Br J Surg 27:446–448

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kagiyama S, Okazaki K, Yamamoto Y (1987) Anatomic variants of choledochocele and manometric measurements of pressure in the cele and the orifice zone. Am J Gastroenterol 82:641–649

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Scholz FJ, Carrera GF, Larsen CR (1976) The choledochocele: correlation of radiological, clinical and pathological findings. Radiology 118:25–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sarris GE, Tsang D (1989) Choledochocele: case report, literature review, and a proposed classification. Surgery 105: 408–414

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hanau LH, Steigbigel NH (2000) Acute (ascending) cholangitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14:521–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sinanan MN (1992) Acute cholangitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 6:571–599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hanau LH, Steigbigel NH (1995) Cholangitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 15:153–178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Silvis SE, Rohrmann CA, Ansel HA (1995) Text and atlas of ERCP. New York, Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ponsioen CY, Vrouenraets SM, Prawirodirdjo W, et al (2002) Natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis and prognostic value of cholangiography in a Dutch population. Gut 51:562–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ponsioen CI, Tytgat GN (1998) Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a clinical review. Am J Gastroenterol 93:515–523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Larusso NF (1999) The Fifth Carlos E. Rubio Memorial Lecture. Sclerosing cholangitis: pathogenesis, pathology, and practice. P R Health Sci J 18:11–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ludwig J (1991) Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis 11:11–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Vitellas KM, Keogan MT, Freed KS, et al (2000) Radiologic manifestations of sclerosing cholangitis with emphasis on MR cholangiopancreatography. Radiographics 20:959–975; quiz 1108–1109,1112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Dodd GD, 3rd, Baron RL, Oliver JH, 3rd, Federle MP (1999) End-stage primary sclerosing cholangitis: CT findings of hepatic morphology in 36 patients. Radiology 211:357–362

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. MacCarty RL, LaRusso NF, May GR, et al (1985) Cholangio-carcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: cholangio-graphic appearances. Radiology 156:43–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Campbell WL, Peterson MS, Federle MP, et al (2001) Using CT and cholangiography to diagnose biliary tract carcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:1095–1100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tranter SE, Maddern GJ, Berry DP (2000) Inflammatory conditions of the common bile duct. Aust N Z J Surg 70:95–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lim JH (1991) Oriental cholangiohepatitis: pathologic, clinical, and radiologic features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157:1–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wilcox CM, Monkemuller KE (1998) Hepatobiliary diseases in patients with AIDS: focus on AIDS cholangiopathy and gallbladder disease. Dig Dis 16:205–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Keaveny AP, Karasik MS (1998) Hepatobiliary and pancreatic infections in AIDS: Part II. AIDS Patient Care STDS 12: 451–456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Alvarez OA, Vanegas F, Maze GL, Gross GW, Lee M (2000) Polymicrobial cholangitis and liver abscess in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South Med J 93: 232–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen XM, LaRusso NF (2002) Cryptosporidiosis and the pathogenesis of AIDS-cholangiopathy. Semin Liver Dis 22: 277–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hasegawa K, Kubota K, Aoki T, et al (2000) Ischemic cholangitis caused by transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembol-ization 10 months after resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 23:304–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Viola S, Meyer M, Fabre M, et al (1999) Ischemic necrosis of bile ducts complicating Schonlein-Henoch purpura. Gastroenterology 117:211–214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Barnett KT, Malafa MP (2001) Complications of hepatic artery infusion: a review of 4580 reported cases. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 30:147–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Batts KP (1998) Ischemic cholangitis. Mayo Clin Proc 73: 380–385

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ludwig J, Batts KP, MacCarty RL (1992) Ischemic cholangitis in hepatic allografts. Mayo Clin Proc 67:519–526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Clark RA, Gallant TE (1987) Bile duct strictures associated with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Gastrointest Radiol 12:148–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Caroli J, Soupault R, Champeau M, Eteve J, Hivet M (1959) Papillomas and papillomatosis of the common bile duct. Rev Med Mal Foie 34:191–230

    Google Scholar 

  92. Okulski EG, Dolin BJ, Kandawalla NM (1979) Intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 103: 647–649

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Cardoza J, Schrumpf J, Skioldebrand C, Gordon P, Richards V (1988) Biliary obstruction caused by a papilloma of the common hepatic duct. J Ultrasound Med 7:467–469

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Khan AN, Wilson I, Sherlock DJ, DeKretser D, Chisholm RA (1998) Sonographic features of mucinous biliary papillomatosis: case report and review of imaging findings. J Clin Ultrasound 26:151–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Torok N, Gores GJ (2001) Cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Gastrointest Dis 12:125–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Tanaka K, Ikoma A, Hamada N, Nishida S, Kadono J, Taira A (1998) Biliary tract cancer accompanied by anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary ductal system in adults. Am J Surg 175:218–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Chapman RW (1999) Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Ann Oncol 10Suppl 4:308–311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Maetani Y, Itoh K, Watanabe C, et al (2001) MR imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176:1499–1507

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Freeny PC (1999) Computed tomography in the diagnosis and staging of cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic carcinoma. Ann Oncol 10Suppl 4:12–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Moon SG, Han JK, Kim TK, Kim AY, Kim TJ, Choi BI (2003) Biliary obstruction in metastatic disease: thin-section helical CT findings. Abdom Imaging 28:45–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Maymind M, Mergelas JE, Seibert DG, Hostetter RB, Chang WW (1997) Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the common bile duct. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1543–1546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Eliason SC, Grosso LE (2001) Primary biliary malignant lymphoma clinically mimicking cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:25–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Tartar VM, Balfe DM (1990) Lymphoma in the wall of the bile ducts: radiologic imaging. Gastrointest Radiol 15:53–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Angela D. Levy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Charles A. Rohrmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, P.O. Box 1352, Stavrakia Heraklion Crete, 71110, Greece

    Nicholas C. Gourtsoyiannis M.D.

  2. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Pablo R. Ros M.D., MPH (Professor of Radiology) (Professor of Radiology)

  3. Harvard Medical School, USA

    Pablo R. Ros M.D., MPH (Professor of Radiology) (Professor of Radiology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levy, A.D., Rohrmann, C.A. (2005). Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. In: Gourtsoyiannis, N.C., Ros, P.R. (eds) Radiologic-Pathologic Correlations from Head to Toe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26664-X_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26664-X_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-04395-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26664-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation